Articles | Volume 27, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-213-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-213-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Water level variation at a beaver pond significantly impacts net CO2 uptake of a continental bog
Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A OB9, Canada
Tim Moore
Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A OB9, Canada
Elyn R. Humphreys
Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Peter M. Lafleur
School of Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
Nigel T. Roulet
Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A OB9, Canada
Related authors
Hongxing He, Ian B. Strachan, and Nigel T. Roulet
Biogeosciences, 22, 1355–1368, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study applied the CoupModel to simulate carbon dynamics and ecohydrology for a restored peatland and evaluated the responses of the simulated carbon fluxes to varying acrotelm thickness and climate. The results show that the CoupModel can simulate the coupled carbon and ecohydrology dynamics for the restored peatland system, and the restored peatland has less resilience in its C-uptake functions than pristine peatlands under a changing climate.
Oluwabamise Lanre Afolabi, He Hongxing, and Maria Strack
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4049, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4049, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This modelling study elucidated the multi-decade carbon dynamics of a temperate swamp peatland and the important biotic and abiotic interactions and feedbacks that drive the carbon biogeochemical cycle of this ecosystem which is currently lacking. The carbon balance of the swamp reflected the strong relationship between the swamp’s carbon flux and controlling biotic processes, hydrological and thermal conditions that imprinted on carbon assimilation and losses at different time scales.
Jyrki Jauhiainen, Juha Heikkinen, Nicholas Clarke, Hongxing He, Lise Dalsgaard, Kari Minkkinen, Paavo Ojanen, Lars Vesterdal, Jukka Alm, Aldis Butlers, Ingeborg Callesen, Sabine Jordan, Annalea Lohila, Ülo Mander, Hlynur Óskarsson, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Gunnhild Søgaard, Kaido Soosaar, Åsa Kasimir, Brynhildur Bjarnadottir, Andis Lazdins, and Raija Laiho
Biogeosciences, 20, 4819–4839, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4819-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4819-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study looked at published data on drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate zones to revisit current Tier 1 default emission factors (EFs) provided by the IPCC Wetlands Supplement. We examined the possibilities of forming more site-type specific EFs and inspected the potential relevance of environmental variables for predicting annual soil greenhouse gas balances by statistical models. The results have important implications for EF revisions and national emission reporting.
Balázs Grosz, Reinhard Well, Rene Dechow, Jan Reent Köster, Mohammad Ibrahim Khalil, Simone Merl, Andreas Rode, Bianca Ziehmer, Amanda Matson, and Hongxing He
Biogeosciences, 18, 5681–5697, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5681-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5681-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To assure quality predictions biogeochemical models must be current. We use data measured using novel incubation methods to test the denitrification sub-modules of three models. We aim to identify limitations in the denitrification modeling to inform next steps for development. Several areas are identified, most urgently improved denitrification control parameters and further testing with high-temporal-resolution datasets. Addressing these would significantly improve denitrification modeling.
Hongxing He, Per-Erik Jansson, and Annemieke I. Gärdenäs
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 735–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the integration of the phosphorus (P) cycle into CoupModel (v6.0, Coup-CNP). The extended Coup-CNP, which explicitly considers the symbiosis between soil microbes and plant roots, enables simulations of coupled C, N, and P dynamics for terrestrial ecosystems. Simulations from the new Coup-CNP model provide strong evidence that P fluxes need to be further considered in studies of how ecosystems and C turnover react to climate change.
Alexandre Lhosmot, Gabriel Hould Gosselin, Manuel Helbig, Julien Fouché, Youngryel Ryu, Matteo Detto, Ryan Connon, William Quinton, Tim Moore, and Oliver Sonnentag
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 4871–4892, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4871-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4871-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing permafrost changes how water is stored and moves across landscapes. We measured water inputs and outputs in a basin with thawing peatland complexes and three sub-basins. In addition to yearly changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration, we found that hydrological responses are shaped by thaw-driven landscape connectivity. These findings highlight the need for long-term monitoring of ecosystem service shifts.
Hongxing He, Ian B. Strachan, and Nigel T. Roulet
Biogeosciences, 22, 1355–1368, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1355-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1355-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study applied the CoupModel to simulate carbon dynamics and ecohydrology for a restored peatland and evaluated the responses of the simulated carbon fluxes to varying acrotelm thickness and climate. The results show that the CoupModel can simulate the coupled carbon and ecohydrology dynamics for the restored peatland system, and the restored peatland has less resilience in its C-uptake functions than pristine peatlands under a changing climate.
Oluwabamise Lanre Afolabi, He Hongxing, and Maria Strack
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4049, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4049, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This modelling study elucidated the multi-decade carbon dynamics of a temperate swamp peatland and the important biotic and abiotic interactions and feedbacks that drive the carbon biogeochemical cycle of this ecosystem which is currently lacking. The carbon balance of the swamp reflected the strong relationship between the swamp’s carbon flux and controlling biotic processes, hydrological and thermal conditions that imprinted on carbon assimilation and losses at different time scales.
Amey Tilak, Alina Premrov, Ruchita Ingle, Nigel Roulet, Benjamin R. K. Runkle, Matthew Saunders, Avni Malhotra, and Kenneth Byrne
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3852, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3852, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
For the future model users, 16 peatland and wetland models reviewed to identify individual model operational scale (spatial and temporal), stabilization timeframes of different carbon pools, model specific advantages and limitations, common and specific model driving inputs, critical inputs of individual models impacting CH4 plant mediated, CH4 diffusion and CH4 ebullition. Finally, we qualitatively ranked the process representations in each model for CH4 production, oxidation and transport.
Julien Arsenault, Julie Talbot, Tim R. Moore, Klaus-Holger Knorr, Henning Teickner, and Jean-François Lapierre
Biogeosciences, 21, 3491–3507, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3491-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3491-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Peatlands are among the largest carbon (C) sinks on the planet. However, peatland features such as open-water pools emit more C than they accumulate because of higher decomposition than production. With this study, we show that the rates of decomposition vary among pools and are mostly driven by the environmental conditions in pools rather than by the nature of the material being decomposed. This means that changes in pool number or size may modify the capacity of peatlands to accumulate C.
Salvatore R. Curasi, Joe R. Melton, Elyn R. Humphreys, Txomin Hermosilla, and Michael A. Wulder
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2683–2704, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Canadian forests are responding to fire, harvest, and climate change. Models need to quantify these processes and their carbon and energy cycling impacts. We develop a scheme that, based on satellite records, represents fire, harvest, and the sparsely vegetated areas that these processes generate. We evaluate model performance and demonstrate the impacts of disturbance on carbon and energy cycling. This work has implications for land surface modeling and assessing Canada’s terrestrial C cycle.
Leeza Speranskaya, David I. Campbell, Peter M. Lafleur, and Elyn R. Humphreys
Biogeosciences, 21, 1173–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1173-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1173-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Higher evaporation has been predicted in peatlands due to climatic drying. We determined whether the water-conservative vegetation at a Southern Hemisphere bog could cause a different response to dryness compared to a "typical" Northern Hemisphere bog, using decades-long evaporation datasets from each site. At the southern bog, evaporation increased at a much lower rate with increasing dryness, suggesting that this peatland type may be more resilient to climate warming than northern bogs.
Jyrki Jauhiainen, Juha Heikkinen, Nicholas Clarke, Hongxing He, Lise Dalsgaard, Kari Minkkinen, Paavo Ojanen, Lars Vesterdal, Jukka Alm, Aldis Butlers, Ingeborg Callesen, Sabine Jordan, Annalea Lohila, Ülo Mander, Hlynur Óskarsson, Bjarni D. Sigurdsson, Gunnhild Søgaard, Kaido Soosaar, Åsa Kasimir, Brynhildur Bjarnadottir, Andis Lazdins, and Raija Laiho
Biogeosciences, 20, 4819–4839, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4819-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4819-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study looked at published data on drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate zones to revisit current Tier 1 default emission factors (EFs) provided by the IPCC Wetlands Supplement. We examined the possibilities of forming more site-type specific EFs and inspected the potential relevance of environmental variables for predicting annual soil greenhouse gas balances by statistical models. The results have important implications for EF revisions and national emission reporting.
Laura Clark, Ian B. Strachan, Maria Strack, Nigel T. Roulet, Klaus-Holger Knorr, and Henning Teickner
Biogeosciences, 20, 737–751, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-737-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-737-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We determine the effect that duration of extraction has on CO2 and CH4 emissions from an actively extracted peatland. Peat fields had high net C emissions in the first years after opening, and these then declined to half the initial value for several decades. Findings contribute to knowledge on the atmospheric burden that results from these activities and are of use to industry in their life cycle reporting and government agencies responsible for greenhouse gas accounting and policy.
Yao Gao, Eleanor J. Burke, Sarah E. Chadburn, Maarit Raivonen, Mika Aurela, Lawrence B. Flanagan, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Elyn Humphreys, Annalea Lohila, Tingting Li, Tiina Markkanen, Olli Nevalainen, Mats B. Nilsson, Włodzimierz Pawlak, Aki Tsuruta, Huiyi Yang, and Tuula Aalto
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-229, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-229, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We coupled a process-based peatland CH4 emission model HIMMELI with a state-of-art land surface model JULES. The performance of the coupled model was evaluated at six northern wetland sites. The coupled model is considered to be more appropriate in simulating wetland CH4 emission. In order to improve the simulated CH4 emission, the model requires better representation of the peat soil carbon and hydrologic processes in JULES and the methane production and transportation processes in HIMMELI.
Tracy E. Rankin, Nigel T. Roulet, and Tim R. Moore
Biogeosciences, 19, 3285–3303, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3285-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3285-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Peatland respiration is made up of plant and peat sources. How to separate these sources is not well known as peat respiration is not straightforward and is more influenced by vegetation dynamics than previously thought. Results of plot level measurements from shrubs and sparse grasses in a woody bog show that plants' respiration response to changes in climate is related to their different root structures, implying a difference in the mechanisms by which they obtain water resources.
Anna-Maria Virkkala, Susan M. Natali, Brendan M. Rogers, Jennifer D. Watts, Kathleen Savage, Sara June Connon, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Darcy Peter, Christina Minions, Julia Nojeim, Roisin Commane, Craig A. Emmerton, Mathias Goeckede, Manuel Helbig, David Holl, Hiroki Iwata, Hideki Kobayashi, Pasi Kolari, Efrén López-Blanco, Maija E. Marushchak, Mikhail Mastepanov, Lutz Merbold, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Matthias Peichl, Torsten Sachs, Oliver Sonnentag, Masahito Ueyama, Carolina Voigt, Mika Aurela, Julia Boike, Gerardo Celis, Namyi Chae, Torben R. Christensen, M. Syndonia Bret-Harte, Sigrid Dengel, Han Dolman, Colin W. Edgar, Bo Elberling, Eugenie Euskirchen, Achim Grelle, Juha Hatakka, Elyn Humphreys, Järvi Järveoja, Ayumi Kotani, Lars Kutzbach, Tuomas Laurila, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Yojiro Matsuura, Gesa Meyer, Mats B. Nilsson, Steven F. Oberbauer, Sang-Jong Park, Roman Petrov, Anatoly S. Prokushkin, Christopher Schulze, Vincent L. St. Louis, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, William Quinton, Andrej Varlagin, Donatella Zona, and Viacheslav I. Zyryanov
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 179–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-179-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-179-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The effects of climate warming on carbon cycling across the Arctic–boreal zone (ABZ) remain poorly understood due to the relatively limited distribution of ABZ flux sites. Fortunately, this flux network is constantly increasing, but new measurements are published in various platforms, making it challenging to understand the ABZ carbon cycle as a whole. Here, we compiled a new database of Arctic–boreal CO2 fluxes to help facilitate large-scale assessments of the ABZ carbon cycle.
Balázs Grosz, Reinhard Well, Rene Dechow, Jan Reent Köster, Mohammad Ibrahim Khalil, Simone Merl, Andreas Rode, Bianca Ziehmer, Amanda Matson, and Hongxing He
Biogeosciences, 18, 5681–5697, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5681-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5681-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To assure quality predictions biogeochemical models must be current. We use data measured using novel incubation methods to test the denitrification sub-modules of three models. We aim to identify limitations in the denitrification modeling to inform next steps for development. Several areas are identified, most urgently improved denitrification control parameters and further testing with high-temporal-resolution datasets. Addressing these would significantly improve denitrification modeling.
Gesa Meyer, Elyn R. Humphreys, Joe R. Melton, Alex J. Cannon, and Peter M. Lafleur
Biogeosciences, 18, 3263–3283, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3263-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3263-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Shrub and sedge plant functional types (PFTs) were incorporated in the land surface component of the Canadian Earth System Model to improve representation of Arctic tundra ecosystems. Evaluated against 14 years of non-winter measurements, the magnitude and seasonality of carbon dioxide and energy fluxes at a Canadian dwarf-shrub tundra site were better captured by the shrub PFTs than by previously used grass and tree PFTs. Model simulations showed the tundra site to be an annual net CO2 source.
Hongxing He, Per-Erik Jansson, and Annemieke I. Gärdenäs
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 735–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the integration of the phosphorus (P) cycle into CoupModel (v6.0, Coup-CNP). The extended Coup-CNP, which explicitly considers the symbiosis between soil microbes and plant roots, enables simulations of coupled C, N, and P dynamics for terrestrial ecosystems. Simulations from the new Coup-CNP model provide strong evidence that P fluxes need to be further considered in studies of how ecosystems and C turnover react to climate change.
Jinnan Gong, Nigel Roulet, Steve Frolking, Heli Peltola, Anna M. Laine, Nicola Kokkonen, and Eeva-Stiina Tuittila
Biogeosciences, 17, 5693–5719, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5693-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5693-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, which combined a field and lab experiment with modelling, we developed a process-based model for simulating dynamics within peatland moss communities. The model is useful because Sphagnum mosses are key engineers in peatlands; their response to changes in climate via altered hydrology controls the feedback of peatland biogeochemistry to climate. Our work showed that moss capitulum traits related to water retention are the mechanism controlling moss layer dynamics in peatlands.
Cited articles
Arroyo-Mora, J. P., Kalacska, M., Soffer, R., Ifimov, G., Leblanc, G., Schaaf, E. S., and Lucanus, O.:
Evaluation of phenospectral dynamics with Sentinel-2A using a bottom-up approach in a northern ombrotrophic peatland, Remote Sens. Environ., 216, 544–560, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.021, 2018.
Belyea, L. R. and Baird, A. J.:
Beyond “the limits to peat bog growth”: cross-scale feedback in peatland development, Ecol. Monogr., 76, 299–322, 2006.
Beven, K. and Binley, A.:
The future of distributed models: model calibration and uncertainty prediction, Hydrol. Process., 6, 279–298, 1992.
Blodau, C. and Moore, T. R.:
Macroporosity affects water movement and pore water sampling in peat soils, Soil Sci., 167, 98–109, 2002.
Bubier, J. L., Moore, T. R., and Crosby, G.:
Fine-scale vegetation distribution in a cool temperate peatland, Can. J. Botany, 84, 910–923, https://doi.org/10.1139/b06-044, 2006.
Chaudhary, N., Miller, P. A., and Smith, B.:
Modelling Holocene peatland dynamics with an individual-based dynamic vegetation model, Biogeosciences, 14, 2571–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2571-2017, 2017.
Clymo, R. S.:
The limits to peat bog growth, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond. B, 303, 605–654, 1984.
Clymo, R. S.:
Models of peat growth, Suo, 43, 127–136, 1992.
CoupModel: CoupModel file, http://www.coupmodel.com, last access: 21 December 2022.
Dimitrov, D. D., Grant, R. F., Lafleur, P. M., and Humphreys, E. R.:
Modeling the effects of hydrology on ecosystem respiration at Mer Bleue bog, J. Geophys. Res., 115, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001312, 2010.
Dinsmore, K. J., Billett, M. F., and Moore, T. R.:
Transfer of carbon dioxide and methane through the soil-water-atmosphere system at Mer Bleue peatland, Canada, Hydrol. Process., 23, 330–341, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7158, 2009.
Dinsmore, K. J., Billett, M. F., Skiba, U. M., Rees, R. M., Drewer, J., and Helfter, C.:
Role of the aquatic pathway in the carbon and greenhouse gas budgets of a peatland catchment, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 2750–2762, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02119.x, 2010.
Eppinga, M. B., de Ruiter, P. C., Wassen, M. J., and Rietkerk, M.:
Nutrients and Hydrology Indicate the Driving Mechanisms of Peatland Surface Patterning, Am. Nat., 173, 803–818, https://doi.org/10.1086/598487, 2009.
Flanagan, L. B. and Syed, K. H.:
Stimulation of both photosynthesis and respiration in response to warmer and drier conditions in a boreal peatland ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 2271–2287, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02378.x, 2011.
FLUXNET Canada Team: FLUXNET Canada Research Network - Canadian Carbon Program Data Collection, 1993–2014, ORNL Distributed Active Archive Center, [data set] ORNL, https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1335, 2016.
Fraser, C. J. D., Roulet, N. T., and Lafleur, P. M.:
Groundwater flow pattern in a large peatland, J. Hydrol., 246, 142–154, 2001a.
Fraser, C. J. D., Roulet, N. T., and Moore, T. R.:
Hydrology and dissolved organic carbon biogeochemistry in an ombrotrophic bog, Hydrol. Process., 15, 3151–3166, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.322, 2001b.
Frolking, S., Roulet, N., and Fuglestvedt, J.:
How northern peatlands influence the Earth's radiative budget: Sustained methane emission versus sustained carbon sequestration, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jg000091, 2006.
Frolking, S., Roulet, N. T., Moore, T. R., Lafleur, P. M., Bubier, J. L., and Crill, P. M.:
Modeling seasonal to annual carbon balance of Mer Bleue Bog, Ontario, Canada, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 4–1-4-21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gb001457, 2002.
Frolking, S., Roulet, N. T., Tuittila, E., Bubier, J. L., Quillet, A., Talbot, J., and Richard, P. J. H.:
A new model of Holocene peatland net primary production, decomposition, water balance, and peat accumulation, Earth Syst. Dynam., 1, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-1-1-2010, 2010.
Gorham, E.:
Northern Peatlands – Role in the carbon-cycle and probable responses to climatic warming, Ecol. Appl., 1, 182–195, https://doi.org/10.2307/1941811, 1991.
Goud, E. M., Moore, T. R., and Roulet, N. T.:
Predicting peatland carbon fluxes from non-destructive plant traits, Funct. Ecol., 31, 1824–1833, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12891, 2017.
Halley, D., Rosell, F., and Saveljev, A.:
Population and distribution of Eurasian Beaver (Castor fiber), Balt. For., 18, 168–175, 2012.
Harris, L. I., Roulet, N. T., and Moore, T. R.:
Drainage reduces the resilience of a boreal peatland, Environmental Research Communications, 2, 065001, https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab9895, 2020.
He, H., Jansson, P.-E., Svensson, M., Meyer, A., Klemedtsson, L., and Kasimir, Å.:
Factors controlling Nitrous Oxide emission from a spruce forest ecosystem on drained organic soil, derived using the CoupModel, Ecol. Model., 321, 46–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.10.030, 2016.
He, H., Jansson, P.-E., and Gärdenäs, A.: CoupModel (v6.0): code and evaluating database (V 6.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3547628, 2020.
He, H., Jansson, P.-E., and Gärdenäs, A. I.:
CoupModel (v6.0): an ecosystem model for coupled phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon dynamics – evaluated against empirical data from a climatic and fertility gradient in Sweden, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 735–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-735-2021, 2021.
Helfter, C., Campbell, C., Dinsmore, K. J., Drewer, J., Coyle, M., Anderson, M., Skiba, U., Nemitz, E., Billett, M. F., and Sutton, M. A.:
Drivers of long-term variability in CO2 net ecosystem exchange in a temperate peatland, Biogeosciences, 12, 1799–1811, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1799-2015, 2015.
Hilbert, D. W., Roulet, N. T., and Moore, T.:
Modelling and analysis of peatlands as dynamical systems, J. Ecol., 88, 230–242, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00438.x, 2000.
Holden, J.:
Peatland hydrology and carbon release: why small-scale process matters, Philos. TR. Soc. A, 363, 2891–2913, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1671, 2005.
Howie, S. A. and Tromp-van Meerveld, I.: The Essential Role of the Lagg in Raised Bog Function and Restoration: A Review, Wetlands, 31, 613–622, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-011-0168-5, 2011.
Humphreys, E. R., Charron, C., Brown, M., and Jones, R.:
Two Bogs in the Canadian Hudson Bay Lowlands and a Temperate Bog Reveal Similar Annual Net Ecosystem Exchange of CO2, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 46, 103–113, https://doi.org/10.1657/1938-4246.46.1.103, 2014.
Hutchins, K.:
Water balance and solute export in a South-East Ontario ombrotrophic peatland, Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, 51 pp., https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/ (last access: 21 December 2022), 2018.
Huttunen, J. T., Väisänen, T. S., Heikkinen, M., Hellsten, S., Nykänen, H., Nenonen, O., and Martikainen, P. J.:
Exchange of CO2, CH4 and N2O between the atmosphere and two northern boreal ponds with catchmetns dominanted by peatlands or forests, Plant Soil, 242, 137–146, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019606410655, 2002.
Ingram, H. A. P.:
Soil layers in mires: function and terminology, J. Soil Sci., 29, 224–227, 1978.
Jansson, P.-E.:
CoupModel: model use, calibration, and validation, T. ASABE, 55, 1335–1344, 2012.
Jansson, P.-E. and Karlberg, L.:
User manual of Coupled heat and mass transfer model for soil-plant-atmosphere systems, Royal institute of technology, Department of land and water resources, Stockholm, 2011.
Jarema, S. I., Samson, J., McGill, B. J., and Humphries, M. M.:
Variation in abundance across a species' range predicts climate change responses in the range interior will exceed those at the edge: a case study with North American beaver, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 508–522, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01732.x, 2009.
Karran, D. J., Westbrook, C. J., Wheaton, J. M., Johnston, C. A., and Bedard-Haughn, A.:
Rapid surface-water volume estimations in beaver ponds, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1039–1050, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1039-2017, 2017.
Karran, D. J., Westbrook, C. J., and Bedard-Haughn, A.:
Beaver-mediated water table dynamics in a Rocky Mountain fen, Ecohydrology, 11, e1923, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1923, 2018.
Kokkonen, N. A. K., Laine, A. M., Laine, J., Vasander, H., Kurki, K., Gong, J., and Tuittila, E.-S.:
Responses of peatland vegetation to 15-year water level drawdown as mediated by fertility level, J. Veg. Sci., 30, 1206–1216, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12794, 2019.
Kross, A. S. E., Roulet, N. T., Moore, T. R., Lafleur, P. M., Humphreys, E. R., Seaquist, J. W., Flanagan, L. B., and Aurela, M.:
Phenology and its role in carbon dioxide exchange processes in northern peatlands, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 119, 1370–1384, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jg002666, 2014.
Lafleur, P. M., Roulet, N. T., and Admiral, S. W.:
Annual cycle of CO2 exchange at a bog peatland, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 3071–3081, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900588, 2001.
Lafleur, P. M., Roulet, N. T., Bubier, J. L., Frolking, S., and Moore, T. R.:
Interannual variability in the peatland-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange at an ombrotrophic bog, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1036, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gb001983, 2003.
Lafleur, P. M., Hember, R. A., Admiral, S. W., and Roulet, N. T.:
Annual and seasonal variability in evapotranspiration and water table at a shrub-covered bog in southern Ontario, Canada, Hydrol. Process., 19, 3533–3550, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5842, 2005.
Letts, G. M., Roulet, N. T., and Comer, N. T.:
Parametrization of peatland hydraulic properties for the Canadian land surface scheme, Atmos. Ocean, 38, 141–160, 2000.
Loisel, J., Yu, Z., Beilman, D. W., Camill, P., Alm, J., Amesbury, M. J., Anderson, D., Andersson, S., Bochicchio, C., Barber, K., Belyea, L. R., Bunbury, J., Chambers, F. M., Charman, D. J., De Vleeschouwer, F., Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B., Finkelstein, S. A., Gałka, M., Garneau, M., Hammarlund, D., Hinchcliffe, W., Holmquist, J., Hughes, P., Jones, M. C., Klein, E. S., Kokfelt, U., Korhola, A., Kuhry, P., Lamarre, A., Lamentowicz, M., Large, D., Lavoie, M., MacDonald, G., Magnan, G., Mäkilä, M., Mallon, G., Mathijssen, P., Mauquoy, D., McCarroll, J., Moore, T. R., Nichols, J., O'Reilly, B., Oksanen, P., Packalen, M., Peteet, D., Richard, P. J., Robinson, S., Ronkainen, T., Rundgren, M., Sannel, A. B. K., Tarnocai, C., Thom, T., Tuittila, E.-S., Turetsky, M., Väliranta, M., van der Linden, M., van Geel, B., van Bellen, S., Vitt, D., Zhao, Y., and Zhou, W.:
A database and synthesis of northern peatland soil properties and Holocene carbon and nitrogen accumulation, The Holocene, 24, 1028–1042, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614538073, 2014.
Loisel, J., van Bellen, S., Pelletier, L., Talbot, J., Hugelius, G., Karran, D., Yu, Z., Nichols, J., and Holmquist, J.:
Insights and issues with estimating northern peatland carbon stocks and fluxes since the Last Glacial Maximum, Earth-Sci. Rev., 165, 59–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.001, 2017.
Lu, W., Xiao, J., Liu, F., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., and Lin, G.:
Contrasting ecosystem CO2 fluxes of inland and coastal wetlands: a meta-analysis of eddy covariance data, Glob. Change Biol., 23, 1180–1198, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13424, 2017.
McMaster, R. and McMaster, N. D.:
Composition, structure, and dynamics of vegetation in fifteen beaver-impacted wetlands in western Massachusetts, Rhodora, 103, 293–320, 2001.
Metzger, C., Jansson, P.-E., Lohila, A., Aurela, M., Eickenscheidt, T., Belelli-Marchesini, L., Dinsmore, K. J., Drewer, J., van Huissteden, J., and Drösler, M.:
CO2 fluxes and ecosystem dynamics at five European treeless peatlands – merging data and process oriented modeling, Biogeosciences, 12, 125–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-125-2015, 2015.
Mitchell, C. C. and Niering, W. A.:
Vegetation change in a topogenic bog following beaver flooding, B. Torrey Bot. Club, 120, 136–147, 1993.
Moore, T., Bubier, J., Frolking, S., Lafleur, P. M., and Roulet, N. T.:
Plant biomass and production and CO2 exchange in an ombrotrophic bog, J. Ecol., 90, 25–36, 2002.
Moore, T. R. and Bubier, J. L.:
Plant and Soil Nitrogen in an Ombrotrophic Peatland, Southern Canada, Ecosystems, 23, 98–110, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00390-w, 2019.
Moore, T. R., Lafleur, P. M., Poon, D. M. I., Heumann, B. W., Seaquist, J. W., and Roulet, N. T.:
Spring photosynthesis in a cool temperate bog, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 2323–2335, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01247.x, 2006.
Moore, T. R., De Young, A., Bubier, J. L., Humphreys, E. R., Lafleur, P. M., and Roulet, N. T.:
A Multi-Year Record of Methane Flux at the Mer Bleue Bog, Southern Canada, Ecosystems, 14, 646–657, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9435-9, 2011.
Morris, P. J., Baird, A. J., and Belyea, L. R.:
The DigiBog peatland development model 2: ecohydrological simulations in 2D, Ecohydrology, 5, 256–268, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.229, 2012.
Mualem, Y.:
A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media, Water Resour. Res., 12, 513–522, 1976.
Myhre, G., Shindel, D., Bréon, F.-M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J., Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, T., Robock, A., Stephens, G., Takemura, T., and Zhang, H.:
Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing, New York, NY, USA, Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf (last access: 21 December 2022), 2013.
Naiman, R. J., Johnston, C. A., and Kelley, J. C.:
Alteration of North American streams by Beaver, BioScience, 38, 753–762, 1988.
Nilsson, M., Sagerfors, J., Buffam, I., Laudon, H., Eriksson, T., Grelle, A., Klemedtsson, L., Weslien, P. E. R., and Lindroth, A.:
Contemporary carbon accumulation in a boreal oligotrophic minerogenic mire – a significant sink after accounting for all C-fluxes, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 2317–2332, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01654.x, 2008.
Nisbet, E. G.:
Some northern sources of atmospheric methane: production, history, and future implications, Can. J. Earth Sci., 26, 1603–1611, 1989.
Qiu, C., Zhu, D., Ciais, P., Guenet, B., Peng, S., and Xu, X.:
The role of northern peatlands in the global carbon cycle for the 21st century, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 29, 956–973, https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13081, 2020.
Rankin, T. E., Roulet, N. T., and Moore, T. R.:
Controls on autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration in an ombrotrophic bog, Biogeosciences, 19, 3285–3303, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3285-2022, 2022.
Rebertus, A. J.:
Bogs as beaver habitat in North-Central Minnesota, Am. Midl. Nat., 116, 240–245, 1986.
Regan, S., Flynn, R., Gill, L., Naughton, O., and Johnston, P.:
Impacts of Groundwater Drainage on Peatland Subsidence and Its Ecological Implications on an Atlantic Raised Bog, Water Resour. Res., 55, 6153–6168, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024937, 2019.
Richards, L. A.:
Capillary conduction of liquids in porous mediums, Physics, 1, 318–333, 1931.
Rinne, J., Tuovinen, J. P., Klemedtsson, L., Aurela, M., Holst, J., Lohila, A., Weslien, P., Vestin, P., Lakomiec, P., Peichl, M., Tuittila, E. S., Heiskanen, L., Laurila, T., Li, X., Alekseychik, P., Mammarella, I., Strom, L., Crill, P., and Nilsson, M. B.:
Effect of the 2018 European drought on methane and carbon dioxide exchange of northern mire ecosystems, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 375, 20190517, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0517, 2020.
Rosell, F., Bozser, O., Collen, P., and Parker, H.:
Ecological impacts of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis and their ability to modify ecosystems, Mammal Rev., 35, 248–276, 2005.
Roulet, N. T., Crill, P. M., Comer, N. T., Dove, A., and Boubonniere, R. A.:
CO2 and CH4 flux between a boreal beaver pond and the atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 29313–29319, 1997.
Roulet, N. T., Lafleur, P. M., Richard, P. J. H., Moore, T. R., Humphreys, E. R., and Bubier, J.:
Contemporary carbon balance and late Holocene carbon accumulation in a northern peatland, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 397–411, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01292.x, 2007.
Schwärzel, K., Šimůnek, J., Stoffregen, H., Wessolek, G., and van Genuchten, M. T.:
Estimation of the Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Peat Soils, Vadose Zone J., 5, 628, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2005.0061, 2006.
Silvola, J., Alm, J., Ahlholm, U., Hykänen, H., and Martikainen, P. J.:
CO2 fluxes from peat in boreal mires under varying temperature and moisture conditions, J. Ecol., 84, 219–228, 1996.
Sonnentag, O., Chen, J. M., Roberts, D. A., Talbot, J., Halligan, K. Q., and Govind, A.:
Mapping tree and shrub leaf area indices in an ombrotrophic peatland through multiple endmember spectral unmixing, Remote Sens. Environ., 109, 342–360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.01.010, 2007.
Stewart, H.:
Partitioning belowground respiration in a northern peatland, Department of Geography, McGill University, Montréal, 115 pp., https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/m613mx86t (last access: 21 December 2022), 2006.
Strachan, I. B., Pelletier, L., and Bonneville, M.-C.:
Inter-annual variability in water table depth controls net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange in a boreal bog, Biogeochemistry, 127, 99–111, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0170-8, 2015.
Tape, K. D., Jones, B. M., Arp, C. D., Nitze, I., and Grosse, G.:
Tundra be dammed: Beaver colonization of the Arctic, Glob. Change Biol., 24, 4478–4488, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14332, 2018.
Tardif, S., St-Hilaire, A., Roy, R., Bernier, M., and Payette, S.:
Statistical Properties of Hydrographs in Minerotrophic Fens and Small Lakes in Mid-Latitude Québec, Canada, Can. Water Resour. J., 34, 365–380, 2009.
van Genuchten, M. T.:
A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898, 1980.
Verry, E. S., Brooks, K. N., and Barten, P. K.:
Streamflow response from an ombrotrophic mire, in: Proceedings of The international symposium on the hydrology of wetlands in temperate and cold regions 6–8 June 1988, Joensuu, Finland, 52–59, 1988.
Wallén, B., Falkengren-Grerup, U., and Malmer, N.:
Biomass, productivity and relative rate of photosynthesis of Sphagnum at different water levels on a South Swedish peat bog, Ecography, 11, 70–76, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1988.tb00782.x, 1988.
Wang, M., Moore, T. R., Talbot, J., and Richard, P. J. H.:
The cascade of stoichiometry in an ombrotrophic peatland: from plants to peat, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 024003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/2/024003, 2014.
Weiss, R., Alm, J., Laiho, R., and Laine, J.:
Modeling Moisture Retention in Peat Soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, 305–313, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200020002x, 1998.
Westbrook, C. J., Ronnquist, A., and Bedard-Haughn, A.:
Hydrological functioning of a beaver dam sequence and regional dam persistence during an extreme rainstorm, Hydrol. Process., 34, 3726–3737, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13828, 2020.
Whitfield, C. J., Baulch, H. M., Chun, K. P., and Westbrook, C. J.:
Beaver-mediated methane emission: The effects of population growth in Eurasia and the Americas, AMBIO, 44, 7–15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-014-0575-y, 2015.
Wilson, P. G.:
The relationship among micro-topographic variation, water table depth and biogeochemistry in an ombrotrophic bog, Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, 111 pp., https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/g445ch96p (last access: 21 December 2022), 2012.
Woo, M.-k. and Waddington, J. M.:
Effects of beaver dams on subarctic wetland hydrology, Arctic, 43, 223–230, 1990.
Wu, J., Roulet, N. T., Moore, T. R., Lafleur, P., and Humphreys, E.:
Dealing with microtopography of an ombrotrophic bog for simulating ecosystem-level CO2 exchanges, Ecol. Model., 222, 1038–1047, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.07.015, 2011.
Wu, J. and Roulet, N. T.:
Climate change reduces the capacity of northern peatlands to absorb the atmospheric carbon dioxide: The different responses of bogs and fens, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gb004845, 2014.
Yu, Z., Loisel, J., Charman, D. J., Beilman, D. W., and Camill, P.:
Holocene peatland carbon dynamics in the circum-Arctic region: An introduction, Holocene, 24, 1021–1027, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614540730, 2014.
Zhang, H., Valiranta, M., Piilo, S., Amesbury, M. J., Aquino-Lopez, M. A., Roland, T. P., Salminen-Paatero, S., Paatero, J., Lohila, A., and Tuittila, E. S.:
Decreased carbon accumulation feedback driven by climate-induced drying of two southern boreal bogs over recent centuries, Globe. Change Biol., 26, 2435–2448, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15005, 2020.
Short summary
We applied CoupModel to quantify the impacts of natural and human disturbances to adjacent water bodies in regulating net CO2 uptake of northern peatlands. We found that 1 m drops of the water level at the beaver pond lower the peatland water table depth 250 m away by 0.15 m and reduce the peatland net CO2 uptake by 120 g C m-2 yr-1. Therefore, although bogs are ombrotrophic rainfed systems, the boundary hydrological conditions play an important role in regulating water storage and CO2 uptake.
We applied CoupModel to quantify the impacts of natural and human disturbances to adjacent water...