Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
HESS
Articles | Volume 30, issue 10
Articles | Volume 30, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-3095-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-3095-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 30, issue 10
Research article
 | 
21 May 2026
Research article |  | 21 May 2026

Simulating carbon fluxes in boreal catchments: WSFS-Vemala model development and key insights

Marie Korppoo, Inese Huttunen, Markus Huttunen, Maiju Narikka, Jari Silander, Tom Jilbert, Martin Forsius, Pirkko Kortelainen, Niina Kotamäki, Cintia Uvo, and Anna-Kaisa Ronkanen

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Short summary
The development of carbon processes in the water quality model WSFS (Watershed Simulation and Forecasting System)-Vemala presents a significant advancement in simulating both total organic and inorganic carbon dynamics, burial and emissions through a river/lake network. The addition of organic acids to the total alkalinity definition improved pH simulations and thus the simulation of CO2 emissions in the acidic and organic rich waters of Finland. The new Vemala model provides a robust foundation to support water management in the future.
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