Articles | Volume 28, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2871-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2871-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A national-scale hybrid model for enhanced streamflow estimation – consolidating a physically based hydrological model with long short-term memory (LSTM) networks
Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
Julian Koch
Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
Simon Stisen
Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
Lars Troldborg
Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
Raphael J. M. Schneider
Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
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- Hybrid process-based and deep learning for river nutrient prediction under limited monitoring data J. Tang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135098
- Modeling runoff with incomplete data: a comparison of hydrological, deep learning, and hybrid approaches J. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135132
- Exploring Kolmogorov-Arnold neural networks for hybrid and transparent hydrological modeling X. Jing et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106648
- Performance of multiple tree-based models for estimating daily streamflow in the Cau River Basin T. Tuan Thach https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2025.077
- Hybrid hydrological modeling: Integration of machine learning and conventional hydrology E. Altarawneh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2025.104150
- Long-term forecasting of monthly reservoir inflow using deep and machine-learning-based algorithms B. Ghenaati et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.112175
- A novel framework for multi-step water level predicting by spatial–temporal deep learning models based on integrated physical models S. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133683
- Streamflow prediction in the Danube River Basin using a multi-source graph-integrated GCN-LSTM model M. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103275
- The development and validation of a national-scale process-based hydrological model for Finland V. Kolhinen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134650
- Catchment features-based interpretation of performance of the conceptual hydrological and deep learning models using large sample hydrologic data D. Sourya et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134270
- Evaluation of a socio-hydrological water resource model for drought management in groundwater-rich areas D. Wendt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-2837-2026
- Drought dynamics across the hydrological cycle – an extensive validation of the National Hydrological Model of Denmark R. Schneider et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-4019-2026
- Climate Change Impacts on River Hydraulics: A Global Synthesis of Hydrological Shifts, Ecological Consequences, and Adaptive Strategies B. Nile et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-025-00375-y
- Applying Machine Learning Methods to Improve Rainfall–Runoff Modeling in Subtropical River Basins H. Yu & Q. Yang https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152199
- Optimizing runoff simulation in three mid-high latitude catchments by integrating terrestrial ecosystem modelling, hybrid machine learning, and causal inference H. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.103085
- Precipitation recycling impacts on runoff in arid regions of China and Mongolia: a machine learning approach R. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2025.2456211
- A Review of the Advances and Emerging Approaches in Hydrological Forecasting: From Traditional to AI-Powered Models K. Robles et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18010119
- Multi-decadal streamflow projections for catchments in Brazil based on CMIP6 multi-model simulations and neural network embeddings for linear regression models M. Scheuerer et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-5099-2025
- Effects of meteorological reconstruction on hydrological and deep learning streamflow models in Lanyang Watershed, Taiwan N. Tran & Y. Su https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103673
- Enhancing water management in data-scarce watersheds using satellite and reanalysis precipitation: a combined SWAT+ and SMOGN machine learning approach M. Almeida et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135895
- Physics-Informed Deep Learning for Karst Spring Prediction: Integrating Variational Mode Decomposition and Long Short-Term Memory with Attention L. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17142043
- Data-driven model as a post-process for daily streamflow prediction in ungauged basins J. Choi & S. Kim https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42512
- Hydrological Predictive Modeling for Indian River: Leveraging LSTM and GRU Attention Mechanisms S. Lachure & A. Tiwari https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-025-04289-3
- A comparative analysis of machine learning models for predicting groundwater and surface water in a stressed semi-arid watershed: The Khanmirza case study Z. Ebrahimzadeh et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-025-12801-4
- An Enhanced Hybrid LSTM–Linear Regression Framework for 90-Day Rainfall Forecasting in Rainfed Agricultural Regions A. Kunlerd et al. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.15622
- Physically Consistent Runoff Simulation in Mountainous Catchments Using a Time-Varying Gated Hybrid XAJ–LSTM Model H. Shen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243507
- A novel hybrid framework for combining process-based models with machine learning for streamflow prediction X. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2025.105177
- Enhancing representation of data-scarce reservoir-regulated river basins using a hybrid DL-process based approach L. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132895
- CAMELS-DK: hydrometeorological time series and landscape attributes for 3330 Danish catchments with streamflow observations from 304 gauged stations J. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1551-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 19 Jul 2026
Short summary
We developed hybrid schemes to enhance national-scale streamflow predictions, combining long short-term memory (LSTM) with a physically based hydrological model (PBM). A comprehensive evaluation of hybrid setups across Denmark indicates that LSTM models forced by climate data and catchment attributes perform well in many regions but face challenges in groundwater-dependent basins. The hybrid schemes supported by PBMs perform better in reproducing long-term streamflow behavior and extreme events.
We developed hybrid schemes to enhance national-scale streamflow predictions, combining long...