Articles | Volume 28, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1191-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1191-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Deep learning for monthly rainfall–runoff modelling: a large-sample comparison with conceptual models across Australia
Stephanie R. Clark
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
CSIRO, Environment, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Julien Lerat
CSIRO, Environment, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Jean-Michel Perraud
CSIRO, Environment, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Peter Fitch
CSIRO, Environment, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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32 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Strategies for Implementing Deep Learning Techniques for Rainfall-Runoff Modeling in a River Having Sparse Data D. Chandran & N. Chithra https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-026-04585-4
- Investigation of the effect of climatic parameters in machine learning algorithms for streamflow predicting in Hamoon Helmand Catchment, Iran S. Vakili & S. Mousavi https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-025-12243-z
- A Novel Evidential Uncertainty Framework for Hybrid Models in Rainfall Simulation H. Ebrahimi https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04386-1
- Multi-decadal streamflow projections for catchments in Brazil based on CMIP6 multi-model simulations and neural network embeddings for linear regression models M. Scheuerer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5099-2025
- Enhancing Daily Runoff Prediction Accuracy with the Coupled KAN-LSTM Model and a Dynamic Postprocessing Module C. Mo et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-026-04787-w
- An LSTM network for joint modeling of streamflow and hydropower generation for run-of-river plants T. Roksvåg et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134890
- Frequency-Domain Convolutional Network With Historical Data Fusion Module for Regional Streamflow Prediction Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3605332
- A novel framework for multi-step water level predicting by spatial–temporal deep learning models based on integrated physical models S. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133683
- Development of a Two-Stage LSTM for Multi-Step Runoff Forecasting Using a XAJ Model and EEMD Z. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04420-2
- REAL-TIME FLOOD RUNOFF PREDICTION FOR A SMALL-TO-MEDIUM-SCALE URBAN RIVER WATERSHED USING A BIDIRECTIONAL LONG-SHORT-TERM MEMORY MODEL (BiLSTM) C. SUBRAMANIYAM et al. https://doi.org/10.2208/journalofjsce.24-27025
- Climate change impact assessment on a German lowland river using long short-term memory and conceptual hydrological models A. Ley et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102426
- Hybridizing Machine and Deep Learning for Urban Water Demand Forecasting: An Ensemble Framework Leveraging Dam Monitoring Data M. Akiner https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-026-03941-0
- Spatially resolved rainfall streamflow modeling in central Europe M. Vischer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5233-2025
- Future projections of China runoff changes based on CMIP6 and deep learning X. Wei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102998
- Integration of Gaussian process regression and K means clustering for enhanced short term rainfall runoff modeling O. Kisi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91339-8
- Daily Runoff Prediction Method Based on Secondary Decomposition and the GTO-Informer-GRU Model H. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182775
- Associations between deep learning runoff predictions and hydrogeological conditions in Australia S. Clark & J. Jaffrés https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.132569
- A heterogeneous weighting strategy for leveraging Cross-Basin data enhances the Usability of deep learning hydrological models S. Yoon et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135097
- Toward improved deep learning-based regionalized streamflow modeling : Exploiting the power of basin similarity Y. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106374
- Bottom-up assessment of climate change vulnerability of a large and complex river basin using emulator models A. John et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.103095
- Improving streamflow simulation through machine learning-powered data integration and its potential for forecasting in the Western U.S. Y. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5453-2025
- Runoff Simulation in Data-Scarce Alpine Regions: Comparative Analysis Based on LSTM and Physically Based Models J. Yue et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152161
- A novel data cleaning and completion framework for NB-IoT water meters in district metered areas based on purification ratio coefficients J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2025.035
- Assessing the effect of rating curve uncertainty in streamflow simulation on Kulfo watershed, Southern Ethiopia N. Bekele Mena et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2024.645
- Water Inflow Forecasting Based on Visual MODFLOW and GS-SARIMA-LSTM Methods Z. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16192749
- Enhancing Streamflow Prediction Using Cutting-edge Deep Learning Models and Seasonal-Trend Decomposition Y. Jia et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04447-5
- A hybrid ensemble deep learning model for advanced time series rainfall forecasting using satellite data and climate variability analysis S. Hasan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiig.2026.100217
- Advanced Framework for Predicting Rainfall-Runoff: Comparative Evaluation of AI Models for Enhanced Forecasting Accuracy H. Sanikhani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04106-9
- Unraveling the impacts of GCM input averaging and hydrological model output averaging on runoff projections under climate change Y. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129911
- What makes a robust calibration period? Insights into the effects of data properties O. Jaffar et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2026.2619031
- Assessment of monthly runoff simulations based on a physics-informed machine learning framework: The effect of intermediate variables in its construction C. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121299
- Challenges of modelling climate change impacts on hydrology and water resources: AI is the game changer—a review C. Onyutha https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae2a60
32 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Strategies for Implementing Deep Learning Techniques for Rainfall-Runoff Modeling in a River Having Sparse Data D. Chandran & N. Chithra https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-026-04585-4
- Investigation of the effect of climatic parameters in machine learning algorithms for streamflow predicting in Hamoon Helmand Catchment, Iran S. Vakili & S. Mousavi https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-025-12243-z
- A Novel Evidential Uncertainty Framework for Hybrid Models in Rainfall Simulation H. Ebrahimi https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04386-1
- Multi-decadal streamflow projections for catchments in Brazil based on CMIP6 multi-model simulations and neural network embeddings for linear regression models M. Scheuerer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5099-2025
- Enhancing Daily Runoff Prediction Accuracy with the Coupled KAN-LSTM Model and a Dynamic Postprocessing Module C. Mo et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-026-04787-w
- An LSTM network for joint modeling of streamflow and hydropower generation for run-of-river plants T. Roksvåg et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134890
- Frequency-Domain Convolutional Network With Historical Data Fusion Module for Regional Streamflow Prediction Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2025.3605332
- A novel framework for multi-step water level predicting by spatial–temporal deep learning models based on integrated physical models S. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133683
- Development of a Two-Stage LSTM for Multi-Step Runoff Forecasting Using a XAJ Model and EEMD Z. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04420-2
- REAL-TIME FLOOD RUNOFF PREDICTION FOR A SMALL-TO-MEDIUM-SCALE URBAN RIVER WATERSHED USING A BIDIRECTIONAL LONG-SHORT-TERM MEMORY MODEL (BiLSTM) C. SUBRAMANIYAM et al. https://doi.org/10.2208/journalofjsce.24-27025
- Climate change impact assessment on a German lowland river using long short-term memory and conceptual hydrological models A. Ley et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102426
- Hybridizing Machine and Deep Learning for Urban Water Demand Forecasting: An Ensemble Framework Leveraging Dam Monitoring Data M. Akiner https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-026-03941-0
- Spatially resolved rainfall streamflow modeling in central Europe M. Vischer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5233-2025
- Future projections of China runoff changes based on CMIP6 and deep learning X. Wei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102998
- Integration of Gaussian process regression and K means clustering for enhanced short term rainfall runoff modeling O. Kisi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91339-8
- Daily Runoff Prediction Method Based on Secondary Decomposition and the GTO-Informer-GRU Model H. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17182775
- Associations between deep learning runoff predictions and hydrogeological conditions in Australia S. Clark & J. Jaffrés https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.132569
- A heterogeneous weighting strategy for leveraging Cross-Basin data enhances the Usability of deep learning hydrological models S. Yoon et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135097
- Toward improved deep learning-based regionalized streamflow modeling : Exploiting the power of basin similarity Y. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106374
- Bottom-up assessment of climate change vulnerability of a large and complex river basin using emulator models A. John et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.103095
- Improving streamflow simulation through machine learning-powered data integration and its potential for forecasting in the Western U.S. Y. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5453-2025
- Runoff Simulation in Data-Scarce Alpine Regions: Comparative Analysis Based on LSTM and Physically Based Models J. Yue et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152161
- A novel data cleaning and completion framework for NB-IoT water meters in district metered areas based on purification ratio coefficients J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2025.035
- Assessing the effect of rating curve uncertainty in streamflow simulation on Kulfo watershed, Southern Ethiopia N. Bekele Mena et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2024.645
- Water Inflow Forecasting Based on Visual MODFLOW and GS-SARIMA-LSTM Methods Z. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16192749
- Enhancing Streamflow Prediction Using Cutting-edge Deep Learning Models and Seasonal-Trend Decomposition Y. Jia et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04447-5
- A hybrid ensemble deep learning model for advanced time series rainfall forecasting using satellite data and climate variability analysis S. Hasan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiig.2026.100217
- Advanced Framework for Predicting Rainfall-Runoff: Comparative Evaluation of AI Models for Enhanced Forecasting Accuracy H. Sanikhani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-025-04106-9
- Unraveling the impacts of GCM input averaging and hydrological model output averaging on runoff projections under climate change Y. Hu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129911
- What makes a robust calibration period? Insights into the effects of data properties O. Jaffar et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2026.2619031
- Assessment of monthly runoff simulations based on a physics-informed machine learning framework: The effect of intermediate variables in its construction C. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121299
- Challenges of modelling climate change impacts on hydrology and water resources: AI is the game changer—a review C. Onyutha https://doi.org/10.1088/2752-5295/ae2a60
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 17 Jul 2026
Short summary
To determine if deep learning models are in general a viable alternative to traditional hydrologic modelling techniques in Australian catchments, a comparison of river–runoff predictions is made between traditional conceptual models and deep learning models in almost 500 catchments spread over the continent. It is found that the deep learning models match or outperform the traditional models in over two-thirds of the river catchments, indicating feasibility in a wide variety of conditions.
To determine if deep learning models are in general a viable alternative to traditional...