Articles | Volume 30, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-3853-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-3853-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The influence of small farm reservoir network characteristics on their cumulative hydrological impacts
Henri Lechevallier
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
LISAH, Univ. Montpellier, AgroParisTech, INRAE, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
G-EAU, Univ. Montpellier, AgroParisTech, BRGM, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
Cécile Dagès
LISAH, Univ. Montpellier, AgroParisTech, INRAE, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
Delphine Burger-Leenhardt
G-EAU, Univ. Montpellier, AgroParisTech, BRGM, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
Claire Magand
OFB, Orléans, France
Jérôme Molénat
LISAH, Univ. Montpellier, AgroParisTech, INRAE, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
Related authors
No articles found.
Eric Sauquet, Guillaume Evin, Sonia Siauve, Ryma Aissat, Patrick Arnaud, Maud Bérel, Jérémie Bonneau, Flora Branger, Yvan Caballero, François Colléoni, Agnès Ducharne, Joël Gailhard, Florence Habets, Frédéric Hendrickx, Louis Héraut, Benoît Hingray, Peng Huang, Tristan Jaouen, Alexis Jeantet, Sandra Lanini, Matthieu Le Lay, Claire Magand, Louise Mimeau, Céline Monteil, Simon Munier, Charles Perrin, Olivier Robelin, Fabienne Rousset, Jean-Michel Soubeyroux, Laurent Strohmenger, Guillaume Thirel, Flore Tocquer, Yves Tramblay, Jean-Pierre Vergnes, and Jean-Philippe Vidal
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 30, 2277–2300, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-2277-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-2277-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Explore2 project has provided an unprecedented set of hydrological projections in terms of the number of hydrological models used and the spatial and temporal resolution. The results have been made available through various media. Under the high-emission scenario, the hydrological models mostly agree on the decrease in seasonal flows in the south of France, confirming its hotspot status, and on the decrease in summer flows throughout France, with the exception of the northern part of France.
Guillaume Evin, Benoit Hingray, Guillaume Thirel, Agnès Ducharne, Laurent Strohmenger, Lola Corre, Yves Tramblay, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Jérémie Bonneau, François Colleoni, Joël Gailhard, Florence Habets, Frédéric Hendrickx, Louis Héraut, Peng Huang, Matthieu Le Lay, Claire Magand, Paola Marson, Céline Monteil, Simon Munier, Alix Reverdy, Jean-Michel Soubeyroux, Yoann Robin, Jean-Pierre Vergnes, Mathieu Vrac, and Eric Sauquet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 30, 1023–1051, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1023-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1023-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Explore2 provides hydrological projections for 1,735 French catchments. Using QUALYPSO (Quasi-Ergodic Analysis of Climate Projections Using Data Augmentation), this study assesses uncertainties, including internal variability. By the end of the century, low flows are projected to decline in southern France under high emissions, while other indicators remain uncertain. Emission scenarios and regional climate models are key uncertainty sources. Internal variability is often as large as climate-driven changes.
Laurent Strohmenger, Eric Sauquet, Claire Bernard, Jérémie Bonneau, Flora Branger, Amélie Bresson, Pierre Brigode, Rémy Buzier, Olivier Delaigue, Alexandre Devers, Guillaume Evin, Maïté Fournier, Shu-Chen Hsu, Sandra Lanini, Alban de Lavenne, Thibault Lemaitre-Basset, Claire Magand, Guilherme Mendoza Guimarães, Max Mentha, Simon Munier, Charles Perrin, Tristan Podechard, Léo Rouchy, Malak Sadki, Myriam Soutif-Bellenger, François Tilmant, Yves Tramblay, Anne-Lise Véron, Jean-Philippe Vidal, and Guillaume Thirel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3375–3391, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3375-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3375-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present the results of a large visual inspection campaign of 674 streamflow time series in France. The objective was to detect non-natural records resulting from instrument failure or anthropogenic influences, such as hydroelectric power generation or reservoir management. We conclude that the identification of flaws in flow time series is highly dependent on the objectives and skills of individual evaluators, and we raise the need for better practices for data cleaning.
Cited articles
Ayalew, T. B., Krajewski, W. F., and Mantilla, R.: Insights into Expected Changes in Regulated Flood Frequencies due to the Spatial Configuration of Flood Retention Ponds, J. Hydrol. Eng., 20, 04015010, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001173, 2015. a
Ayalew, T. B., Krajewski, W. F., Mantilla, R., Wright, D. B., and Small, S. J.: Effect of Spatially Distributed Small Dams on Flood Frequency: Insights from the Soap Creek Watershed, J. Hydrol. Eng., 22, 04017011, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001513, 2017. a, b
Bertuzzi, P., Clastre, P., and Aubry, M.: Information sur les mailles SAFRAN, https://doi.org/10.57745/1PDFNL, 2022. a
Brasil, P. and Medeiros, P.: NeStRes – Model for Operation of Non-Strategic Reservoirs for Irrigation in Drylands: Model Description and Application to a Semiarid Basin, Water Resour. Manag., 34, 195–210, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-019-02438-x, 2020. a
Carluer, N., Babut, M., Belliard, J., Bernez, I., Leblanc, B., Burger-Leenhardt, D., Dorioz, J., Douez, O., Dufour, S., Grimaldi, S., Habets, F., Le Bissonnais, Y., Molénat, J., Rollet, A., Rosset, V., Sauvage, S., and Usseglio-Polatera, P.: Impact cumulé des retenues d'eau sur le milieu aquatique: expertise scientifique collective, no. 28 in Comprendre pour agir, Agence française pour la biodiversité, Montpellier, ISBN 978-2-37785-014-3, 2017. a
Cavaillé, A.: Note on the geological map of Beaumont-de-Lomagne (Notice de la carte géologique de Beaumont-de-Lomagne), BRGM, France, http://ficheinfoterre.brgm.fr/Notices/0955N.pdf (last access: 11 June 2026), 1968. a
Cetin, L. T., Freebairn, A. C., Jordan, P. W., and Huider, B. J.: A model for assessing the impacts of farm dams on surface waters in the WaterCAST catchment modelling framework, https://mssanz.org.au/modsim09/I8/cetin.pdf (last access: 11 June 2026), 2009. a
Colombo, P., Ribeiro Neto, G., Costa, A., Mamede, G., and Van Oel, P.: Modeling the influence of small reservoirs on hydrological drought propagation in space and time, J. Hydrol., 629, 130640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.130640, 2024. a
Constantin, J., Willaume, M., Murgue, C., Lacroix, B., and Therond, O.: The soil-crop models STICS and AqYield predict yield and soil water content for irrigated crops equally well with limited data, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 206, 55–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.02.011, 2015. a, b
DDT82: Indicateurs d'impact cumulé des retenues collinaires sur le département de Tarn-et-Garonne, Tech. rep., Direction départementale des Territoires de Tarn-et-Garonne, Eaucea, 2022. a
Devienne, S., Degroote, A., and Michel, F.: De l'eau pour qui et pour quoi ? Rôle de l'irrigation dans l'évolution de l'agriculture et les systèmes de production actuels dans différents territoires du bassin Adour-Garonne, Sud-Ouest Eur., 54, 5–22, https://doi.org/10.4000/12g5a, 2022. a
Dong, N., Yu, Z., Gu, H., Yang, C., Yang, M., Wei, J., Wang, H., Arnault, J., Laux, P., and Kunstmann, H.: Climate-induced hydrological impact mitigated by a high-density reservoir network in the Poyang Lake Basin, J. Hydrol., 579, 124148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124148, 2019. a
Fowler, K., Morden, R., Lowe, L., and Nathan, R.: Advances in assessing the impact of hillside farm dams on streamflow, Australasian Journal of Water Resources, 19, 96–108, https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2015.1116182, 2015. a
Galéa, G., Vasquez-Paulus, B., Renard, B., and Breil, P.: L'impact des prélèvements d'eau pour l'irrigation sur les régimes hydrologiques des sous-bassins du Tescou et de la Séoune (bassin Adour-Garonne, France), Revue des Sciences de l'eau, 18, 273–305, https://doi.org/10.7202/705560ar, 2005. a, b, c, d
Gautam, K. and Corzo, G.: Evaluating the impact of ponds on flood and drought mitigation in the Bagmati River Basin, Nepal, Hydrol. Res., 54, 1163–1180, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2023.050, 2023. a
Güntner, A., Krol, M. S., Araújo, J. C. D., and Bronstert, A.: Simple water balance modelling of surface reservoir systems in a large data-scarce semiarid region / Modélisation simple du bilan hydrologique de systèmes de réservoirs de surface dans une grande région semi-aride pauvre en données, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 49, 10, https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.49.5.901.55139, 2004. a, b
Habets, F., Molénat, J., Carluer, N., Douez, O., and Leenhardt, D.: The cumulative impacts of small reservoirs on hydrology: A review, Sci. Total Environ., 643, 850–867, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.188, 2018. a, b
IGN: Land Parcel identification system (Registre Parcellaire Graphique, RPG), https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/registre- parcellaire-graphique-rpg-contours-des-parcelles-et-ilots-culturaux-et-leur-groupe-de-cultures-majoritaire/#_ (last access: 11 June 2026), 2015. a
Kennon, F. W.: Hydrologic effects of small reservoirs in Sandstone Creek Watershed, Beckham and Roger Mills Counties, western Oklahoma, Report 1839C, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1839C, 1966. a, b, c
Ketchum, D., Hoylman, Z. H., Huntington, J., Brinkerhoff, D., and Jencso, K. G.: Irrigation intensification impacts sustainability of streamflow in the Western United States, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 479, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01152-2, 2023. a
Kirchner, J. W.: Catchments as simple dynamical systems: Catchment characterization, rainfall-runoff modeling, and doing hydrology backward, Water Resour. Res., 45, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR006912, 2009. a
Krol, M. S., Jaeger, A., Bronstert, A., and Güntner, A.: Integrated modelling of climate, water, soil, agricultural and socio-economic processes: A general introduction of the methodology and some exemplary results from the semi-arid north-east of Brazil, J. Hydrol., 328, 417–431, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.12.021, 2006. a
Lardy, R., Truche, C., and Therond, O.: Modelling small agricultural dams dynamics into the MAELIA multi-agent platform, https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/iemssconference/2016/Stream-A/57 (last access: 11 June 2026), 2016. a
Lebon, N.: Modéliser et analyser l'effet cumulé' agro-hydrologique des retenues d'eau dans les bassins versants agricoles, PhD thesis, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, https://doi.org/10.70675/128f29eazc946z404dza5ccz3946e38e1bb4, 2021. a, b
Liebe, J., van de Giesen, N., and Andreini, M.: Estimation of small reservoir storage capacities in a semi-arid environment: A case study in the Upper East Region of Ghana, Phys. Chem. Earth Pts. A/B/C, 30, 448–454, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.011, 2005. a
Morden, R., Horne, A., Bond, N. R., Nathan, R., and Olden, J. D.: Small artificial impoundments have big implications for hydrology and freshwater biodiversity, Front. Ecol. Environ., 20, 141–146, https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2454, 2022. a
Moussa, R., Voltz, M., and Andrieux, P.: Effects of the spatial organization of agricultural management on the hydrological behaviour of a farmed catchment during flood events, Hydrol. Process., 16, 393–412, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.333, 2002. a
Murgue, C., Lardy, R., Vavasseur, M., Burger-Leenhardt, D. D., and Therond, O.: Fine spatio-temporal simulation of cropping and farming systems effects on irrigation withdrawal dynamics within a river basin, International Environmental Modeling and Software Society (iEMSs), Santiago, United States, https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02741968v1 (last access: 11 June 2026), 2014. a, b
Nathan, R., Jordan, P., and Morden, R.: Assessing the impact of farm dams on streamflows, Part I: Development of simulation tools, Australasian Journal of Water Resources, 9, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2005.11465259, 2005. a
Neal, B., Nathan, R. J., Schreider, S., and Jakeman, A. J.: Identifying the Separate Impact of Farm Dams and Land Use Changes on Catchment Yield, Australasian Journal of Water Resources, 5, 165–176, https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2002.11465202, 2002. a
Neitsch, S. L., Arnold, J. G., Kiniry, J. R., and Williams, J. R.: Soil and water assessment tool theoretical documentation version 2009, Tech. rep., Texas Water Resources Institute, https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/14750fbe-4b68-4f36-bceebaac526f13ee/content (last access: 11 June 2026), 2011. a
O'Connor, T. G.: Effect of small catchment dams on downstream vegetation of a seasonal river in semi-arid African savanna, J. Appl. Ecol., 38, 1314–1325, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-8901.2001.00680.x, 2001. a
Party, J.-P., Muller, N., Vauthier, Q., Rigou, L., Toutain, B., Lehmann, S., Laroche, B., Guiresse, M., and CNRS/Laboratoire Écologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement: Référentiel Régional Pédologique de Midi-Pyrénées: Département du Gers, https://doi.org/10.6096/70324, 2016. a
Perrin, J., Ferrant, S., Massuel, S., Dewandel, B., Maréchal, J., Aulong, S., and Ahmed, S.: Assessing water availability in a semi-arid watershed of southern India using a semi-distributed model, J. Hydrol., 460–461, 143–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.07.002, 2012. a
Pignard, G., Martin, E., Lebarbier, R., Cassagne, J.-P., Masse, S., and Tripiana, V.: L'irrigation, un atout pour les productions agricoles du bassin, Tech. Rep. 5, Direction régionale de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation et de la Forêt d'Occitanie, Service régional de l'information statistique, économique et territoriale, Cité administrative, Bât. E, Boulevard Armand Duportal 31074 Toulouse, https://draaf.occitanie.agriculture.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/p_irrigation_bad.pdf (last access: 11 June 2026), 2023. a
Pinhati, F. S. C., Rodrigues, L. N., and Aires De Souza, S.: Modelling the impact of on-farm reservoirs on dry season water availability in an agricultural catchment area of the Brazilian savannah, Agr. Water Manage., 241, 106296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106296, 2020. a, b, c
Rabelo, U. P., Dietrich, J., Costa, A. C., Simshäuser, M. N., Scholz, F. E., Nguyen, V. T., and Lima Neto, I. E.: Representing a dense network of ponds and reservoirs in a semi-distributed dryland catchment model, J. Hydrol., 603, 127103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127103, 2021. a, b
Rabelo, U. P., Costa, A. C., Dietrich, J., Fallah-Mehdipour, E., Van Oel, P., and Lima Neto, I. E.: Impact of Dense Networks of Reservoirs on Streamflows at Dryland Catchments, Sustainability-Basel, 14, 14117, https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114117, 2022. a
Ramireddygari, S., Sophocleous, M., Koelliker, J., Perkins, S., and Govindaraju, R.: Development and application of a comprehensive simulation model to evaluate impacts of watershed structures and irrigation water use on streamflow and groundwater: the case of Wet Walnut Creek Watershed, Kansas, USA, J. Hydrol., 236, 223–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00295-X, 2000. a
Robertson, D. E., Zheng, H., Peña-Arancibia, J. L., Chiew, F. H., Aryal, S., Malerba, M., and Wright, N.: How sensitive are catchment runoff estimates to on-farm storages under current and future climates?, J. Hydrol., 626, 130185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.130185, 2023. a, b, c
Sarremejane, R., Messager, M. L., and Datry, T.: Drought in intermittent river and ephemeral stream networks, Ecohydrology, 15, e2390, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2390, 2022. a, b
Savadamuthu, K.: Impact of farm dams on streamflow in the Upper Marne Catchment, Report DWR 02/01/003, South Australia, Department for Water Resources, South Australia, https://www.waterconnect.sa.gov.au/Content/Publications/DEW/Upper_Marne_SurfaceWaterReport.pdf (last access: 11 June 2026), 2002. a, b
Schreider, S. Y., Jakeman, A. J., Letcher, R. A., Nathan, R. J., Neal, B. P., and Beavis, S. G.: Detecting changes in streamflow response to changes in non-climatic catchment conditions: farm dam development in the Murray-Darling basin, Australia, J. Hydrol., 262, 84–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00023-9, 2002. a
Seyedhashemi, H., Moatar, F., Vidal, J.-P., Diamond, J. S., Beaufort, A., Chandesris, A., and Valette, L.: Thermal signatures identify the influence of dams and ponds on stream temperature at the regional scale, Sci. Total Environ., 766, 142667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142667, 2021. a
Strohmenger, L., Collet, L., Andréassian, V., Corre, L., Rousset, F., and Thirel, G.: Köppen–Geiger climate classification across France based on an ensemble of high-resolution climate projections, CR Geosci., 356, 67–82, https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.263, 2024. a
Tarboton, K. C. and Schulze, R. E.: The “ACRU” modelling system for large catchement water resources management, Hydrology for the Water Management of Large River Basins, 219–232, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roland-Schulze-2/publication/237534338_The_'ACRU'_modelling_system_for_ large_catchment_water_resources_management/links/5584103c0 8aefa35fe3369ac/The-ACRU-modelling-system-for-large-catchment-water-resourcesmanagement.pdf (last access: 11 June 2026), 1991. a, b
Thompson, J. C.: Impact and Management of Small Farm Dams in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, https://doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.16997929, 2012. a, b
van der Zaag, P. and Gupta, J.: Scale issues in the governance of water storage projects, Water Resour. Res., 44, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006364, 2008. a
Vidal, J.-P., Martin, E., Franchistéguy, L., Baillon, M., and Soubeyroux, J.-M.: A 50-year high-resolution atmospheric reanalysis over France with the Safran system, Int. J. Climatol., 30, 1627–1644, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2003, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. a
Xu, C., Han, Z., and Fu, H.: Remote Sensing and Hydrologic-Hydrodynamic Modeling Integrated Approach for Rainfall-Runoff Simulation in Farm Dam Dominated Basin, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 817684, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.817684, 2022. a
Xu, Y. D., Fu, B. J., and He, C. S.: Assessing the hydrological effect of the check dams in the Loess Plateau, China, by model simulations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2185–2193, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2185-2013, 2013. a, b
Yan, X., Lin, B., Chen, X., Yao, H., Ruan, W., and Li, X.: Impacts of small and medium-sized reservoirs on streamflow in two basins of Southeast China, using a hydrological model to separate influences of multiple drivers, Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 50, 101582, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101582, 2023. a, b
Short summary
Small farm reservoirs are infrastructures for storing water that farmers can use to irrigate their crops, and thereby secure or enhance food production. These are found in many regions of the world. However, small reservoirs can modify flow regimes as they store water derived or extracted from the stream. In this study, we use a modeling approach to evaluate how flows are influenced by the number, capacity, and distribution along the stream of small reservoirs.
Small farm reservoirs are infrastructures for storing water that farmers can use to irrigate...