Articles | Volume 30, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6315-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6315-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Changes in groundwater-surface water interactions following two centuries of irrigation practices and groundwater use in the Upper Ganges-Yamuna interfluve, North India
Frank J. G. van Broekhoven
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Stefan C. Dekker
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
NIOO-KNAW, the Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
Jasper Griffioen
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
TNO Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Anjali Bhagwat
Groundwater Hydrology Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India
Paul P. Schot
Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Short summary
Model simulations show how North India’s water system changed over the past two centuries. From 1830, irrigation canals increased recharge while groundwater flows to rivers and streams. After 1970, groundwater pumping surged, lowering groundwater tables and reducing flows to surface waters. Since 2000, some local rivers have likely switched to lose water to the groundwater. This may have implications for river ecosystems and groundwater quality, especially where rivers are polluted.
Model simulations show how North India’s water system changed over the past two centuries. From...