Multi-annual droughts in the English Lowlands: a review of their characteristics and climate drivers in the winter half-year

Folland, C. K.; Hannaford, J.; Bloomfield, J. P.; Kendon, M.; Svensson, C.; Marchant, B. P.; Prior, J.; Wallace, E.

doi:10.5194/hess-19-2353-2015

Articles | Volume 19, issue 5

https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2353-2015

© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2353-2015

© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 19, issue 5

Review article

|

20 May 2015

Review article |

| 20 May 2015

Multi-annual droughts in the English Lowlands: a review of their characteristics and climate drivers in the winter half-year

C. K. Folland, J. Hannaford, J. P. Bloomfield, M. Kendon, C. Svensson, B. P. Marchant, J. Prior, and E. Wallace

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Views and downloads (calculated since 21 Nov 2014)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Nov 2014	173	67	3	243
Dec 2014	80	54	3	137
Jan 2015	47	41	3	91
Feb 2015	28	19	1	48
Mar 2015	23	15	0	38
Apr 2015	21	15	1	37
May 2015	147	75	2	224
Jun 2015	106	40	8	154
Jul 2015	48	29	2	79
Aug 2015	21	15	0	36
Sep 2015	19	11	5	35
Oct 2015	27	13	2	42
Nov 2015	41	18	3	62
Dec 2015	24	30	0	54
Jan 2016	36	25	2	63
Feb 2016	24	11	2	37
Mar 2016	44	16	12	72
Apr 2016	12	9	2	23
May 2016	11	9	0	20
Jun 2016	6	12	0	18
Jul 2016	9	7	2	18
Aug 2016	11	10	1	22
Sep 2016	12	4	0	16
Oct 2016	15	8	1	24
Nov 2016	12	6	1	19
Dec 2016	4	6	0	10
Jan 2017	19	4	2	25
Feb 2017	12	3	1	16
Mar 2017	32	6	3	41
Apr 2017	31	9	2	42
May 2017	28	6	1	35
Jun 2017	29	13	2	44
Jul 2017	16	6	1	23
Aug 2017	6	54	0	60
Sep 2017	12	10	0	22
Oct 2017	11	11	0	22
Nov 2017	14	16	0	30
Dec 2017	13	25	1	39
Jan 2018	11	10	0	21
Feb 2018	8	8	0	16
Mar 2018	15	17	0	32
Apr 2018	14	9	0	23
May 2018	10	9	3	22
Jun 2018	14	11	1	26
Jul 2018	10	10	0	20
Aug 2018	27	13	0	40
Sep 2018	13	15	0	28
Oct 2018	18	12	2	32
Nov 2018	26	28	0	54
Dec 2018	20	14	3	37
Jan 2019	31	13	1	45
Feb 2019	11	8	0	19
Mar 2019	42	16	2	60
Apr 2019	27	6	2	35
May 2019	30	7	0	37
Jun 2019	33	12	2	47
Jul 2019	45	13	0	58
Aug 2019	39	9	0	48
Sep 2019	39	11	0	50
Oct 2019	54	19	1	74
Nov 2019	51	9	1	61
Dec 2019	53	5	1	59
Jan 2020	64	11	1	76
Feb 2020	56	8	0	64
Mar 2020	42	11	0	53
Apr 2020	64	17	0	81
May 2020	46	5	0	51
Jun 2020	46	16	0	62
Jul 2020	56	19	10	85
Aug 2020	56	12	6	74
Sep 2020	72	15	0	87
Oct 2020	60	12	0	72
Nov 2020	46	5	0	51
Dec 2020	55	10	0	65
Jan 2021	77	15	1	93
Feb 2021	53	7	0	60
Mar 2021	88	10	0	98
Apr 2021	77	17	1	95
May 2021	58	15	0	73
Jun 2021	56	12	1	69
Jul 2021	56	18	0	74
Aug 2021	58	21	0	79
Sep 2021	56	18	0	74
Oct 2021	51	39	0	90
Nov 2021	68	34	1	103
Dec 2021	52	18	2	72
Jan 2022	54	13	1	68
Feb 2022	48	12	1	61
Mar 2022	52	7	1	60
Apr 2022	71	10	1	82
May 2022	48	10	1	59
Jun 2022	51	1	1	53
Jul 2022	55	3	0	58
Aug 2022	67	11	5	83
Sep 2022	110	10	0	120
Oct 2022	145	22	1	168
Nov 2022	76	27	5	108
Dec 2022	58	12	4	74
Jan 2023	66	36	3	105
Feb 2023	40	11	2	53
Mar 2023	50	23	1	74
Apr 2023	26	14	2	42
May 2023	18	16	0	34
Jun 2023	17	8	0	25
Jul 2023	23	13	2	38
Aug 2023	16	13	1	30
Sep 2023	20	5	2	27
Oct 2023	18	17	2	37
Nov 2023	9	5	1	15
Dec 2023	40	5	0	45
Jan 2024	33	17	2	52
Feb 2024	21	16	2	39
Mar 2024	27	14	2	43
Apr 2024	25	9	3	37
May 2024	29	11	4	44
Jun 2024	44	11	2	57
Jul 2024	58	18	8	84
Aug 2024	53	15	1	69
Sep 2024	12	3	0	15
Oct 2024	26	8	0	34
Nov 2024	25	6	4	35
Dec 2024	21	10	3	34
Jan 2025	34	10	2	46
Feb 2025	35	13	0	48
Mar 2025	28	19	0	47
Apr 2025	27	17	0	44
May 2025	40	12	0	52
Jun 2025	59	28	1	88
Jul 2025	38	18	6	62
Aug 2025	40	21	6	67
Sep 2025	56	24	1	81
Oct 2025	57	30	3	90
Nov 2025	15	4	0	19

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 21 Nov 2014)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Nov 2014	173	67	3	243
Dec 2014	80	54	3	137
Jan 2015	47	41	3	91
Feb 2015	28	19	1	48
Mar 2015	23	15	0	38
Apr 2015	21	15	1	37
May 2015	147	75	2	224
Jun 2015	106	40	8	154
Jul 2015	48	29	2	79
Aug 2015	21	15	0	36
Sep 2015	19	11	5	35
Oct 2015	27	13	2	42
Nov 2015	41	18	3	62
Dec 2015	24	30	0	54
Jan 2016	36	25	2	63
Feb 2016	24	11	2	37
Mar 2016	44	16	12	72
Apr 2016	12	9	2	23
May 2016	11	9	0	20
Jun 2016	6	12	0	18
Jul 2016	9	7	2	18
Aug 2016	11	10	1	22
Sep 2016	12	4	0	16
Oct 2016	15	8	1	24
Nov 2016	12	6	1	19
Dec 2016	4	6	0	10
Jan 2017	19	4	2	25
Feb 2017	12	3	1	16
Mar 2017	32	6	3	41
Apr 2017	31	9	2	42
May 2017	28	6	1	35
Jun 2017	29	13	2	44
Jul 2017	16	6	1	23
Aug 2017	6	54	0	60
Sep 2017	12	10	0	22
Oct 2017	11	11	0	22
Nov 2017	14	16	0	30
Dec 2017	13	25	1	39
Jan 2018	11	10	0	21
Feb 2018	8	8	0	16
Mar 2018	15	17	0	32
Apr 2018	14	9	0	23
May 2018	10	9	3	22
Jun 2018	14	11	1	26
Jul 2018	10	10	0	20
Aug 2018	27	13	0	40
Sep 2018	13	15	0	28
Oct 2018	18	12	2	32
Nov 2018	26	28	0	54
Dec 2018	20	14	3	37
Jan 2019	31	13	1	45
Feb 2019	11	8	0	19
Mar 2019	42	16	2	60
Apr 2019	27	6	2	35
May 2019	30	7	0	37
Jun 2019	33	12	2	47
Jul 2019	45	13	0	58
Aug 2019	39	9	0	48
Sep 2019	39	11	0	50
Oct 2019	54	19	1	74
Nov 2019	51	9	1	61
Dec 2019	53	5	1	59
Jan 2020	64	11	1	76
Feb 2020	56	8	0	64
Mar 2020	42	11	0	53
Apr 2020	64	17	0	81
May 2020	46	5	0	51
Jun 2020	46	16	0	62
Jul 2020	56	19	10	85
Aug 2020	56	12	6	74
Sep 2020	72	15	0	87
Oct 2020	60	12	0	72
Nov 2020	46	5	0	51
Dec 2020	55	10	0	65
Jan 2021	77	15	1	93
Feb 2021	53	7	0	60
Mar 2021	88	10	0	98
Apr 2021	77	17	1	95
May 2021	58	15	0	73
Jun 2021	56	12	1	69
Jul 2021	56	18	0	74
Aug 2021	58	21	0	79
Sep 2021	56	18	0	74
Oct 2021	51	39	0	90
Nov 2021	68	34	1	103
Dec 2021	52	18	2	72
Jan 2022	54	13	1	68
Feb 2022	48	12	1	61
Mar 2022	52	7	1	60
Apr 2022	71	10	1	82
May 2022	48	10	1	59
Jun 2022	51	1	1	53
Jul 2022	55	3	0	58
Aug 2022	67	11	5	83
Sep 2022	110	10	0	120
Oct 2022	145	22	1	168
Nov 2022	76	27	5	108
Dec 2022	58	12	4	74
Jan 2023	66	36	3	105
Feb 2023	40	11	2	53
Mar 2023	50	23	1	74
Apr 2023	26	14	2	42
May 2023	18	16	0	34
Jun 2023	17	8	0	25
Jul 2023	23	13	2	38
Aug 2023	16	13	1	30
Sep 2023	20	5	2	27
Oct 2023	18	17	2	37
Nov 2023	9	5	1	15
Dec 2023	40	5	0	45
Jan 2024	33	17	2	52
Feb 2024	21	16	2	39
Mar 2024	27	14	2	43
Apr 2024	25	9	3	37
May 2024	29	11	4	44
Jun 2024	44	11	2	57
Jul 2024	58	18	8	84
Aug 2024	53	15	1	69
Sep 2024	12	3	0	15
Oct 2024	26	8	0	34
Nov 2024	25	6	4	35
Dec 2024	21	10	3	34
Jan 2025	34	10	2	46
Feb 2025	35	13	0	48
Mar 2025	28	19	0	47
Apr 2025	27	17	0	44
May 2025	40	12	0	52
Jun 2025	59	28	1	88
Jul 2025	38	18	6	62
Aug 2025	40	21	6	67
Sep 2025	56	24	1	81
Oct 2025	57	30	3	90
Nov 2025	15	4	0	19

Latest update: 08 Nov 2025

Short summary

The English Lowlands is a heavily populated, water-stressed region, which is vulnerable to long droughts typically associated with dry winters. We conduct a long-term (1910-present) quantitative analysis of precipitation, flow and groundwater droughts for the region, and then review potential climatic drivers. No single driver is dominant, but we demonstrate a physical link between La Nina conditions, winter rainfall and long droughts in the region.