Articles | Volume 27, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1221-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1221-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Mar 2023
Research article |
| 21 Mar 2023
| 21 Mar 2023
Soil moisture estimates at 1 km resolution making a synergistic use of Sentinel data
Remi Madelon
CESBIO (Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, INRAE), 18 Av. Edouard Belin, bpi 2801, 31401 Toulouse, France
Nemesio J. Rodríguez-Fernández
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
CESBIO (Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, INRAE), 18 Av. Edouard Belin, bpi 2801, 31401 Toulouse, France
Hassan Bazzi
TETIS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
Nicolas Baghdadi
TETIS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
Clement Albergel
European Space Agency Climate Office, ECSAT, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, Didcot OX11 0FD, United Kingdom
Wouter Dorigo
Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria
Mehrez Zribi
CESBIO (Université de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRD, INRAE), 18 Av. Edouard Belin, bpi 2801, 31401 Toulouse, France
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Cited
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Soil Moisture Monitoring at Kilometer Scale: Assimilation of Sentinel-1 Products in ISBA O. Rojas-Munoz et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174329
- Comparison of Soil Water Content from SCATSAR-SWI and Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing at Four Agricultural Sites in Northern Italy: Insights from Spatial Variability and Representativeness S. Emamalizadeh et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183384
- From grid to ground: how well do gridded products represent soil moisture dynamics in natural ecosystems during precipitation events? D. Núñez-Ibarra et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1813-2026
- Reconstruction of Historical SMAP Soil Moisture Dataset From 1979 to 2015 Using CCI Time-Series H. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3360092
- Estimation of 100 m root zone soil moisture by downscaling 1 km soil water index with machine learning and multiple geodata T. Mahmood et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12969-5
- Investigating hydrological modeling uncertainties in the Mediterranean region by combining precipitation and soil moisture products V. Sivelle et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.103015
- A critical review on the applications of Sentinel satellite datasets for soil moisture assessment in crop production A. Mkhwenkwana et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2025.104647
- The daily soil water content monitoring of cropland in irrigation area using Sentinel-2/3 spatio-temporal fusion and machine learning R. Du et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2024.104081
- Optimizing rainwater harvesting potential using geospatial technologies: a case study in Kohat District, Pakistan A. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-025-02726-5
- Soil moisture retrieval from Sentinel-1: Lessons learned after more than a decade in orbit M. Rahmati et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.115146
- Soil moisture estimation at 1-km resolution over croplands and grasslands using sentinel-1/2 and SMOS-IC data: algorithm and validation A. Karami et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/22797254.2026.2622132
- Soil Moisture Monitoring Method and Data Products: Current Research Status and Future Development Trends R. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17243945
- Evaluating soil moisture retrieval in Arctic and sub-Arctic environments using passive microwave satellite data J. Ortet et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2385079
- Mitigating the impact of dense vegetation on the Sentinel-1 surface soil moisture retrievals over Europe S. Massart et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/22797254.2023.2300985
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Soil Moisture Monitoring at Kilometer Scale: Assimilation of Sentinel-1 Products in ISBA O. Rojas-Munoz et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174329
- Comparison of Soil Water Content from SCATSAR-SWI and Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing at Four Agricultural Sites in Northern Italy: Insights from Spatial Variability and Representativeness S. Emamalizadeh et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183384
- From grid to ground: how well do gridded products represent soil moisture dynamics in natural ecosystems during precipitation events? D. Núñez-Ibarra et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1813-2026
- Reconstruction of Historical SMAP Soil Moisture Dataset From 1979 to 2015 Using CCI Time-Series H. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3360092
- Estimation of 100 m root zone soil moisture by downscaling 1 km soil water index with machine learning and multiple geodata T. Mahmood et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12969-5
- Investigating hydrological modeling uncertainties in the Mediterranean region by combining precipitation and soil moisture products V. Sivelle et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.103015
- A critical review on the applications of Sentinel satellite datasets for soil moisture assessment in crop production A. Mkhwenkwana et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2025.104647
- The daily soil water content monitoring of cropland in irrigation area using Sentinel-2/3 spatio-temporal fusion and machine learning R. Du et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2024.104081
- Optimizing rainwater harvesting potential using geospatial technologies: a case study in Kohat District, Pakistan A. Khan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-025-02726-5
- Soil moisture retrieval from Sentinel-1: Lessons learned after more than a decade in orbit M. Rahmati et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.115146
- Soil moisture estimation at 1-km resolution over croplands and grasslands using sentinel-1/2 and SMOS-IC data: algorithm and validation A. Karami et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/22797254.2026.2622132
- Soil Moisture Monitoring Method and Data Products: Current Research Status and Future Development Trends R. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17243945
- Evaluating soil moisture retrieval in Arctic and sub-Arctic environments using passive microwave satellite data J. Ortet et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2385079
- Mitigating the impact of dense vegetation on the Sentinel-1 surface soil moisture retrievals over Europe S. Massart et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/22797254.2023.2300985
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 05 Jun 2026
Short summary
We present an approach to estimate soil moisture (SM) at 1 km resolution using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-3 satellites. The estimates were compared to other high-resolution (HR) datasets over Europe, northern Africa, Australia, and North America, showing good agreement. However, the discrepancies between the different HR datasets and their lower performances compared with in situ measurements and coarse-resolution datasets show the remaining challenges for large-scale HR SM mapping.
We present an approach to estimate soil moisture (SM) at 1 km resolution using Sentinel-1 and...
