Articles | Volume 24, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2931-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2931-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Rainfall estimation from a German-wide commercial microwave link network: optimized processing and validation for 1 year of data
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Christian Chwala
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Chair of Regional Climate and Hydrology, Institute of Geography, University Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
Julius Polz
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Harald Kunstmann
Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Campus Alpin, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Chair of Regional Climate and Hydrology, Institute of Geography, University Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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Cited
64 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Tropical rainfall monitoring with commercial microwave links in Sri Lanka A. Overeem et al.
- Electromagnetic Water Drop Model for Wet Antenna Attenuation Based on Near-Field Measurements J. Tiede et al.
- Rainfall retrieval algorithm for commercial microwave links: stochastic calibration W. Wolff et al.
- Transboundary Rainfall Estimation Using Commercial Microwave Links N. Blettner et al.
- Harnessing the Radio Frequency Power Level of Cellular Terminals for Weather Parameter Sensing A. Sakkas et al.
- In-City Rain Mapping from Commercial Microwave Links—Challenges and Opportunities R. Janco et al.
- Intensity estimation after detection for accumulated rainfall estimation T. Weiss et al.
- Rain event detection in commercial microwave link attenuation data using convolutional neural networks J. Polz et al.
- Exploring Environmental Information From Smartphone Signals: A Light Indoor Stationary Experimental Study for Rainfall Detection K. Pu et al.
- Rainfall retrieval using commercial microwave links: Effect of sampling strategy on retrieval accuracy J. Pudashine et al.
- Precipitation measurements experiment using microwave links in Eastern China from October 2020 to March 2022 K. Pu & X. Liu
- Have you ever seen the rain? Observing a record convective rainfall with national and local monitoring networks and opportunistic sensors L. Petersson Wårdh et al.
- Rain Detection in Solar Insecticidal Lamp IoTs Systems Based on Multivariate Wireless Signal Feature Learning L. Liu et al.
- Missing Rainfall Extremes in Commercial Microwave Link Data Due To Complete Loss of Signal J. Polz et al.
- A Review of Technical Aspects and Challenges in Opportunistic Rainfall Estimation Using Satellite and Terrestrial Microwave Links: How wireless infrastructure can be used for rainfall monitoring R. Nebuloni et al.
- Atmospheric Observations of Weather and Climate H. Bluestein et al.
- Can we reliably estimate precipitation with high resolution during disastrously large floods? J. Szturc et al.
- Regenmessung im Mobilfunknetz M. Graf et al.
- Technical note: A simple feedforward artificial neural network for high-temporal-resolution rain event detection using signal attenuation from commercial microwave links E. Øydvin et al.
- Opportunistic Weather Sensing by Smart City Wireless Communication Networks J. Ostrometzky & H. Messer
- Hydrological response of a peri-urban catchment exploiting conventional and unconventional rainfall observations: the case study of Lambro Catchment G. Cazzaniga et al.
- Measuring Precipitation via Microwave Bands with a High-Accuracy Setup A. Sakkas et al.
- Smartphone-Based Experimental Analysis of Rainfall Effects on LTE Signal Indicators Y. Xu et al.
- Precipitation Monitoring Using Commercial Microwave Links: Current Status, Challenges and Prospectives P. Zhang et al.
- Reconstructing and Nowcasting the Rainfall Field by a CML Network P. Zhang et al.
- Challenges in Diurnal Humidity Analysis from Cellular Microwave Links (CML) over Germany Y. Rubin et al.
- Rainfall Monitoring Using a Microwave Links Network: A Long-Term Experiment in East China X. Liu et al.
- Water vapor estimation based on 1-year data of E-band millimeter wave link in North China S. Zheng et al.
- Information-theoretic analysis of commercial microwave link and environmental variables in rainfall estimation A. Špačková et al.
- Combining Commercial Microwave Link and Rain Gauge Observations to Estimate Countrywide Precipitation: A Stochastic Reconstruction and Pattern Analysis Approach N. Blettner et al.
- Rainfall Nowcasting Using Commercial Microwave Links R. Imhoff et al.
- Wildfire Smoke Particulate Matter Concentration Measurements Using Radio Links From Cellular Communication Networks A. Guyot et al.
- AI-Enhanced Rainfall Retrieval Using Commercial Microwave Links in 6G-IoT Networks: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities M. Wang et al.
- Low complexity single-layer neural network for enhanced rainfall estimation using microwave links A. Daher et al.
- Research on Rainfall Monitoring Based on E-Band Millimeter Wave Link in East China S. Zheng et al.
- Application of commercial microwave links (CMLs) attenuation for quantitative estimation of precipitation M. Pasierb et al.
- On the potential of commercial microwave link networks for high spatial resolution rainfall monitoring in urban areas X. Zheng et al.
- Combining commercial microwave links and weather radar for classification of dry snow and rainfall E. Øydvin et al.
- Spatio-Temporal Model for Predicting Multivariate Weather-Induced Attenuation in Wireless Networks D. Jacoby et al.
- Real-Time Rainfall Estimation Using Microwave Links: A Case Study in East China during the Plum Rain Season in 2020 K. Song et al.
- From proof‐of‐concept to proof‐of‐value: Approaching third‐party data to operational workflows of national meteorological services I. Garcia‐Marti et al.
- A Statistical Approach to Retrieve Rainfall Intensity by Attenuation Measurements From Commercial Microwave Links X. Zheng et al.
- New Insights Into the Dynamics of Wet Antenna Attenuation Based on In Situ Estimations Provided by the Dedicated Field Experiment ATTRRA2 J. Tiede et al.
- A Framework for Minimizing the Impact of Wet Antenna Attenuation on Rainfall Estimates Provided by Commercial Microwave Links S. Doshi et al.
- Improved rain event detection in commercial microwave link time series via combination with MSG SEVIRI data M. Graf et al.
- CLEAR: a new discrete multiplicative random cascade model for disaggregating path-integrated rainfall estimates from commercial microwave links M. Fencl & M. Schleiss
- Frühwarnung mit Mobilfunknetzdaten - HoWa-innovativ U. Müller et al.
- A year of attenuation data from a commercial dual-polarized duplex microwave link with concurrent disdrometer, rain gauge, and weather observations A. Špačková et al.
- Rainfall estimates from opportunistic sensors in Germany across spatio-temporal scales M. Graf et al.
- Comparison of CML Rainfall Data against Rain Gauges and Disdrometers in a Mountainous Environment R. Nebuloni et al.
- Merging with crowdsourced rain gauge data improves pan-European radar precipitation estimates A. Overeem et al.
- Detection and attribution of cereal yield losses using Sentinel-2 and weather data: A case study in South Australia K. Duan et al.
- Frequency-Dependent Variations of the Antenna Reflection Coefficient Due to Different Wetness Conditions on the Antenna Radome J. Tiede et al.
- Wireless Telecommunication Links for Rainfall Monitoring: Deep Learning Approach and Experimental Results F. Diba et al.
- Multi-source estimation of rainfall using opportunistic sensors in urban areas in Burkina Faso J. Bonkoungou et al.
- EURADCLIM: the European climatological high-resolution gauge-adjusted radar precipitation dataset A. Overeem et al.
- The divergence of energy- and water-balance evapotranspiration estimates in humid regions L. Zhang et al.
- Evaluation of error components in rainfall retrieval from collocated commercial microwave links A. Špačková et al.
- Rain Effects on Low-Frequency NLOS Microwave Links: Theoretical Modeling and Detectability Analysis K. Pu et al.
- Precipitation Estimates From Commercial Microwave Links: Practical Approaches to Wet-Antenna Correction J. Pastorek et al.
- A Machine Learning Approach for the Classification of Wet and Dry Periods Using Commercial Microwave Link Data E. Kamtchoum et al.
- Applicability of the γ–R Relationship in Rainfall Measurement With Microwave Link Under Tilted Conditions: A Simulation Analysis K. Pu et al.
- Measuring rainfall using microwave links: the influence of temporal sampling L. van der Valk et al.
- Rainfall monitoring based on commercial microwave links in Jiangyin, China: Long-term performance analysis over 3 years P. Zhang et al.
64 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Tropical rainfall monitoring with commercial microwave links in Sri Lanka A. Overeem et al.
- Electromagnetic Water Drop Model for Wet Antenna Attenuation Based on Near-Field Measurements J. Tiede et al.
- Rainfall retrieval algorithm for commercial microwave links: stochastic calibration W. Wolff et al.
- Transboundary Rainfall Estimation Using Commercial Microwave Links N. Blettner et al.
- Harnessing the Radio Frequency Power Level of Cellular Terminals for Weather Parameter Sensing A. Sakkas et al.
- In-City Rain Mapping from Commercial Microwave Links—Challenges and Opportunities R. Janco et al.
- Intensity estimation after detection for accumulated rainfall estimation T. Weiss et al.
- Rain event detection in commercial microwave link attenuation data using convolutional neural networks J. Polz et al.
- Exploring Environmental Information From Smartphone Signals: A Light Indoor Stationary Experimental Study for Rainfall Detection K. Pu et al.
- Rainfall retrieval using commercial microwave links: Effect of sampling strategy on retrieval accuracy J. Pudashine et al.
- Precipitation measurements experiment using microwave links in Eastern China from October 2020 to March 2022 K. Pu & X. Liu
- Have you ever seen the rain? Observing a record convective rainfall with national and local monitoring networks and opportunistic sensors L. Petersson Wårdh et al.
- Rain Detection in Solar Insecticidal Lamp IoTs Systems Based on Multivariate Wireless Signal Feature Learning L. Liu et al.
- Missing Rainfall Extremes in Commercial Microwave Link Data Due To Complete Loss of Signal J. Polz et al.
- A Review of Technical Aspects and Challenges in Opportunistic Rainfall Estimation Using Satellite and Terrestrial Microwave Links: How wireless infrastructure can be used for rainfall monitoring R. Nebuloni et al.
- Atmospheric Observations of Weather and Climate H. Bluestein et al.
- Can we reliably estimate precipitation with high resolution during disastrously large floods? J. Szturc et al.
- Regenmessung im Mobilfunknetz M. Graf et al.
- Technical note: A simple feedforward artificial neural network for high-temporal-resolution rain event detection using signal attenuation from commercial microwave links E. Øydvin et al.
- Opportunistic Weather Sensing by Smart City Wireless Communication Networks J. Ostrometzky & H. Messer
- Hydrological response of a peri-urban catchment exploiting conventional and unconventional rainfall observations: the case study of Lambro Catchment G. Cazzaniga et al.
- Measuring Precipitation via Microwave Bands with a High-Accuracy Setup A. Sakkas et al.
- Smartphone-Based Experimental Analysis of Rainfall Effects on LTE Signal Indicators Y. Xu et al.
- Precipitation Monitoring Using Commercial Microwave Links: Current Status, Challenges and Prospectives P. Zhang et al.
- Reconstructing and Nowcasting the Rainfall Field by a CML Network P. Zhang et al.
- Challenges in Diurnal Humidity Analysis from Cellular Microwave Links (CML) over Germany Y. Rubin et al.
- Rainfall Monitoring Using a Microwave Links Network: A Long-Term Experiment in East China X. Liu et al.
- Water vapor estimation based on 1-year data of E-band millimeter wave link in North China S. Zheng et al.
- Information-theoretic analysis of commercial microwave link and environmental variables in rainfall estimation A. Špačková et al.
- Combining Commercial Microwave Link and Rain Gauge Observations to Estimate Countrywide Precipitation: A Stochastic Reconstruction and Pattern Analysis Approach N. Blettner et al.
- Rainfall Nowcasting Using Commercial Microwave Links R. Imhoff et al.
- Wildfire Smoke Particulate Matter Concentration Measurements Using Radio Links From Cellular Communication Networks A. Guyot et al.
- AI-Enhanced Rainfall Retrieval Using Commercial Microwave Links in 6G-IoT Networks: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities M. Wang et al.
- Low complexity single-layer neural network for enhanced rainfall estimation using microwave links A. Daher et al.
- Research on Rainfall Monitoring Based on E-Band Millimeter Wave Link in East China S. Zheng et al.
- Application of commercial microwave links (CMLs) attenuation for quantitative estimation of precipitation M. Pasierb et al.
- On the potential of commercial microwave link networks for high spatial resolution rainfall monitoring in urban areas X. Zheng et al.
- Combining commercial microwave links and weather radar for classification of dry snow and rainfall E. Øydvin et al.
- Spatio-Temporal Model for Predicting Multivariate Weather-Induced Attenuation in Wireless Networks D. Jacoby et al.
- Real-Time Rainfall Estimation Using Microwave Links: A Case Study in East China during the Plum Rain Season in 2020 K. Song et al.
- From proof‐of‐concept to proof‐of‐value: Approaching third‐party data to operational workflows of national meteorological services I. Garcia‐Marti et al.
- A Statistical Approach to Retrieve Rainfall Intensity by Attenuation Measurements From Commercial Microwave Links X. Zheng et al.
- New Insights Into the Dynamics of Wet Antenna Attenuation Based on In Situ Estimations Provided by the Dedicated Field Experiment ATTRRA2 J. Tiede et al.
- A Framework for Minimizing the Impact of Wet Antenna Attenuation on Rainfall Estimates Provided by Commercial Microwave Links S. Doshi et al.
- Improved rain event detection in commercial microwave link time series via combination with MSG SEVIRI data M. Graf et al.
- CLEAR: a new discrete multiplicative random cascade model for disaggregating path-integrated rainfall estimates from commercial microwave links M. Fencl & M. Schleiss
- Frühwarnung mit Mobilfunknetzdaten - HoWa-innovativ U. Müller et al.
- A year of attenuation data from a commercial dual-polarized duplex microwave link with concurrent disdrometer, rain gauge, and weather observations A. Špačková et al.
- Rainfall estimates from opportunistic sensors in Germany across spatio-temporal scales M. Graf et al.
- Comparison of CML Rainfall Data against Rain Gauges and Disdrometers in a Mountainous Environment R. Nebuloni et al.
- Merging with crowdsourced rain gauge data improves pan-European radar precipitation estimates A. Overeem et al.
- Detection and attribution of cereal yield losses using Sentinel-2 and weather data: A case study in South Australia K. Duan et al.
- Frequency-Dependent Variations of the Antenna Reflection Coefficient Due to Different Wetness Conditions on the Antenna Radome J. Tiede et al.
- Wireless Telecommunication Links for Rainfall Monitoring: Deep Learning Approach and Experimental Results F. Diba et al.
- Multi-source estimation of rainfall using opportunistic sensors in urban areas in Burkina Faso J. Bonkoungou et al.
- EURADCLIM: the European climatological high-resolution gauge-adjusted radar precipitation dataset A. Overeem et al.
- The divergence of energy- and water-balance evapotranspiration estimates in humid regions L. Zhang et al.
- Evaluation of error components in rainfall retrieval from collocated commercial microwave links A. Špačková et al.
- Rain Effects on Low-Frequency NLOS Microwave Links: Theoretical Modeling and Detectability Analysis K. Pu et al.
- Precipitation Estimates From Commercial Microwave Links: Practical Approaches to Wet-Antenna Correction J. Pastorek et al.
- A Machine Learning Approach for the Classification of Wet and Dry Periods Using Commercial Microwave Link Data E. Kamtchoum et al.
- Applicability of the γ–R Relationship in Rainfall Measurement With Microwave Link Under Tilted Conditions: A Simulation Analysis K. Pu et al.
- Measuring rainfall using microwave links: the influence of temporal sampling L. van der Valk et al.
- Rainfall monitoring based on commercial microwave links in Jiangyin, China: Long-term performance analysis over 3 years P. Zhang et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 30 Apr 2026
Short summary
Commercial microwave links (CMLs), which form large parts of the backhaul from the ubiquitous cellular communication networks, can be used to estimate path-integrated rainfall rates. This study presents the processing and evaluation of the largest CML data set to date, covering the whole of Germany with almost 4000 CMLs. The CML-derived rainfall information compares well to a standard precipitation data set from the German Meteorological Service, which combines radar and rain gauge data.
Commercial microwave links (CMLs), which form large parts of the backhaul from the ubiquitous...