Articles | Volume 30, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-4741-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-4741-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A Universal Multifractals perspective into the link between rainfall variability and temperature
HM&Co, École nationale des ponts et chaussées, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Champs-sur-Marne, France
CEREA, École nationale des ponts et chaussées, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, EDF R&D, Île-de-France, France
Yann Torres
HM&Co, École nationale des ponts et chaussées, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Champs-sur-Marne, France
Military Institute of Engineering (IME), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Heavy rainfall from typhoons can trigger sudden floods, yet the most intense bursts are brief and easily missed. We measured rain every ten seconds during three 2022 typhoons in Taiwan and examined how the patterns behaved across time scales. One storm produced exceptionally concentrated, rare rainfall, while the others were limited by record length. The results show that fast measurements matter because slower instruments smooth out these peaks and can lead us to underestimate flood risk.
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Wind energy exhibits extreme variability in space and time. However, it also shows scaling properties (properties that remain similar across different times and spaces of measurement). This can be quantified using appropriate statistical tools. In this way, the scaling properties of power from a wind farm are analysed here. Since every turbine is manufactured by design for a rated power, this acts as an upper limit on the data. This bias is identified here using data and numerical simulations.
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To understand the influence of rainfall on wind power production, turbine power and rainfall were measured simultaneously on an operational wind farm and analysed. The correlation between wind, wind power, air density, and other fields was obtained on various temporal scales under rainy and dry conditions. An increase in the correlation was observed with an increase in the rain; rain also influenced the correspondence between actual and expected values of power at various velocities.
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Weather radars measure rainfall in altitude whereas hydro-meteorologists are mainly interested in rainfall at ground level. During their fall, drops are advected by the wind which affects the location of the measured field. Governing equation linking acceleration, gravity, buoyancy, and drag force is updated to account for oblateness of drops. Then multifractal wind is used as input to explore velocities and trajectories of drops. Finally consequence on radar rainfall estimation is discussed.
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The Hydrology Meteorology and Complexity laboratory of École des Ponts ParisTech (https://hmco.enpc.fr) has made a data set of high-resolution atmospheric measurements (rainfall, wind, temperature, pressure, and humidity) available. It comes from a campaign carried out on a meteorological mast located on a wind farm in the framework of the Rainfall Wind Turbine or Turbulence project (RW-Turb; supported by the French National Research Agency – ANR-19-CE05-0022).
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This study presents a new way to create detailed rainfall maps using only a small number of rain gauges. By learning rainfall patterns from radar data, the method can reconstruct realistic rainfall across an area even when measurements are sparse. This approach can improve flood forecasting and water management, especially in regions where weather radar is not available or data coverage is limited.
Ching-Chun Chou, Auguste Gires, Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia, Daniel Schertzer, and Li-Pen Wang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3860, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3860, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics (NPG).
Short summary
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Heavy rainfall from typhoons can trigger sudden floods, yet the most intense bursts are brief and easily missed. We measured rain every ten seconds during three 2022 typhoons in Taiwan and examined how the patterns behaved across time scales. One storm produced exceptionally concentrated, rare rainfall, while the others were limited by record length. The results show that fast measurements matter because slower instruments smooth out these peaks and can lead us to underestimate flood risk.
Jerry Jose, Auguste Gires, Yelva Roustan, Ernani Schnorenberger, Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia, and Daniel Schertzer
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 31, 587–602, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-587-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-587-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Wind energy exhibits extreme variability in space and time. However, it also shows scaling properties (properties that remain similar across different times and spaces of measurement). This can be quantified using appropriate statistical tools. In this way, the scaling properties of power from a wind farm are analysed here. Since every turbine is manufactured by design for a rated power, this acts as an upper limit on the data. This bias is identified here using data and numerical simulations.
Jerry Jose, Auguste Gires, Ernani Schnorenberger, Yelva Roustan, Daniel Schertzer, and Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 31, 603–624, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-31-603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the influence of rainfall on wind power production, turbine power and rainfall were measured simultaneously on an operational wind farm and analysed. The correlation between wind, wind power, air density, and other fields was obtained on various temporal scales under rainy and dry conditions. An increase in the correlation was observed with an increase in the rain; rain also influenced the correspondence between actual and expected values of power at various velocities.
Auguste Gires, Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia, and Daniel Schertzer
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5861–5875, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5861-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Weather radars measure rainfall in altitude whereas hydro-meteorologists are mainly interested in rainfall at ground level. During their fall, drops are advected by the wind which affects the location of the measured field. Governing equation linking acceleration, gravity, buoyancy, and drag force is updated to account for oblateness of drops. Then multifractal wind is used as input to explore velocities and trajectories of drops. Finally consequence on radar rainfall estimation is discussed.
Auguste Gires, Jerry Jose, Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia, and Daniel Schertzer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3807–3819, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3807-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3807-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Hydrology Meteorology and Complexity laboratory of École des Ponts ParisTech (https://hmco.enpc.fr) has made a data set of high-resolution atmospheric measurements (rainfall, wind, temperature, pressure, and humidity) available. It comes from a campaign carried out on a meteorological mast located on a wind farm in the framework of the Rainfall Wind Turbine or Turbulence project (RW-Turb; supported by the French National Research Agency – ANR-19-CE05-0022).
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Short summary
The link between rainfall extremes and temperature has been widely studied and a scale dependence of the rate of increase with temperature is commonly reported. Here we investigate, with high resolution data, how rainfall variability across scales, and the associated extremes, change with temperature. We confirm scaling behaviour and find that the scale invariant maximum observable singularity increases on average with greater temperature. Connection with previous results are discussed.
The link between rainfall extremes and temperature has been widely studied and a scale...