Articles | Volume 18, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5361-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5361-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
What causes cooling water temperature gradients in a forested stream reach?
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
I. A. Malcolm
Marine Scotland Science, Freshwater Laboratory, Faskally, Pitlochry, Perthshire, PH16 5LB, UK
J. P. Sadler
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
D. M. Hannah
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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76 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Impacts of Vegetation Removal on Urban Mediterranean Stream Hydrology and Hydraulics T. Eckermann et al. 10.3390/hydrology9100170
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- Lake Outflow and Hillslope Lateral Inflows Dictate Thermal Regimes of Forested Streams Draining Small Lakes J. Leach et al. 10.1029/2020WR028136
- A longer‐term perspective on soil moisture, groundwater and stream flow response to the 2018 drought in an experimental catchment in the Scottish Highlands C. Soulsby et al. 10.1002/hyp.14206
- A numerical study of the flow patterns around midchannel islands in lowland rivers and their possible biogeomorphological impacts N. HEİDARİ et al. 10.30897/ijegeo.1320654
- A novel approach for examining downstream thermal responses of streams to contemporary forestry I. Arismendi & J. Groom 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.208
- Arctic river temperature dynamics in a changing climate C. Docherty et al. 10.1002/rra.3537
- Can spatial statistical river temperature models be transferred between catchments? F. Jackson et al. 10.5194/hess-21-4727-2017
- Passive Restoration of a Small Mountain Stream in Eastern Oregon A. Holthuijzen 10.3955/046.095.0104
- Swimming through the urban heat island: Can thermal mitigation practices reduce the stress? A. Timm et al. 10.1002/rra.3732
- Drone-based Structure-from-Motion provides accurate forest canopy data to assess shading effects in river temperature models S. Dugdale et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.229
- Responses of fish communities to longitudinal thermal gradients in coldwater, lake outflow streams N. Nozzi & R. Stelzer 10.1007/s10641-021-01149-w
- The Drivers of River Temperatures Below a Large Dam M. Daniels & E. Danner 10.1029/2019WR026751
- Riparian Land Cover, Water Temperature Variability, and Thermal Stress for Aquatic Species in Urban Streams A. Timm et al. 10.3390/w13192732
- River temperature modelling: A review of process-based approaches and future directions S. Dugdale et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.009
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- The efficacy of riparian tree cover as a climate change adaptation tool is affected by hydromorphological alterations R. O'Briain et al. 10.1002/hyp.13739
- A riverscape approach reveals downstream propagation of stream thermal responses to riparian thinning at multiple scales D. Roon et al. 10.1002/ecs2.3775
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- A Study on Microclimate characteristics and energy balance within near-river riparian systems A. Liang et al. 10.1088/1755-1315/821/1/012022
- Predicting Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes in Stream Temperature Models: Current Challenges and Potential Solutions R. Moore & J. Leach 10.1029/2020WR028712
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- Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and LiDAR-Derived DEMs to Estimate Channels of Small Tributary Streams J. Grau et al. 10.3390/rs13173380
- Temperature buffering by groundwater in ecologically valuable lowland streams under current and future climate conditions V. Kaandorp et al. 10.1016/j.hydroa.2019.100031
- Predictions of national‐scale river temperatures: A visualisation of complex space–time dynamics F. Jackson et al. 10.1002/hyp.13761
- Relative information from thermal infrared imagery via unoccupied aerial vehicle informs simulations and spatially-distributed assessments of stream temperature S. Caldwell et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.457
- Meltwater temperature in streams draining Alpine glaciers R. Williamson et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.215
- Effect of water–air heat transfer on the spread of thermal pollution in rivers M. Kalinowska 10.1007/s11600-019-00252-y
- Predicting evaporation from mountain streams A. Szeitz & R. Moore 10.1002/hyp.13875
- Why scale is vital to plan optimal Nature-Based Solutions for resilient cities M. Hutchins et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/abd9f4
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- The NorWeST Summer Stream Temperature Model and Scenarios for the Western U.S.: A Crowd‐Sourced Database and New Geospatial Tools Foster a User Community and Predict Broad Climate Warming of Rivers and Streams D. Isaak et al. 10.1002/2017WR020969
- A spatio-temporal statistical model of maximum daily river temperatures to inform the management of Scotland's Atlantic salmon rivers under climate change F. Jackson et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.010
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- Exploring the complementary relationship between solar and hydro energy harvesting for self-powered water monitoring in low-light conditions I. Maghami et al. 10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105032
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- Understanding the effects of spatially variable riparian tree planting strategies to target water temperature reductions in rivers S. Dugdale et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131163
- The role of riparian vegetation density, channel orientation and water velocity in determining river temperature dynamics G. Garner et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.024
- Stream temperature under contrasting riparian forest cover: Understanding thermal dynamics and heat exchange processes S. Dugdale et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.198
- Riparian canopy openings on mountain streams: Landscape controls upon temperature increases within openings and cooling downstream W. Coats & C. Jackson 10.1002/hyp.13706
- Quantifying the relative importance of stock level, river temperature and discharge on the abundance of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) R. Glover et al. 10.1002/eco.2231
- Dammed water quality—Longitudinal stream responses below beaver ponds in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon J. Stevenson et al. 10.1002/eco.2430
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- Low flow controls on stream thermal dynamics S. Folegot et al. 10.1016/j.limno.2017.08.003
- Integrating process‐based flow and temperature models to assess riparian forests and temperature amelioration in salmon streams L. Fabris et al. 10.1002/hyp.11454
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- Six decades of ecohydrological research connecting landscapes and riverscapes in the Girnock Burn, Scotland: Atlantic salmon population and habitat dynamics in a changing world C. Soulsby et al. 10.1002/hyp.15105
- A primer on stream temperature processes J. Leach et al. 10.1002/wat2.1643
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- Evaluating topography‐based predictions of shallow lateral groundwater discharge zones for a boreal lake‐stream system J. Leach et al. 10.1002/2016WR019804
- JAMES BUTTLE REVIEW: Quantifying the influence of forestry and forest disturbance on stream temperature: Methodologies and challenges R. Moore & R. MacDonald 10.1002/hyp.15223
- A multicatchment analysis of headwater and downstream temperature effects from contemporary forest harvesting K. Bladon et al. 10.1002/hyp.11415
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- A deterministic river temperature model to prioritize management of riparian woodlands to reduce summer maximum river temperatures F. Jackson et al. 10.1002/hyp.14314
- Development of spatial regression models for predicting summer river temperatures from landscape characteristics: Implications for land and fisheries management F. Jackson et al. 10.1002/hyp.11087
- A novel approach for designing large-scale river temperature monitoring networks F. Jackson et al. 10.2166/nh.2015.106
- Forest cover, landscape patterns, and water quality: a meta-analysis M. Qiu et al. 10.1007/s10980-023-01593-2
- Drought impacts on river water temperature: A process‐based understanding from temperate climates J. White et al. 10.1002/hyp.14958
- Stream temperature responses to experimental riparian canopy gaps along forested headwaters in western Oregon A. Swartz et al. 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118354
- Relación entre la vegetación ribereña arbórea remanente y los rasgos de la red fluvial en arroyos de cabecera A. Flores-Díaz & J. Martínez-Cruz 10.21829/myb.2022.2832500
- Invasive species in the Anthropocene: Help or hindrance? P. McInerney et al. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112871
- Thermal Regimes of Perennial Rivers and Streams in the Western United States D. Isaak et al. 10.1111/1752-1688.12864
- Macroinvertebrate responses to flow and stream temperature variability across regulated and non‐regulated rivers J. White et al. 10.1002/eco.1773
- Riparian and geomorphic controls on thermal habitat dynamics of pools in a temperate headwater stream V. Ouellet et al. 10.1002/eco.1891
- Improving Water Sustainability through Modeling Optimum Sites for Riparian Forest Reforestation D. Torres et al. 10.3390/w13010046
- Describing alpine lake influence on stream network temperatures: A statistical modelling approach S. Carlson & G. Poole 10.1002/hyp.14072
- Streamside management zone effectiveness for water temperature control in Western Montana B. Sugden et al. 10.1080/14942119.2019.1571472
- T‐NET, a dynamic model for simulating daily stream temperature at the regional scale based on a network topology A. Beaufort et al. 10.1002/hyp.10787
- Les plans d’eau qui n’existent plus réchauffent-ils les cours d’eau ? L’exemple de l’impact d’un étang en assec (commune de Cieux, Haute-Vienne) L. Touchart & P. Bartout 10.3917/ag.758.0077
- Controls on Arctic glacier-fed river water temperature C. Mellor et al. 10.1080/02626667.2016.1261295
- Pour une évaluation plus géographique de l'impact environnemental des plans d'eau, le cas de la température de l'eau du Grand Étang de Cieux (Haute-Vienne) L. Touchart & P. Bartout 10.4000/physio-geo.16838
- Heat exchange processes and thermal dynamics of a glacier‐fed alpine stream K. Khamis et al. 10.1002/hyp.10433
- Modelling temperature change downstream of forest harvest using Newton's law of cooling L. Davis et al. 10.1002/hyp.10641
- Climate change and water in the UK: Recent scientific evidence for past and future change G. Garner et al. 10.1177/0309133316679082
68 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Impacts of Vegetation Removal on Urban Mediterranean Stream Hydrology and Hydraulics T. Eckermann et al. 10.3390/hydrology9100170
- Towards a better understanding of the evaporative cooling of rivers: case study for the Little Southwest Miramichi River (New Brunswick, Canada) V. Ouellet & D. Caissie 10.1080/07011784.2023.2177196
- Lake Outflow and Hillslope Lateral Inflows Dictate Thermal Regimes of Forested Streams Draining Small Lakes J. Leach et al. 10.1029/2020WR028136
- A longer‐term perspective on soil moisture, groundwater and stream flow response to the 2018 drought in an experimental catchment in the Scottish Highlands C. Soulsby et al. 10.1002/hyp.14206
- A numerical study of the flow patterns around midchannel islands in lowland rivers and their possible biogeomorphological impacts N. HEİDARİ et al. 10.30897/ijegeo.1320654
- A novel approach for examining downstream thermal responses of streams to contemporary forestry I. Arismendi & J. Groom 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.208
- Arctic river temperature dynamics in a changing climate C. Docherty et al. 10.1002/rra.3537
- Can spatial statistical river temperature models be transferred between catchments? F. Jackson et al. 10.5194/hess-21-4727-2017
- Passive Restoration of a Small Mountain Stream in Eastern Oregon A. Holthuijzen 10.3955/046.095.0104
- Swimming through the urban heat island: Can thermal mitigation practices reduce the stress? A. Timm et al. 10.1002/rra.3732
- Drone-based Structure-from-Motion provides accurate forest canopy data to assess shading effects in river temperature models S. Dugdale et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.229
- Responses of fish communities to longitudinal thermal gradients in coldwater, lake outflow streams N. Nozzi & R. Stelzer 10.1007/s10641-021-01149-w
- The Drivers of River Temperatures Below a Large Dam M. Daniels & E. Danner 10.1029/2019WR026751
- Riparian Land Cover, Water Temperature Variability, and Thermal Stress for Aquatic Species in Urban Streams A. Timm et al. 10.3390/w13192732
- River temperature modelling: A review of process-based approaches and future directions S. Dugdale et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.009
- An evaluation of different forest cover geospatial data for riparian shading and river temperature modelling S. Dugdale et al. 10.1002/rra.3598
- The efficacy of riparian tree cover as a climate change adaptation tool is affected by hydromorphological alterations R. O'Briain et al. 10.1002/hyp.13739
- A riverscape approach reveals downstream propagation of stream thermal responses to riparian thinning at multiple scales D. Roon et al. 10.1002/ecs2.3775
- Local determinants influencing stream water quality A. Hamid et al. 10.1007/s13201-019-1043-4
- A Study on Microclimate characteristics and energy balance within near-river riparian systems A. Liang et al. 10.1088/1755-1315/821/1/012022
- Predicting Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes in Stream Temperature Models: Current Challenges and Potential Solutions R. Moore & J. Leach 10.1029/2020WR028712
- Thermal discontinuities along a lowland river: The importance of urban areas and lakes R. Arora et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.05.066
- Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and LiDAR-Derived DEMs to Estimate Channels of Small Tributary Streams J. Grau et al. 10.3390/rs13173380
- Temperature buffering by groundwater in ecologically valuable lowland streams under current and future climate conditions V. Kaandorp et al. 10.1016/j.hydroa.2019.100031
- Predictions of national‐scale river temperatures: A visualisation of complex space–time dynamics F. Jackson et al. 10.1002/hyp.13761
- Relative information from thermal infrared imagery via unoccupied aerial vehicle informs simulations and spatially-distributed assessments of stream temperature S. Caldwell et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.457
- Meltwater temperature in streams draining Alpine glaciers R. Williamson et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.215
- Effect of water–air heat transfer on the spread of thermal pollution in rivers M. Kalinowska 10.1007/s11600-019-00252-y
- Predicting evaporation from mountain streams A. Szeitz & R. Moore 10.1002/hyp.13875
- Why scale is vital to plan optimal Nature-Based Solutions for resilient cities M. Hutchins et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/abd9f4
- Can riparian vegetation shade mitigate the expected rise in stream temperatures due to climate change during heat waves in a human-impacted pre-alpine river? H. Trimmel et al. 10.5194/hess-22-437-2018
- The NorWeST Summer Stream Temperature Model and Scenarios for the Western U.S.: A Crowd‐Sourced Database and New Geospatial Tools Foster a User Community and Predict Broad Climate Warming of Rivers and Streams D. Isaak et al. 10.1002/2017WR020969
- A spatio-temporal statistical model of maximum daily river temperatures to inform the management of Scotland's Atlantic salmon rivers under climate change F. Jackson et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.010
- Modelling future changes to the hydrological and thermal regime of unaltered streams using projected changes in climate to support planning for sensitive species management J. Rogers et al. 10.1002/eco.2299
- Effects of landscape changes on water quality: A global meta-analysis X. Shi et al. 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121946
- Empirical Stream Thermal Sensitivities May Underestimate Stream Temperature Response to Climate Warming J. Leach & R. Moore 10.1029/2018WR024236
- Exploring the complementary relationship between solar and hydro energy harvesting for self-powered water monitoring in low-light conditions I. Maghami et al. 10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105032
- Improving representation of riparian vegetation shading in a regional stream temperature model using LiDAR data P. Loicq et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.129
- Understanding the effects of spatially variable riparian tree planting strategies to target water temperature reductions in rivers S. Dugdale et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131163
- The role of riparian vegetation density, channel orientation and water velocity in determining river temperature dynamics G. Garner et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.024
- Stream temperature under contrasting riparian forest cover: Understanding thermal dynamics and heat exchange processes S. Dugdale et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.198
- Riparian canopy openings on mountain streams: Landscape controls upon temperature increases within openings and cooling downstream W. Coats & C. Jackson 10.1002/hyp.13706
- Quantifying the relative importance of stock level, river temperature and discharge on the abundance of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) R. Glover et al. 10.1002/eco.2231
- Dammed water quality—Longitudinal stream responses below beaver ponds in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon J. Stevenson et al. 10.1002/eco.2430
- The effect of stream shading on the inflow characteristics in a downstream reservoir M. Ishikawa et al. 10.1002/rra.3821
- Low flow controls on stream thermal dynamics S. Folegot et al. 10.1016/j.limno.2017.08.003
- Integrating process‐based flow and temperature models to assess riparian forests and temperature amelioration in salmon streams L. Fabris et al. 10.1002/hyp.11454
- Impact of Fish Ponds on Stream Hydrology and Temperature Regime in the Context of Freshwater Pearl Mussel Conservation R. Hoess et al. 10.3390/w14162490
- Six decades of ecohydrological research connecting landscapes and riverscapes in the Girnock Burn, Scotland: Atlantic salmon population and habitat dynamics in a changing world C. Soulsby et al. 10.1002/hyp.15105
- A primer on stream temperature processes J. Leach et al. 10.1002/wat2.1643
- Assessing the seasonal effect of flow regimes on availability of Atlantic salmon fry habitat in an upland Scottish stream L. Fabris et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133857
- Evaluating topography‐based predictions of shallow lateral groundwater discharge zones for a boreal lake‐stream system J. Leach et al. 10.1002/2016WR019804
- JAMES BUTTLE REVIEW: Quantifying the influence of forestry and forest disturbance on stream temperature: Methodologies and challenges R. Moore & R. MacDonald 10.1002/hyp.15223
- A multicatchment analysis of headwater and downstream temperature effects from contemporary forest harvesting K. Bladon et al. 10.1002/hyp.11415
- Longitudinal dynamics of Odonata assemblages in an anthropogenically impacted lotic system I. Maoduš et al. 10.1051/limn/2022005
- A deterministic river temperature model to prioritize management of riparian woodlands to reduce summer maximum river temperatures F. Jackson et al. 10.1002/hyp.14314
- Development of spatial regression models for predicting summer river temperatures from landscape characteristics: Implications for land and fisheries management F. Jackson et al. 10.1002/hyp.11087
- A novel approach for designing large-scale river temperature monitoring networks F. Jackson et al. 10.2166/nh.2015.106
- Forest cover, landscape patterns, and water quality: a meta-analysis M. Qiu et al. 10.1007/s10980-023-01593-2
- Drought impacts on river water temperature: A process‐based understanding from temperate climates J. White et al. 10.1002/hyp.14958
- Stream temperature responses to experimental riparian canopy gaps along forested headwaters in western Oregon A. Swartz et al. 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118354
- Relación entre la vegetación ribereña arbórea remanente y los rasgos de la red fluvial en arroyos de cabecera A. Flores-Díaz & J. Martínez-Cruz 10.21829/myb.2022.2832500
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- Riparian and geomorphic controls on thermal habitat dynamics of pools in a temperate headwater stream V. Ouellet et al. 10.1002/eco.1891
- Improving Water Sustainability through Modeling Optimum Sites for Riparian Forest Reforestation D. Torres et al. 10.3390/w13010046
- Describing alpine lake influence on stream network temperatures: A statistical modelling approach S. Carlson & G. Poole 10.1002/hyp.14072
8 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Streamside management zone effectiveness for water temperature control in Western Montana B. Sugden et al. 10.1080/14942119.2019.1571472
- T‐NET, a dynamic model for simulating daily stream temperature at the regional scale based on a network topology A. Beaufort et al. 10.1002/hyp.10787
- Les plans d’eau qui n’existent plus réchauffent-ils les cours d’eau ? L’exemple de l’impact d’un étang en assec (commune de Cieux, Haute-Vienne) L. Touchart & P. Bartout 10.3917/ag.758.0077
- Controls on Arctic glacier-fed river water temperature C. Mellor et al. 10.1080/02626667.2016.1261295
- Pour une évaluation plus géographique de l'impact environnemental des plans d'eau, le cas de la température de l'eau du Grand Étang de Cieux (Haute-Vienne) L. Touchart & P. Bartout 10.4000/physio-geo.16838
- Heat exchange processes and thermal dynamics of a glacier‐fed alpine stream K. Khamis et al. 10.1002/hyp.10433
- Modelling temperature change downstream of forest harvest using Newton's law of cooling L. Davis et al. 10.1002/hyp.10641
- Climate change and water in the UK: Recent scientific evidence for past and future change G. Garner et al. 10.1177/0309133316679082
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Latest update: 23 Nov 2024
Short summary
This study demonstrates the processes by which instantaneous longitudinal water temperature gradients may be generated in a stream reach that transitions from moorland to semi-natural forest in the absence of substantial groundwater inflows. Water did not cool as it flowed downstream. Instead, temperature gradients were generated by a combination of reduced rates of heating in the forested reach and advection of cooler (overnight and early morning) water from the upstream moorland catchment.
This study demonstrates the processes by which instantaneous longitudinal water temperature...