Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
HESS
Articles | Volume 28, issue 4
Articles | Volume 28, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1089-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1089-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 28, issue 4
Research article
 | 
01 Mar 2024
Research article |  | 01 Mar 2024

Water productivity is in the eye of the beholder: benchmarking the multiple values produced by water use in the Phoenix metropolitan area

Benjamin L. Ruddell and Richard Rushforth

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Short summary
This study finds that bedroom cities show higher water productivity based on the standard efficiency benchmark of gallons per capita, but core cities that host large businesses show higher water productivity using a basket of economic values like taxes, payroll, and business revenues. Using a broader basket of water productivity benchmarks that consider more of the community’s socio-economic values and goals could inform more balanced and equitable water allocation decisions by policymakers.
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