Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
HESS
Articles | Volume 30, issue 7
Articles | Volume 30, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-2079-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-2079-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 30, issue 7
Research article
 | 
15 Apr 2026
Research article |  | 15 Apr 2026

A GNN routing module is all you need for LSTM Rainfall–Runoff models

Hamidreza Mosaffa, Florian Pappenberger, Christel Prudhomme, Matthew Chantry, Christoph Rüdiger, and Hannah Cloke

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Short summary
This study improves river flow prediction by combining two types of artificial intelligence models. One model estimates how rainfall becomes runoff in each part of a river basin, while another represents how water moves through the river network. By linking these processes, the approach better captures how water travels across large basins. The results show more accurate streamflow predictions, which can support water management and flood forecasting.
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