Articles | Volume 25, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4243-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4243-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Interaction of soil water and groundwater during the freezing–thawing cycle: field observations and numerical modeling
Hong-Yu Xie
MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Shu-Cong Tan
MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Li Wan
MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Xu-Sheng Wang
MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Si-Hai Liang
MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Yijian Zeng
Department of Water Resources, ITC Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
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- Local-scale hydrogeologic controls on groundwater discharge to a ferruginous meromictic kettle lake R. Kniptash et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-025-02874-7
- A Numerical Simulation Study of Complex Multi-Source Groundwater Based on PKAN L. Feng & J. Wang https://doi.org/10.3390/w17071075
- Future global annual frozen ground distribution datasets based on Frost Number Model with Kappa coefficient X. Pan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-06918-9
- Determination of snowmelt infiltration coefficients for seasonally frozen regions requires considering the response of the groundwater table to the freeze–thaw process W. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130699
- Enhancing an agro-ecosystem model (AHC) for coupled simulation of water–vapor-heat-salt transport in freezing and thawing soils Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133640
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- Numerical Study of Coupled Water and Vapor Flow, Heat Transfer, and Solute Transport in Variably‐Saturated Deformable Soil During Freeze‐Thaw Cycles X. Huang & D. Rudolph https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032146
- Runoff evaluation in an Earth System Land Model for permafrost regions in Alaska X. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1193-2026
- Experimental study on progressive deformation and failure mode of loess fill slopes under freeze-thaw cycles and earthquakes J. Jing et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106896
- Effect of Autumn Irrigation on Salt Leaching under Subsurface Drainage in an Arid Irrigation District J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15122296
- Advancing hydrological understanding in cold regions: development and application of the WEP model for lateral flow estimation in the Great Lakes Depression of Mongolia B. Dorjsuren et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2025.149
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- Spatial heterogeneity and drivers of surface-groundwater interactions in the Yarlung River Watershed during the peak meltwater season under climate warming P. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103529
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- Development of a modular distributed hydro-thermal coupled hydrological model for cold regions G. Linmao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.132099
- A novel soil water-heat-salt coupling model for freezing-thawing period in farmland with shallow groundwater P. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.102099
- Isotope-aided frozen soil hydrological modeling reveals freeze–thaw controls on runoff partitioning in a mountainous catchment of the upper Heihe River, China L. Yong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2026.110272
- Effect of freeze–thaw process on heat transfer and water migration between soil water and groundwater T. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128987
- Response of spring vegetation phenology to soil freeze–thaw state in the Northern Hemisphere from 2016 to 2022 T. Yang & N. Cong https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1332734
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- Artificial Ground Freezing in Cold Climates Using Multiple Closed Single-Phase Thermosyphons: A Natural Convection Approach A. Kazemi & Y. Leonenko https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-025-01071-7
- Beyond One-Dimension: How Transient Groundwater Flow Amplifies Groundwater Evapotranspiration and Extinction Depth J. Shi et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13030097
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- Physics-informed machine learning for understanding rock moisture dynamics in a sandstone cave K. Ouyang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2579-2023
- Effect of seasonal freeze–thaw process on spatial and temporal distribution of soil water and its infiltration to recharge groundwater Z. Cheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15110
- Holistic assessment of seasonally frozen ground changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau F. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134791
- Revealing the causes of groundwater level dynamics in seasonally frozen soil zones using interpretable deep learning models H. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-503-2026
- New strategy for evaluating the spatiotemporal distribution of groundwater resource quantity under seasonal freeze/thaw in mountainous areas H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128850
- Improving soil hydrological simulation under freeze–thaw conditions by considering soil deformation and its impact on soil hydrothermal properties S. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129336
- Scale effects and driving factors of soil hydrothermal processes in the deep vadose zone under seasonal freeze–thaw action Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117625
45 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Advances in Hydrology of Irrigation Districts in Cold Regions M. Yuting et al. https://doi.org/10.70322/hee.2025.10017
- Revisiting the quantitative relationship between groundwater evapotranspiration and water table depth: A numerical study S. Tan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133100
- Analysis of a steady-state model of groundwater discharge in a river valley without and with evapotranspiration S. Pozdniakov et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2022.104306
- Both meteorological droughts and human activities modulated groundwater variations in the northern Yellow River Basin X. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2024.052
- Characterization of fluorine pollution and evaluation of multi-media environmental health risk in Daihai watershed: Based on coupled uncertainty-sensitivity modeling J. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119437
- Response mechanism of groundwater dynamics to Freeze–thaw process in seasonally frozen soil areas: A comprehensive analysis from site to regional scale H. Lyu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129861
- On the extinction depth of freezing-induced groundwater migration X. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129358
- Local-scale hydrogeologic controls on groundwater discharge to a ferruginous meromictic kettle lake R. Kniptash et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-025-02874-7
- A Numerical Simulation Study of Complex Multi-Source Groundwater Based on PKAN L. Feng & J. Wang https://doi.org/10.3390/w17071075
- Future global annual frozen ground distribution datasets based on Frost Number Model with Kappa coefficient X. Pan et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-026-06918-9
- Determination of snowmelt infiltration coefficients for seasonally frozen regions requires considering the response of the groundwater table to the freeze–thaw process W. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130699
- Enhancing an agro-ecosystem model (AHC) for coupled simulation of water–vapor-heat-salt transport in freezing and thawing soils Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133640
- Improving the SHAW model’s performance in seasonally freeze-thaw irrigation districts by integrating the capillary bundle model G. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117637
- Effects of soil particle size and gradation on the transformation between shallow phreatic water and soil water under laboratory freezing-thawing action J. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129323
- Interaction of focused recharge and deep groundwater discharge near a wetland: A study in the Ordos Basin, China J. Shi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130361
- Freeze-thaw cycles drove chemical weathering and enriched sulfates in the Burns formation at Meridiani, Mars J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi1805
- Freeze-thaw processes induce soil water and salt migration in farmland-ditch systems H. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134897
- The source of rock moisture in a sandstone cave in arid northern China: rainfall infiltration or vapor condensation? X. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-023-02725-3
- A multiple-drought cascading framework based on causal inference B. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130657
- Scrub-vegetation cover impact on soil water migration and temperature change during freeze–thaw events in sandy desert soils of northwest China S. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2024.107828
- Numerical Study of Coupled Water and Vapor Flow, Heat Transfer, and Solute Transport in Variably‐Saturated Deformable Soil During Freeze‐Thaw Cycles X. Huang & D. Rudolph https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032146
- Runoff evaluation in an Earth System Land Model for permafrost regions in Alaska X. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1193-2026
- Experimental study on progressive deformation and failure mode of loess fill slopes under freeze-thaw cycles and earthquakes J. Jing et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106896
- Effect of Autumn Irrigation on Salt Leaching under Subsurface Drainage in an Arid Irrigation District J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15122296
- Advancing hydrological understanding in cold regions: development and application of the WEP model for lateral flow estimation in the Great Lakes Depression of Mongolia B. Dorjsuren et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2025.149
- Frost heave damage in lined canals in cold regions - A review K. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104760
- Spatial heterogeneity and drivers of surface-groundwater interactions in the Yarlung River Watershed during the peak meltwater season under climate warming P. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103529
- Deciphering thaw-induced deformation signatures of ice-rich moraines and periglacial permafrost using MT-InSAR J. Han & P. Lu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2026.110389
- Development of a modular distributed hydro-thermal coupled hydrological model for cold regions G. Linmao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.132099
- A novel soil water-heat-salt coupling model for freezing-thawing period in farmland with shallow groundwater P. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.102099
- Isotope-aided frozen soil hydrological modeling reveals freeze–thaw controls on runoff partitioning in a mountainous catchment of the upper Heihe River, China L. Yong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2026.110272
- Effect of freeze–thaw process on heat transfer and water migration between soil water and groundwater T. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128987
- Response of spring vegetation phenology to soil freeze–thaw state in the Northern Hemisphere from 2016 to 2022 T. Yang & N. Cong https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1332734
- Factors controlling the rise and fall of groundwater level during the freezing-thawing period in seasonal frozen regions H. Lyu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127442
- Atmospheric oxidation drove climate change on Noachian Mars J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47326-0
- Artificial Ground Freezing in Cold Climates Using Multiple Closed Single-Phase Thermosyphons: A Natural Convection Approach A. Kazemi & Y. Leonenko https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-025-01071-7
- Beyond One-Dimension: How Transient Groundwater Flow Amplifies Groundwater Evapotranspiration and Extinction Depth J. Shi et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13030097
- The driving effect of Freeze-Thaw action on the shallow groundwater level fluctuation by altering the hydraulic conductivity of surface soil P. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133004
- Physics-informed machine learning for understanding rock moisture dynamics in a sandstone cave K. Ouyang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2579-2023
- Effect of seasonal freeze–thaw process on spatial and temporal distribution of soil water and its infiltration to recharge groundwater Z. Cheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15110
- Holistic assessment of seasonally frozen ground changes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau F. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134791
- Revealing the causes of groundwater level dynamics in seasonally frozen soil zones using interpretable deep learning models H. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-503-2026
- New strategy for evaluating the spatiotemporal distribution of groundwater resource quantity under seasonal freeze/thaw in mountainous areas H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128850
- Improving soil hydrological simulation under freeze–thaw conditions by considering soil deformation and its impact on soil hydrothermal properties S. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129336
- Scale effects and driving factors of soil hydrothermal processes in the deep vadose zone under seasonal freeze–thaw action Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117625
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 11 Jun 2026
Short summary
Freezing-induced groundwater migration and water table decline are widely observed, but quantitative understanding of these processes is lacking. By considering wintertime atmospheric conditions and occurrence of lateral groundwater inflow, a model coupling soil water and groundwater reproduced field observations of soil temperature, soil water content, and groundwater level well. The model results led to a clear understanding of the balance of the water budget during the freezing–thawing cycle.
Freezing-induced groundwater migration and water table decline are widely observed, but...