Articles | Volume 26, issue 23
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6185-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6185-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Dec 2022
Research article |
| 09 Dec 2022
| 09 Dec 2022
Assessing the influence of lake and watershed attributes on snowmelt bypass at thermokarst lakes
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, N2L3C5, Canada
Brent B. Wolfe
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, N2L3C5, Canada
Philip Marsh
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, N2L3C5, Canada
Related authors
Evan J. Wilcox, Brent B. Wolfe, and Philip Marsh
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2173–2188, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2173-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2173-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is warming quickly and influencing lake water balances. We used water isotope concentrations taken from samples of 25 lakes in the Canadian Arctic and estimated the average ratio of evaporation to inflow (E / I) for each lake. The ratio of watershed area (the area that flows into the lake) to lake area (WA / LA) strongly predicted E / I, as lakes with relatively smaller watersheds received less inflow. The WA / LA could be used to predict the vulnerability of Arctic lakes to future change.
Julien Meloche, Alexandre Langlois, Nick Rutter, Alain Royer, Josh King, Branden Walker, Philip Marsh, and Evan J. Wilcox
The Cryosphere, 16, 87–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-87-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-87-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To estimate snow water equivalent from space, model predictions of the satellite measurement (brightness temperature in our case) have to be used. These models allow us to estimate snow properties from the brightness temperature by inverting the model. To improve SWE estimate, we proposed incorporating the variability of snow in these model as it has not been taken into account yet. A new parameter (coefficient of variation) is proposed because it improved simulation of brightness temperature.
Inge Grünberg, Evan J. Wilcox, Simon Zwieback, Philip Marsh, and Julia Boike
Biogeosciences, 17, 4261–4279, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on topsoil temperature data for different vegetation types at a low Arctic tundra site, we found large small-scale variability. Winter temperatures were strongly influenced by vegetation through its effects on snow. Summer temperatures were similar below most vegetation types and not consistently related to late summer permafrost thaw depth. Given that vegetation type defines the relationship between winter and summer soil temperature and thaw depth, it controls permafrost vulnerability.
Georgina J. Woolley, Nick Rutter, Leanne Wake, Vincent Vionnet, Chris Derksen, Julien Meloche, Benoit Montpetit, Nicolas R. Leroux, Richard Essery, Gabriel Hould Gosselin, and Philip Marsh
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1498, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1498, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of uncertainties in the simulation of snow density and SSA by the snow model Crocus (embedded within the Soil, Vegetation and Snow version 2 land surface model) on the simulation of snow backscatter (13.5 GHz) using the Snow Microwave Radiative Transfer model were quantified. The simulation of SSA was found to be a key model uncertainty. Underestimated SSA values lead to high errors in the simulation of snow backscatter, reduced by implementing a minimum SSA value (8.7 m2 kg-1).
Georgina J. Woolley, Nick Rutter, Leanne Wake, Vincent Vionnet, Chris Derksen, Richard Essery, Philip Marsh, Rosamond Tutton, Branden Walker, Matthieu Lafaysse, and David Pritchard
The Cryosphere, 18, 5685–5711, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5685-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5685-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Parameterisations of Arctic snow processes were implemented into the multi-physics ensemble version of the snow model Crocus (embedded within the Soil, Vegetation, and Snow version 2 land surface model) and evaluated at an Arctic tundra site. Optimal combinations of parameterisations that improved the simulation of density and specific surface area featured modifications that raise wind speeds to increase compaction in surface layers, prevent snowdrift, and increase viscosity in basal layers.
Charles E. Miller, Peter C. Griffith, Elizabeth Hoy, Naiara S. Pinto, Yunling Lou, Scott Hensley, Bruce D. Chapman, Jennifer Baltzer, Kazem Bakian-Dogaheh, W. Robert Bolton, Laura Bourgeau-Chavez, Richard H. Chen, Byung-Hun Choe, Leah K. Clayton, Thomas A. Douglas, Nancy French, Jean E. Holloway, Gang Hong, Lingcao Huang, Go Iwahana, Liza Jenkins, John S. Kimball, Tatiana Loboda, Michelle Mack, Philip Marsh, Roger J. Michaelides, Mahta Moghaddam, Andrew Parsekian, Kevin Schaefer, Paul R. Siqueira, Debjani Singh, Alireza Tabatabaeenejad, Merritt Turetsky, Ridha Touzi, Elizabeth Wig, Cathy J. Wilson, Paul Wilson, Stan D. Wullschleger, Yonghong Yi, Howard A. Zebker, Yu Zhang, Yuhuan Zhao, and Scott J. Goetz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2605–2624, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2605-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2605-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
NASA’s Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) conducted airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) surveys of over 120 000 km2 in Alaska and northwestern Canada during 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2022. This paper summarizes those results and provides links to details on ~ 80 individual flight lines. This paper is presented as a guide to enable interested readers to fully explore the ABoVE L- and P-band SAR data.
Victoria R. Dutch, Nick Rutter, Leanne Wake, Oliver Sonnentag, Gabriel Hould Gosselin, Melody Sandells, Chris Derksen, Branden Walker, Gesa Meyer, Richard Essery, Richard Kelly, Phillip Marsh, Julia Boike, and Matteo Detto
Biogeosciences, 21, 825–841, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-825-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-825-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We undertake a sensitivity study of three different parameters on the simulation of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) during the snow-covered non-growing season at an Arctic tundra site. Simulations are compared to eddy covariance measurements, with near-zero NEE simulated despite observed CO2 release. We then consider how to parameterise the model better in Arctic tundra environments on both sub-seasonal timescales and cumulatively throughout the snow-covered non-growing season.
Evan J. Wilcox, Brent B. Wolfe, and Philip Marsh
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2173–2188, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2173-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2173-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is warming quickly and influencing lake water balances. We used water isotope concentrations taken from samples of 25 lakes in the Canadian Arctic and estimated the average ratio of evaporation to inflow (E / I) for each lake. The ratio of watershed area (the area that flows into the lake) to lake area (WA / LA) strongly predicted E / I, as lakes with relatively smaller watersheds received less inflow. The WA / LA could be used to predict the vulnerability of Arctic lakes to future change.
Julien Meloche, Alexandre Langlois, Nick Rutter, Alain Royer, Josh King, Branden Walker, Philip Marsh, and Evan J. Wilcox
The Cryosphere, 16, 87–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-87-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-87-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To estimate snow water equivalent from space, model predictions of the satellite measurement (brightness temperature in our case) have to be used. These models allow us to estimate snow properties from the brightness temperature by inverting the model. To improve SWE estimate, we proposed incorporating the variability of snow in these model as it has not been taken into account yet. A new parameter (coefficient of variation) is proposed because it improved simulation of brightness temperature.
Anton Jitnikovitch, Philip Marsh, Branden Walker, and Darin Desilets
The Cryosphere, 15, 5227–5239, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5227-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5227-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Conventional methods used to measure snow have many limitations which hinder our ability to document annual cycles, test predictive models, or analyze the impact of climate change. A modern snow measurement method using in situ cosmic ray neutron sensors demonstrates the capability of continuously measuring spatially variable snowpacks with considerable accuracy. These sensors can provide important data for testing models, validating remote sensing, and water resource management applications.
Chris M. DeBeer, Howard S. Wheater, John W. Pomeroy, Alan G. Barr, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Jill F. Johnstone, Merritt R. Turetsky, Ronald E. Stewart, Masaki Hayashi, Garth van der Kamp, Shawn Marshall, Elizabeth Campbell, Philip Marsh, Sean K. Carey, William L. Quinton, Yanping Li, Saman Razavi, Aaron Berg, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, Christopher Spence, Warren D. Helgason, Andrew M. Ireson, T. Andrew Black, Mohamed Elshamy, Fuad Yassin, Bruce Davison, Allan Howard, Julie M. Thériault, Kevin Shook, Michael N. Demuth, and Alain Pietroniro
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1849–1882, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1849-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1849-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article examines future changes in land cover and hydrological cycling across the interior of western Canada under climate conditions projected for the 21st century. Key insights into the mechanisms and interactions of Earth system and hydrological process responses are presented, and this understanding is used together with model application to provide a synthesis of future change. This has allowed more scientifically informed projections than have hitherto been available.
Inge Grünberg, Evan J. Wilcox, Simon Zwieback, Philip Marsh, and Julia Boike
Biogeosciences, 17, 4261–4279, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on topsoil temperature data for different vegetation types at a low Arctic tundra site, we found large small-scale variability. Winter temperatures were strongly influenced by vegetation through its effects on snow. Summer temperatures were similar below most vegetation types and not consistently related to late summer permafrost thaw depth. Given that vegetation type defines the relationship between winter and summer soil temperature and thaw depth, it controls permafrost vulnerability.
Nick Rutter, Melody J. Sandells, Chris Derksen, Joshua King, Peter Toose, Leanne Wake, Tom Watts, Richard Essery, Alexandre Roy, Alain Royer, Philip Marsh, Chris Larsen, and Matthew Sturm
The Cryosphere, 13, 3045–3059, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3045-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3045-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Impact of natural variability in Arctic tundra snow microstructural characteristics on the capacity to estimate snow water equivalent (SWE) from Ku-band radar was assessed. Median values of metrics quantifying snow microstructure adequately characterise differences between snowpack layers. Optimal estimates of SWE required microstructural values slightly less than the measured median but tolerated natural variability for accurate estimation of SWE in shallow snowpacks.
Sabrina Marx, Katharina Anders, Sofia Antonova, Inga Beck, Julia Boike, Philip Marsh, Moritz Langer, and Bernhard Höfle
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2017-49, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2017-49, 2017
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate warming causes permafrost to warm and thaw, and, consequently, to release the carbon into the atmosphere. Terrestrial laser scanning is evaluated and current methods are extended in the context of monitoring subsidence in Arctic permafrost regions. The extracted information is important to gain a deeper understanding of permafrost-related subsidence processes and provides highly accurate ground-truth data which is necessary for further developing area-wide monitoring methods.
Xicai Pan, Daqing Yang, Yanping Li, Alan Barr, Warren Helgason, Masaki Hayashi, Philip Marsh, John Pomeroy, and Richard J. Janowicz
The Cryosphere, 10, 2347–2360, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2347-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2347-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study demonstrates a robust procedure for accumulating precipitation gauge measurements and provides an analysis of bias corrections of precipitation measurements across experimental sites in different ecoclimatic regions of western Canada. It highlights the need for and importance of precipitation bias corrections at both research sites and operational networks for water balance assessment and the validation of global/regional climate–hydrology models.
Related subject area
Subject: Rivers and Lakes | Techniques and Approaches: Instruments and observation techniques
Assessment of source regions of the Zambezi River: implications for regional water security
Consequences of the Aral Sea restoration for its present physical state: temperature, mixing, and oxygen regime
Unsupervised image velocimetry for automated computation of river flow velocities
Technical note: Image processing for continuous river turbidity monitoring – full scale tests and potential applications
Hydrological, meteorological, and watershed controls on the water balance of thermokarst lakes between Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, Canada
Influence of vegetation maintenance on flow and mixing: case study comparing fully cut with high-coverage conditions
Technical note: Analyzing river network dynamics and the active length–discharge relationship using water presence sensors
Technical note: Efficient imaging of hydrological units below lakes and fjords with a floating, transient electromagnetic (FloaTEM) system
Drastic decline of flood pulse in the Cambodian floodplains (Mekong River and Tonle Sap system)
Seasonality of density currents induced by differential cooling
Implications of variations in stream specific conductivity for estimating baseflow using chemical mass balance and calibrated hydrograph techniques
Enhanced flood hazard assessment beyond decadal climate cycles based on centennial historical data (Duero basin, Spain)
Contrasting hydrological and thermal intensities determine seasonal lake-level variations – a case study at Paiku Co on the southern Tibetan Plateau
Technical note: Mobile open dynamic chamber measurement of methane macroseeps in lakes
A Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator (FaRAGE) for continuous in situ measurement of CH4 and CO2 dissolved in water
Technical note: Greenhouse gas flux studies: an automated online system for gas emission measurements in aquatic environments
Evolution and dynamics of the vertical temperature profile in an oligotrophic lake
Long-term changes in central European river discharge for 1869–2016: impact of changing snow covers, reservoir constructions and an intensified hydrological cycle
Reliable reference for the methane concentrations in Lake Kivu at the beginning of industrial exploitation
Small dams alter thermal regimes of downstream water
Oxycline oscillations induced by internal waves in deep Lake Iseo
Turbulent mixing and heat fluxes under lake ice: the role of seiche oscillations
New profiling and mooring records help to assess variability of Lake Issyk-Kul and reveal unknown features of its thermohaline structure
Evaluation of lacustrine groundwater discharge, hydrologic partitioning, and nutrient budgets in a proglacial lake in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: using 222Rn and stable isotopes
Long-term temporal trajectories to enhance restoration efficiency and sustainability on large rivers: an interdisciplinary study
Active heat pulse sensing of 3-D-flow fields in streambeds
Technical note: False low turbidity readings from optical probes during high suspended-sediment concentrations
Effectiveness of distributed temperature measurements for early detection of piping in river embankments
Citizen observations contributing to flood modelling: opportunities and challenges
Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates
Technical note: Stage and water width measurement of a mountain stream using a simple time-lapse camera
Identifying, characterizing and predicting spatial patterns of lacustrine groundwater discharge
Information content of stream level class data for hydrological model calibration
Hydrology of inland tropical lowlands: the Kapuas and Mahakam wetlands
Technical Note: Monitoring of unsteady open channel flows using the continuous slope-area method
Application of CryoSat-2 altimetry data for river analysis and modelling
Technical Note: Advances in flash flood monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
Using radon to understand parafluvial flows and the changing locations of groundwater inflows in the Avon River, southeast Australia
Influence of environmental factors on spectral characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Inner Mongolia Plateau, China
DAHITI – an innovative approach for estimating water level time series over inland waters using multi-mission satellite altimetry
The Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers (GNIR): integration of water isotopes in watershed observation and riverine research
A 2600-year history of floods in the Bernese Alps, Switzerland: frequencies, mechanisms and climate forcing
Technical Note: Semi-automated effective width extraction from time-lapse RGB imagery of a remote, braided Greenlandic river
Characterization of sediment layer composition in a shallow lake: from open water zones to reed belt areas
Morphological, hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological changes and challenges in river restoration – the Thur River case study
Dynamics of auto- and heterotrophic picoplankton and associated viruses in Lake Geneva
Historic maps as a data source for socio-hydrology: a case study of the Lake Balaton wetland system, Hungary
Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of riparian soil morphology in a restored floodplain
Flood discharge measurement of a mountain river – Nanshih River in Taiwan
Hydrochemical variability at the Upper Paraguay Basin and Pantanal wetland
Mauro Lourenco, Rutledge S. Boyes, Fenton P. D. Cotterill, Tyrel Flügel, Frank C. Nyoni, Goabaone J. Ramatlapeng, and Rainer von Brandis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-837, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-837, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study focused on the sources of the Zambezi River, revealing new insights into its longest tributary and Angola’s key role in its flow. River expeditions and earth observation data show that Angola contributes over 70 % of the river's flow upstream of a major floodplain. We highlight Angola’s wetlands, which support river health and help mitigate pollution. These findings stress the need for improved monitoring and regional cooperation to protect the Zambezi River Basin and its ecosystems.
Georgiy B. Kirillin, Tom Shatwell, and Alexander S. Izhitskiy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-113, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-113, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The restoration of the North Aral Sea caused remarkable shifts in its temperature, ice cover, and oxygen levels, which have not yet been fully understood so far. We demonstrate that the North Aral Sea has regained conditions similar to its state before drying out, but its seasonal mixing pattern remains unstable. Small changes in water levels or clarity could push the lake toward stable dimictic or polymictic conditions, highlighting its sensitivity to environmental and management factors.
Matthew Perks, Borbála Hortobágyi, Nick Everard, Susan Manson, Juliet Rowland, Andrew Large, and Andrew Russell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-213, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-213, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate river flow measurements are essential for understanding river processes. This study evaluates the freely-available software, KLT-IV, for automatic river surface velocity measurement. Analysing over 11,000 videos and comparing them with 303 traditional flow measurements, we find strong correlations (r² = 0.95–0.97) between KLT-IV and traditional methods. KLT-IV effectively estimates river flow with high accuracy, making it a valuable tool for autonomous water resource management.
Domenico Miglino, Khim Cathleen Saddi, Francesco Isgrò, Seifeddine Jomaa, Michael Rode, and Salvatore Manfreda
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2172, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2172, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Turbidity is a key factor for water quality monitoring. We tested an image-based procedure in a full-scale river monitoring experiment using digital cameras. This procedure can increase our knowledge of the real status of water bodies, solving the spatial and temporal data resolution problems of the existing techniques, promoting also the development of early warning networks, moving water research forward thanks to a large increase of information and the reduction of operating expenses.
Evan J. Wilcox, Brent B. Wolfe, and Philip Marsh
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2173–2188, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2173-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2173-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is warming quickly and influencing lake water balances. We used water isotope concentrations taken from samples of 25 lakes in the Canadian Arctic and estimated the average ratio of evaporation to inflow (E / I) for each lake. The ratio of watershed area (the area that flows into the lake) to lake area (WA / LA) strongly predicted E / I, as lakes with relatively smaller watersheds received less inflow. The WA / LA could be used to predict the vulnerability of Arctic lakes to future change.
Monika Barbara Kalinowska, Kaisa Västilä, Michael Nones, Adam Kiczko, Emilia Karamuz, Andrzej Brandyk, Adam Kozioł, and Marcin Krukowski
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 953–968, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-953-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-953-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation is commonly found in rivers and channels. Using field investigations, we evaluated the influence of different vegetation coverages on the flow and mixing in the small naturally vegetated channel. The obtained results are expected to be helpful for practitioners, enlarge our still limited knowledge, and show the further required scientific directions for a better understanding of the influence of vegetation on the flow and mixing of dissolved substances in real natural conditions.
Francesca Zanetti, Nicola Durighetto, Filippo Vingiani, and Gianluca Botter
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3497–3516, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
River networks are highly dynamical. Characterizing expansion and retraction of flowing streams is a significant scientific challenge. Electrical resistance sensors were used to monitor stream network patterns in an alpine catchment. Our data show the presence of spatial heterogeneity in network dynamics and that the active length is more sensitive than discharge to small rain events. The study unravels potentials and limitations of the sensors for the characterization of temporary streams.
Pradip Kumar Maurya, Frederik Ersted Christensen, Masson Andy Kass, Jesper B. Pedersen, Rasmus R. Frederiksen, Nikolaj Foged, Anders Vest Christiansen, and Esben Auken
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2813–2827, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we present an application of the electromagnetic method to image the subsurface below rivers, lakes, or any surface water body. The scanning of the subsurface is carried out by sailing an electromagnetic sensor called FloaTEM. Imaging results show a 3D distribution of different sediment types below the freshwater lakes. In the case of saline water, the system is capable of identifying the probable location of groundwater discharge into seawater.
Samuel De Xun Chua, Xi Xi Lu, Chantha Oeurng, Ty Sok, and Carl Grundy-Warr
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 609–625, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-609-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-609-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We found that the annual flood at the Cambodian floodplains decreased from 1960 to 2019. Consequently, the Tonle Sap Lake, the largest lake in Southeast Asia, is shrinking. The results are worrying because the local fisheries and planting calendar might be disrupted. This drastic decline of flooding extent is caused mostly by local factors, namely water withdrawal for irrigation and channel incision from sand mining activities.
Tomy Doda, Cintia L. Ramón, Hugo N. Ulloa, Alfred Wüest, and Damien Bouffard
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 331–353, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-331-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-331-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
At night or during cold periods, the shallow littoral region of lakes cools faster than their deeper interior. This induces a cold downslope current that carries littoral waters offshore. From a 1-year-long database collected in a small temperate lake, we resolve the seasonality of this current and report its frequent occurrence from summer to winter. This study contributes to a better quantification of lateral exchange in lakes, with implications for the transport of dissolved compounds.
Ian Cartwright
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 183–195, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-183-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-183-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using specific conductivity (SC) to estimate groundwater inflow to rivers is complicated by bank return waters, interflow, and flows off floodplains contributing to baseflow in all but the driest years. Using the maximum SC of the river in dry years to estimate the SC of groundwater produces the best baseflow vs. streamflow trends. The variable composition of baseflow hinders calibration of hydrograph-based techniques to estimate groundwater inflows.
Gerardo Benito, Olegario Castillo, Juan A. Ballesteros-Cánovas, Maria Machado, and Mariano Barriendos
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6107–6132, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is expected to increase the intensity of floods, but changes are difficult to project. We compiled historical and modern flood data of the Rio Duero (Spain) to evaluate flood hazards beyond decadal climate cycles. Historical floods were obtained from documentary sources, identifying 69 floods over 1250–1871 CE. Discharges were calculated from reported flood heights. Flood frequency using historical datasets showed the most robust results, guiding climate change adaptation.
Yanbin Lei, Tandong Yao, Kun Yang, Lazhu, Yaoming Ma, and Broxton W. Bird
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3163–3177, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3163-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lake evaporation from Paiku Co on the TP is low in spring and summer and high in autumn and early winter. There is a ~ 5-month lag between net radiation and evaporation due to large lake heat storage. High evaporation and low inflow cause significant lake-level decrease in autumn and early winter, while low evaporation and high inflow cause considerable lake-level increase in summer. This study implies that evaporation can affect the different amplitudes of lake-level variations on the TP.
Frederic Thalasso, Katey Walter Anthony, Olya Irzak, Ethan Chaleff, Laughlin Barker, Peter Anthony, Philip Hanke, and Rodrigo Gonzalez-Valencia
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 6047–6058, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6047-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6047-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) seepage is the steady or episodic flow of gaseous hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs that has been identified as a significant source of atmospheric CH4. The monitoring of these emissions is important and despite several available methods, large macroseeps are still difficult to measure due to a lack of a lightweight and inexpensive method deployable in remote environments. Here, we report the development of a mobile chamber for measuring intense CH4 macroseepage in lakes.
Shangbin Xiao, Liu Liu, Wei Wang, Andreas Lorke, Jason Woodhouse, and Hans-Peter Grossart
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3871–3880, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3871-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3871-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand the fate of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in freshwaters, dissolved CH4 and CO2 need to be measured with a high temporal resolution. We developed the Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator (FaRAGE) for real-time in situ measurement of dissolved gases in water. FaRAGE can achieve a short response time (CH4:
t95 % = 12 s; CO2:
t95 % = 10 s) while retaining a high equilibration ratio and accuracy.
Nguyen Thanh Duc, Samuel Silverstein, Martin Wik, Patrick Crill, David Bastviken, and Ruth K. Varner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3417–3430, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3417-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3417-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Under rapid ongoing climate change, accurate quantification of natural greenhouse gas emissions in aquatic environments such as lakes and ponds is needed to understand regulation and feedbacks. Building on the rapid development in wireless communication, sensors, and computation technology, we present a low-cost, open-source, automated and remotely accessed and controlled device for carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from open-water environments along with tests showing their potential.
Zvjezdana B. Klaić, Karmen Babić, and Mirko Orlić
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3399–3416, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fine-resolution lake temperature measurements (2 min, 15 depths) show different lake responses to atmospheric forcings: (1) continuous diurnal oscillations in the temperature in the first 5 m of the lake, (2) occasional diurnal oscillations in the temperature at depths from 7 to 20 m, and (3) occasional surface and internal seiches. Due to the sloped lake bottom, surface seiches produced the high-frequency oscillations in the lake temperatures with periods of 9 min at depths from 9 to 17 m.
Erwin Rottler, Till Francke, Gerd Bürger, and Axel Bronstert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1721–1740, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1721-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1721-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the attempt to identify and disentangle long-term impacts of changes in snow cover and precipitation along with reservoir constructions, we employ a set of analytical tools on hydro-climatic time series. We identify storage reservoirs as an important factor redistributing runoff from summer to winter. Furthermore, our results hint at more (intense) rainfall in recent decades. Detected increases in high discharge can be traced back to corresponding changes in precipitation.
Bertram Boehrer, Wolf von Tümpling, Ange Mugisha, Christophe Rogemont, and Augusta Umutoni
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4707–4716, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4707-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4707-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved methane in Lake Kivu (East Africa) represents a precious energy deposit, but the high gas loads have also been perceived as a threat by the local population. Our measurements confirm the huge amount of methane and carbon dioxide present, but do not support the current theory of a significant recharge. Direct measurements of gas pressure indicate no imminent danger due to limnic eruptions. A continuous survey is mandatory to support responsible action during industrial exploitation.
André Chandesris, Kris Van Looy, Jacob S. Diamond, and Yves Souchon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4509–4525, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4509-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4509-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We found that small dams in rivers alter the thermal regimes of downstream waters in two distinct ways: either only the downstream daily minimum temperatures increase, or both the downstream daily minimum and maximum temperatures increase. We further show that only two physical dam characteristics can explain this difference in temperature response: (1) residence time, and (2) surface area. These results may help managers prioritize efforts to restore the fragmented thermalscapes of rivers.
Giulia Valerio, Marco Pilotti, Maximilian Peter Lau, and Michael Hupfer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1763–1777, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1763-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1763-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides experimental evidence of the occurrence of large and periodic movements induced by the wind at 95 m in depth in Lake Iseo, where a permanent chemocline is located. These movements determine vertical oscillations of the oxycline up to 20 m. Accordingly, in 3 % of the sediment area alternating redox conditions occur, which might force unsteady sediment–water fluxes. This finding has major implications for the internal matter cycle in Lake Iseo.
Georgiy Kirillin, Ilya Aslamov, Matti Leppäranta, and Elisa Lindgren
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6493–6504, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6493-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6493-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We have discovered transient appearances of strong turbulent mixing beneath the ice of an Arctic lake. Such mixing events increase heating of the ice base up to an order of magnitude and can significantly accelerate ice melting. The source of mixing was identified as oscillations of the entire lake water body triggered by strong winds over the lake surface. This previously unknown mechanism of ice melt may help understand the link between the climate conditions and the seasonal ice formation.
Peter O. Zavialov, Alexander S. Izhitskiy, Georgiy B. Kirillin, Valentina M. Khan, Boris V. Konovalov, Peter N. Makkaveev, Vadim V. Pelevin, Nikolay A. Rimskiy-Korsakov, Salmor A. Alymkulov, and Kubanychbek M. Zhumaliev
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6279–6295, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6279-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6279-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the results of field surveys conducted in Lake Issyk-Kul in 2015–2017 and compares the present-day data with the available historical records. Our data do not confirm the reports of progressive warming of the deep Issyk-Kul waters as suggested in some previous publications. However, they do indicate a positive trend of salinity in the lake’s interior over the last 3 decades. An important newly found feature is a persistent salinity maximum at depths of 70–120 m.
Xin Luo, Xingxing Kuang, Jiu Jimmy Jiao, Sihai Liang, Rong Mao, Xiaolang Zhang, and Hailong Li
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5579–5598, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5579-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5579-2018, 2018
David Eschbach, Laurent Schmitt, Gwenaël Imfeld, Jan-Hendrik May, Sylvain Payraudeau, Frank Preusser, Mareike Trauerstein, and Grzegorz Skupinski
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2717–2737, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2717-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2717-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we show the relevance of an interdisciplinary study for improving restoration within the framework of a European LIFE+ project on the French side of the Upper Rhine (Rohrschollen Island). Our results underscore the advantage of combining functional restoration with detailed knowledge of past trajectories in complex hydrosystems. We anticipate our approach will expand the toolbox of decision-makers and help orientate functional restoration actions in the future.
Eddie W. Banks, Margaret A. Shanafield, Saskia Noorduijn, James McCallum, Jörg Lewandowski, and Okke Batelaan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1917–1929, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1917-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1917-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study used a portable 56-sensor, 3-D temperature array with three heat pulse sources to measure the flow direction and magnitude below the water–sediment interface. Breakthrough curves from each of the sensors were analyzed using a heat transport equation. The use of short-duration heat pulses provided a rapid, accurate assessment technique for determining dynamic and multi-directional flow patterns in the hyporheic zone and is a basis for improved understanding of biogeochemical processes.
Nicholas Voichick, David J. Topping, and Ronald E. Griffiths
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1767–1773, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1767-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1767-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes instances in the Grand Canyon study area and a laboratory experiment in which very high suspended-sediment concentrations result in incorrectly low turbidity recorded with a commonly used field instrument. If associated with the monitoring of a construction or dredging project, false low turbidity could result in regulators being unaware of environmental damage caused by the actually much higher turbidity.
Silvia Bersan, André R. Koelewijn, and Paolo Simonini
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1491–1508, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1491-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1491-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Backward erosion piping is the cause of a significant percentage of failures and incidents involving dams and river embankments. In the past 20 years fibre-optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) has proved to be effective for the detection of leakages and internal erosion in dams. This work investigates the effectiveness of DTS for monitoring backward erosion piping in river embankments. Data from a large-scale piping test performed on an instrumented dike are presented and discussed.
Thaine H. Assumpção, Ioana Popescu, Andreja Jonoski, and Dimitri P. Solomatine
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1473–1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1473-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1473-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Citizens can contribute to science by providing data, analysing them and as such contributing to decision-making processes. For example, citizens have collected water levels from gauges, which are important when simulating/forecasting floods, where data are usually scarce. This study reviewed such contributions and concluded that integration of citizen data may not be easy due to their spatio-temporal characteristics but that citizen data still proved valuable and can be used in flood modelling.
Jutta Metzger, Manuela Nied, Ulrich Corsmeier, Jörg Kleffmann, and Christoph Kottmeier
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1135–1155, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1135-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1135-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is motivated by the need for more precise evaporation rates from the Dead Sea (DS) and methods to estimate and forecast evaporation. A new approach to measure lake evaporation with a station located at the shoreline, also transferable to other lakes, is introduced. The first directly measured DS evaporation rates are presented as well as applicable methods for evaporation calculation. These results enable us to further close the DS water budget and to facilitate the water management.
Pauline Leduc, Peter Ashmore, and Darren Sjogren
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We show the utility of ground-based time-lapse cameras for automated monitoring of stream stage and flow characteristics. High-frequency flow stage, water surface width and other information on the state of flow can be acquired for extended time periods with simple local calibration using a low-cost time-lapse camera and a few simple field measurements for calibration and for automated image selection and sorting. The approach is a useful substitute or complement to the conventional stage data.
Christina Tecklenburg and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5043–5063, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5043-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5043-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized groundwater–lake exchange patterns and identified their controls based on extensive field measurements. Our measurement design bridges the gap between the detailed local characterisation and low resolution regional investigations. Results indicated strong spatial variability in groundwater inflow rates: large scale inflow patterns correlated with topography and the groundwater flow field and small scale patterns correlated with grainsize distributions of the lake sediment.
H. J. Ilja van Meerveld, Marc J. P. Vis, and Jan Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4895–4905, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4895-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4895-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We tested the usefulness of stream level class data for hydrological model calibration. Only two stream level classes, e.g. above or below a rock in the stream, were already informative, particularly when the boundary was chosen at a high stream level. There was hardly any improvement in model performance when using more than five stream level classes. These results suggest that model based streamflow time series can be obtained from citizen science based water level class data.
Hidayat Hidayat, Adriaan J. Teuling, Bart Vermeulen, Muh Taufik, Karl Kastner, Tjitske J. Geertsema, Dinja C. C. Bol, Dirk H. Hoekman, Gadis Sri Haryani, Henny A. J. Van Lanen, Robert M. Delinom, Roel Dijksma, Gusti Z. Anshari, Nining S. Ningsih, Remko Uijlenhoet, and Antonius J. F. Hoitink
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2579–2594, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2579-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2579-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrological prediction is crucial but in tropical lowland it is difficult, considering data scarcity and river system complexity. This study offers a view of the hydrology of two tropical lowlands in Indonesia. Both lowlands exhibit the important role of upstream wetlands in regulating the flow downstream. We expect that this work facilitates a better prediction of fire-prone conditions in these regions.
Kyutae Lee, Ali R. Firoozfar, and Marian Muste
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1863–1874, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1863-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1863-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate estimation of stream/river flows is important in many aspects, including public safety during floods, effective uses of water resources for hydropower generation and irrigation, and environments. In this paper, we investigated a feasibility of the continuous slope area (CSA) method which measures dynamic changes in instantaneous water surface elevations, and the results showed promising capabilities of the suggested method for the accurate estimation of flows in natural streams/rivers.
Raphael Schneider, Peter Nygaard Godiksen, Heidi Villadsen, Henrik Madsen, and Peter Bauer-Gottwein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 751–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-751-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-751-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We use water level observations from the CryoSat-2 satellite in combination with a river model of the Brahmaputra River, extracting satellite data over a dynamic river mask derived from Landsat imagery. The novelty of this work is the use of the CryoSat-2 water level observations, collected using a complex spatio-temporal sampling scheme, to calibrate a hydrodynamic river model. The resulting model accurately reproduces water levels, without precise knowledge of river bathymetry.
Matthew T. Perks, Andrew J. Russell, and Andrew R. G. Large
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4005–4015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4005-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4005-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to capture information about the earth’s surface in dangerous and previously inaccessible locations. Here we present a method whereby image acquisition and subsequent analysis have enabled the highly dynamic and oft-immeasurable hydraulic phenomenon present during high-energy flash floods to be quantified at previously unattainable spatial and temporal resolutions.
Ian Cartwright and Harald Hofmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3581–3600, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3581-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3581-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper uses the natural geochemical tracer Rn together with streamflow measurements to differentiate between actual groundwater inflows and water that exits the river, flows through the near-river sediments, and subsequently re-enters the river downstream (parafluvial flow). Distinguishing between these two components is important to understanding the water balance in gaining streams and in managing and protecting surface water resources.
Z. D. Wen, K. S. Song, Y. Zhao, J. Du, and J. H. Ma
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 787–801, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-787-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-787-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The study indicated that CDOM in rivers had higher aromaticity, molecular weight, and vascular plant contribution than in terminal lakes in the Hulun Buir plateau, Northeast China. The autochthonous sources of CDOM in plateau waters were higher than in other freshwater rivers reported in the literature. Study of the optical–physicochemical correlations is helpful in the evaluation of the potential influence of water quality factors on non-water light absorption in plateau water environments.
C. Schwatke, D. Dettmering, W. Bosch, and F. Seitz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4345–4364, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4345-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4345-2015, 2015
J. Halder, S. Terzer, L. I. Wassenaar, L. J. Araguás-Araguás, and P. K. Aggarwal
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3419–3431, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3419-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3419-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a new online global database of riverine water stable isotopes (Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers) and evaluate its longer-term data holdings. A regionalized, cluster-based precipitation isotope model was used to compare measured to predicted isotope compositions of riverine catchments. The study demonstrated that the seasonal isotopic composition and variation of river water can be predicted, which will improve the application of water stable isotopes in rivers.
L. Schulte, J. C. Peña, F. Carvalho, T. Schmidt, R. Julià, J. Llorca, and H. Veit
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3047–3072, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3047-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3047-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A 2600-year long composite palaeoflood record is reconstructed from high-resolution delta plain sediments of the Hasli-Aare floodplain on the northern slope of the Swiss Alps. Natural proxies compiled from sedimentary, geochemical and geomorphological data were calibrated by textual and factual sources and instrumental data. Geomorphological, historical and instrumental data provide evidence for flood damage intensities and discharge estimations of severe and catastrophic historical floods.
C. J. Gleason, L. C. Smith, D. C. Finnegan, A. L. LeWinter, L. H Pitcher, and V. W. Chu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2963–2969, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2963-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2963-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we give a semi-automated processing workflow to extract hydraulic parameters from over 10,000 time-lapse images of the remote Isortoq River in Greenland. This workflow allows efficient and accurate (mean accuracy 79.6%) classification of images following an automated similarity filtering process. We also give an effective width hydrograph (a proxy for discharge) for the Isortoq using this workflow, showing the potential of this workflow for enhancing understanding of remote rivers.
I. Kogelbauer and W. Loiskandl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1427–1438, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1427-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1427-2015, 2015
M. Schirmer, J. Luster, N. Linde, P. Perona, E. A. D. Mitchell, D. A. Barry, J. Hollender, O. A. Cirpka, P. Schneider, T. Vogt, D. Radny, and E. Durisch-Kaiser
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2449–2462, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2449-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2449-2014, 2014
A. Parvathi, X. Zhong, A. S. Pradeep Ram, and S. Jacquet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1073–1087, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1073-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1073-2014, 2014
A. Zlinszky and G. Timár
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4589–4606, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4589-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4589-2013, 2013
B. Fournier, C. Guenat, G. Bullinger-Weber, and E. A. D. Mitchell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4031–4042, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4031-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4031-2013, 2013
Y.-C. Chen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1951–1962, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1951-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1951-2013, 2013
A. T. Rezende Filho, S. Furian, R. L. Victoria, C. Mascré, V. Valles, and L. Barbiero
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2723–2737, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2723-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2723-2012, 2012
Cited articles
Arp, C. D., Jones, B. M., Lu, Z., and Whitman, M. S.: Shifting balance of thermokarst lake ice regimes across the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L16503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052518, 2012. a
Arp, C. D., Jones, B. M., Liljedahl, A. K., Hinkel, K. M., and Welker, J. A.:
Depth, ice thickness, and ice-out timing cause divergent hydrologic responses among Arctic lakes, Water Resour. Res., 51, 9379–9401, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(68)90080-2, 2015. a, b
Balasubramaniam, A. M., Hall, R. I., Wolfe, B. B., Sweetman, J. N., and Wang, X.: Source water inputs and catchment characteristics regulate limnological conditions of shallow subarctic lakes (Old Crow Flats, Yukon, Canada), Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 72, 1058–1072, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0340, 2015. a, b, c, d
Bergmann, M. A. and Welch, H. E.: Spring Meltwater Mixing in Small Arctic Lakes, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 42, 1789–1798, https://doi.org/10.1139/f85-224, 1985. a, b, c, d
Bintanja, R. and Andry, O.: Towards a rain-dominated Arctic, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 263–267, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3240, 2017. a, b, c
Blöschl, G., Bierkens, M. F., Chambel, A., Cudennec, C., Destouni, G., Fiori, A., Kirchner, J. W., McDonnell, J. J., Savenije, H. H., Sivapalan, M., Stumpp, C., Toth, E., Volpi, E., Carr, G., Lupton, C., Salinas, J., Széles, B., Viglione, A., Aksoy, H., Allen, S. T., Amin, A., Andréassian, V., Arheimer, B., Aryal, S. K., Baker, V., Bardsley, E., Barendrecht, M. H., Bartosova, A., Batelaan, O., Berghuijs, W. R., Beven, K.,
Blume, T., Bogaard, T., Borges de Amorim, P., Böttcher, M. E.,
Boulet, G., Breinl, K., Brilly, M., Brocca, L., Buytaert, W., Castellarin,
A., Castelletti, A., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Chifflard, P., Claps, P., Clark, M. P., Collins, A. L., Croke, B., Dathe, A., David, P. C., de Barros,
F. P. J., de Rooij, G., Di Baldassarre, G., Driscoll, J. M., Duethmann, D., Dwivedi, R., Eris, E., Farmer, W. H., Feiccabrino, J., Ferguson, G., Ferrari,
E., Ferraris, S., Fersch, B., Finger, D., Foglia, L., Fowler, K., Gartsman,
B., Gascoin, S., Gaume, E., Gelfan, A., Geris, J., Gharari, S., Gleeson, T., Glendell, M., Gonzalez Bevacqua, A., González-Dugo, M. P., Grimaldi,
S., Gupta, A. B., Guse, B., Han, D., Hannah, D., Harpold, A., Haun, S., Heal, K., Helfricht, K., Herrnegger, M., Hipsey, M., Hlaváčiková, H., Hohmann, C., Holko, L., Hopkinson, C., Hrachowitz, M., Illangasekare, T. H., Inam, A., Innocente, C., Istanbulluoglu, E., Jarihani, B., Kalantari, Z., Kalvans, A., Khanal, S., Khatami, S., Kiesel, J., Kirkby, M., Knoben, W., Kochanek, K., Kohnová, S., Kolechkina, A., Krause, S., Kreamer, D., Kreibich, H., Kunstmann, H., Lange, H., Liberato, M. L. R., Lindquist, E., Link, T., Liu, J., Loucks, D. P., Luce, C., Mahé, G., Makarieva, O., Malard, J., Mashtayeva, S., Maskey, S., Mas-Pla, J., Mavrova-Guirguinova, M., Mazzoleni, M., Mernild, S., Misstear, B. D., Montanari, A., Müller-Thomy, H., Nabizadeh, A., Nardi, F., Neale, C., Nesterova, N., Nurtaev, B., Odongo, V. O., Panda, S., Pande, S., Pang, Z., Papacharalampous, G., Perrin, C., Pfister, L., Pimentel, R., Polo, M. J., Post, D., Prieto Sierra, C., Ramos, M.-H., Renner, M., Reynolds, J. E., Ridolfi, E., Rigon, R., Riva, M., Robertson, D. E., Rosso, R., Roy, T., Sá, J. H., Salvadori, G., Sandells, M., Schaefli, B., Schumann, A., Scolobig, A., Seibert, J., Servat, E., Shafiei, M., Sharma, A., Sidibe, M., Sidle, R. C., Skaugen, T., Smith, H., Spiessl, S. M., Stein, L., Steinsland, I., Strasser, U., Su, B., Szolgay, J., Tarboton, D., Tauro, F., Thirel, G., Tian, F., Tong, R., Tussupova, K., Tyralis, H., Uijlenhoet, R., van Beek, R., van der Ent, R. J., van der Ploeg, M., Van Loon, A. F., van Meerveld, I., van Nooijen, R., van Oel, P. R., Vidal, J.-P., von Freyberg, J., Vorogushyn, S., Wachniew, P., Wade, A. J., Ward, P., Westerberg, I. K., White, C., Wood, E. F., Woods, R., Xu, Z., Yilmaz, K. K., and Zhang, Y.: Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) – a community perspective, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 64, 1141–1158, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2019.1620507, 2019. a
Bouchard, F., Turner, K. W., MacDonald, L. A., Deakin, C., White, H., Farquharson, N., Medeiros, A. S., Wolfe, B. B., Hall, R. I., Pienitz, R., and Edwards, T. W. D.: Vulnerability of shallow subarctic lakes to evaporate and desiccate when snowmelt runoff is low, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 6112–6117, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058635, 2013. a
Bowling, L. C., Kane, D. L., Gieck, R. E., Hinzman, L. D., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: The role of surface storage in a low-gradient Arctic watershed, Water Resour. Res., 39, 1087, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001466, 2003. a
Box, J. E., Colgan, W. T., Christensen, T. R., Schmidt, N. M., Lund, M., Parmentier, F.-J. W., Brown, R., Bhatt, U. S., Euskirchen, E. S., Romanovsky, V. E., Walsh, J. E., Overland, J. E., Wang, M., Corell, R. W., Meier, W. N., Wouters, B., Mernild, S., Mård, J., Pawlak, J., and Olsen, M. S.: Key indicators of Arctic climate change: 1971–2017, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 045010, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aafc1b, 2019. a
Brock, B. E., Wolfe, B. B., and Edwards, T. W. D.: Spatial and temporal perspectives on spring break-up flooding in the Slave River Delta, NWT, Hydrol. Process., 22, 4058–4072, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7008, 2008. a
Brosius, L. S., Anthony, K. M., Treat, C. C., Lenz, J., Jones, M. C., Bret-Harte, M. S., and Grosse, G.: Spatiotemporal patterns of northern lake formation since the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 253, 106773, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106773, 2021. a
Brown, R. D. and Mote, P. W.: The response of Northern Hemisphere snow cover to a changing climate, J. Climate, 22, 2124–2145, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2665.1, 2009. a
Bui, M. T., Lu, J., and Nie, L.: A Review of Hydrological Models Applied in the Permafrost-Dominated Arctic Region, Geosciences, 10, 401, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100401, 2020. a
Burn, C. R.: Lake-bottom thermal regimes, western Arctic Coast, Canada, Permafrost Periglac., 16, 355–367, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.542, 2005. a
Burn, C. R. and Kokelj, S. V.: The Environment and Permafrost of the Mackenzie Delta Area, Permafrost Periglac., 20, 83–105, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.655, 2009. a, b, c, d
Cortés, A. and MacIntyre, S.: Mixing processes in small arctic lakes during spring, Limnol. Oceanogr., 65, 260–288, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11296, 2020. a, b, c, d
Craig, H. and Gordon, L.: Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere, Consiglio nazionale delle richerche, Laboratorio de geologia nucleare Pisa, OCLC Number 8019537, 1965. a
Engram, M., Arp, C. D., Jones, B. M., Ajadi, O. A., and Meyer, F. J.: Analyzing floating and bedfast lake ice regimes across Arctic Alaska using 25 years of space-borne SAR imagery, Remote Sens. Environ., 209, 660–676, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.022, 2018. a
Environment and Climate Change Canada: Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data, Canada.ca [data set],
https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=NT&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=1669&dispBack=0 (last access: 3 October 2022), 2019. a, b, c
Environment and Climate Change Canada: Past weather and climate: Historical Data, Canada.ca [data set], https://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=trail+valley&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2022&Year=2022&Month=12&Day=2&selRowPerPage=25,
last access: 16 May 2022. a
Ernakovich, J. G., Hopping, K. A., Berdanier, A. B., Simpson, R. T., Kachergis, E. J., Steltzer, H., and Wallenstein, M. D.: Predicted responses of arctic and alpine ecosystems to altered seasonality under climate change, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 3256–3269, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12568, 2014. a
ESRI: ArcGIS Desktop, Release 10.7.1, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA, 2019. a
Falcone, M. D.: Assessing hydrological processes controlling the water balance of lakes in the Peace-Athabasca Delta, Alberta, Canada using water isotope tracers, MSc thesis, University of Waterloo,
https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/3081 (last access: 16 March 2022), 2007. a
Farquharson, L. M., Mann, D. H., Grosse, G., Jones, B. M., and Romanovsky, V. E.: Spatial distribution of thermokarst terrain in Arctic Alaska, Geomorphology, 273, 116–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.08.007, 2016. a
Finger Higgens, R. A., Chipman, J. W., Lutz, D. A., Culler, L. E., Virginia, R. A., and Ogden, L. A.: Changing Lake Dynamics Indicate a Drier Arctic in Western Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 124, 870–883, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004879, 2019. a
Finlay, J., Neff, J., Zimov, S., Davydova, A., and Davydov, S.: Snowmelt dominance of dissolved organic carbon in high-latitude watersheds: Implications for characterization and flux of river DOC, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L10401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025754, 2006. a, b, c, d
Gibson, J. J. and Edwards, T. W. D.: Regional water balance trends and evaporation-transpiration partitioning from a stable isotope survey of lakes in northern Canada, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 10-1–10-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001839, 2002. a
Gibson, J. J. and Prowse, T. D.: Stable isotopes in river ice: identifying primary over-winter streamflow signals and their hydrological significance, Hydrol. Process., 16, 873–890, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.366, 2002. a, b, c, d
Gonfiantini, R.: Chapter 3 – Environmental Isotopes in Lake Studies, in: The Terrestrial Environment, B, edited by: Fritz, P. and Fontes, J. Ch., Elsevier, 113–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-42225-5.50008-5, 1986. a, b, c, d
Grosse, G., Romanovsky, V. E., Walter, K., Morgenstern, A., Lantuit, H., and Zimov, S. A.: Distribution of Thermokarst Lakes and Ponds at Three Yedoma Sites in Siberia, Ninth International Conferencnce on Permafrost, Fairbanks, USA, 29 June to 3 July 2008, 551–556, 2008. a
Grünberg, I., Wilcox, E. J., Zwieback, S., Marsh, P., and Boike, J.: Linking tundra vegetation, snow, soil temperature, and permafrost, Biogeosciences, 17, 4261–4279, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, 2020. a, b
Hardy, D. R.: Climatic influences on streamflow and sediment flux into Lake C2, northern Ellesmere Island, Canada, J. Paleolimnol., 16, 133–149, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00176932, 1996. a
Hendrey, G. R., Galloway, J. N., and Schofield, C. L.: Temporal and spatial trends in the chemistry of acidified lakes under ice cover, in: International Conference on the Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation, As-NLH, Norway,
11–14 March 1980, Brookhaven National Laboratory, ISBN 978-8290376074, 1980. a, b
Henriksen, A. and Wright, R. F.: Effects of Acid Precipitation on a Small Acid Lake in Southern Norway, Nord. Hydrol., 8, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1977.0001, 1977. a, b, c, d
Horita, J. and Wesolowski, D. J.: Liquid-vapor fractionation of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of water from the freezing to the critical temperature, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 58, 3425–3437, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90096-5, 1994. a, b, c
Jansen, J., Thornton, B. F., Jammet, M. M., Wik, M., Cortés, A., Friborg, T., MacIntyre, S., and Crill, P. M.: Climate-sensitive controls on large spring emissions of CH4 and CO2 from northern lakes, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 124, 2379–2399, 2019. a
Jeffries, D. S., Cox, C. M., and Dillon, P. J.: Depression of pH in Lakes and Streams in Central Ontario During Snowmelt, J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 36, 640–646, https://doi.org/10.1139/f79-093, 1979. a, b
Jones, B. M., Grosse, G., Arp, C. D., Jones, M. C., Walter Anthony, K.M., and Romanovsky, V. E.: Modern thermokarst lake dynamics in the continuous permafrost zone, northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G00M03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001666, 2011. a
Kirillin, G., Hochschild, J., Mironov, D., Terzhevik, A., Golosov, S., and Nützmann, G.: FLake-Global: Online lake model with worldwide coverage, Environ. Modell. Softw., 26, 683–684, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.12.004, 2011. a, b, c
Kirillin, G., Aslamov, I., Leppäranta, M., and Lindgren, E.: Turbulent mixing and heat fluxes under lake ice: the role of seiche oscillations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6493–6504, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6493-2018, 2018. a, b
Koch, J. C., Sjoberg, Y., O'Donnell, J., Carey, M., Sullivan, P. F., and Terskaia, A.: Sensitivity of headwater streamflow to thawing permafrost and vegetation change in a warming Arctic, Environ. Res. Lett., 2, 044074, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5f2d, 2022. a
Krogh, S. A. and Pomeroy, J. W.: Impact of future climate and vegetation on the hydrology of an Arctic headwater basin at the tundra-taiga transition,
J. Hydrometeorol., 20, 197–215, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0187.1, 2019. a
Lantz, T. C., Gergel, S. E., and Kokelj, S. V.: Spatial heterogeneity in the
shrub tundra ecotone in the Mackenzie Delta region, Northwest territories:
Implications for Arctic environmental change, Ecosystems, 13, 194–204, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-009-9310-0, 2010. a
Loranty, M. M., Abbott, B. W., Blok, D., Douglas, T. A., Epstein, H. E., Forbes, B. C., Jones, B. M., Kholodov, A. L., Kropp, H., Malhotra, A., Mamet, S. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Natali, S. M., O'Donnell, J. A., Phoenix, G. K., Rocha, A. V., Sonnentag, O., Tape, K. D., and Walker, D. A.: Reviews and syntheses: Changing ecosystem influences on soil thermal regimes in northern high-latitude permafrost regions, Biogeosciences, 15, 5287–5313, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5287-2018, 2018. a
MacDonald, L. A., Wolfe, B. B., Turner, K. W., Anderson, L., Arp, C. D., Birks, S. J., Bouchard, F., Edwards, T. W., Farquharson, N., Hall, R. I., McDonald, I., Narancic, B., Ouimet, C., Pienitz, R., Tondu, J., and White, H.: A synthesis of thermokarst lake water balance in high-latitude regions of North America from isotope tracers, Arctic Science, 3, 118–149, https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2016-0019, 2017. a
MacDonald, L. A., Turner, K. W., McDonald, I., Kay, M. L., Hall, R. I., and Wolfe, B. B.: Isotopic evidence of increasing water abundance and lake hydrological change in Old Crow Flats, Yukon, Canada, Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 124024, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3533, 2021. a, b
MacKay, M. D., Verseghy, D. L., Fortin, V., and Rennie, M. D.: Wintertime Simulations of a Boreal Lake with the Canadian Small Lake Model, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 2143–2160, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-16-0268.1, 2017. a, b, c
Marsh, P. and Bigras, S. C.: Evaporation from Mackenzie Delta Lakes, N.W.T., Canada, Arctic Alpine Research, 20, 220–229, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551500, 1988. a
Marsh, P. and Lesack, L. F. W.: The hydrologic regime of perched lakes in the Mackenzie Delta: Potential responses to climate change, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 849–856, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.5.0849, 1996. a
Marsh, P. and Pomeroy, J.: Meltwater Fluxes At an Arctic Forest‐Tundra
Site, Hydrol. Process., 10, 1383–1400, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199610)10:10<1383::AID-HYP468>3.0.CO;2-W, 1996. a
Marsh, P. and Pomeroy, J. W.: Spatial and temporal variations in snowmelt runoff chemistry, Northwest Territories, Canada, Water Resour. Res., 35, 1559–1567, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900109, 1999. a, b
Marsh, P., Russell, M., Pohl, S., Haywood, H., and Onclin, C.: Changes in thaw lake drainage in the Western Canadian Arctic from 1950 to 2000, Hydrol.
Process., 23, 145–158, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7179, 2009. a, b
Marsh, P., Bartlett, P., MacKay, M., Pohl, S., and Lantz, T.: Snowmelt energetics at a shrub tundra site in the western Canadian Arctic, Hydrol. Process., 24, 3603–3620, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7786, 2010. a
Marsh, P., Mann, P., and Walker, B.: Changing snowfall and snow cover in the western Canadian Arctic, in: 22nd Northern Research Basins Symposium and Workshop, Yellowknife, Canada, 18–23 August 2019, 1–10, https://conferences.wlu.ca/22ndnrb/ (last access: 30 November 2022), 2019. a
Myers-Smith, I. H., Forbes, B. C., Wilmking, M., Hallinger, M., Lantz, T., Blok, D., Tape, K. D., Macias-Fauria, M., Sass-Klaassen, U., Lévesque, E., Boudreau, S., Ropars, P., Hermanutz, L., Trant, A., Collier, L. S., Weijers, S., Rozema, J., Rayback, S. A., Schmidt, N. M., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wipf, S., Rixen, C., Ménard, C. B., Venn, S., Goetz, S., Andreu-Hayles, L., Elmendorf, S., Ravolainen, V., Welker, J., Grogan, P., Epstein, H. E., and Hik, D. S.: Shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems: dynamics, impacts and research priorities, Environ. Res. Lett., 6, 045509, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/6/4/045509, 2011. a
O'Callaghan, J. F. and Mark, D. M.: The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data, Comput. Vision Graph., 28, 323–344, 1984. a
Olefeldt, D. and Roulet, N. T.: Effects of permafrost and hydrology on the composition and transport of dissolved organic carbon in a subarctic peatland complex, J. Geophys. Res., 117, G01005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001819, 2012. a
Porter, C., Morin, P., Howat, I., Noh, M.-J., Bates, B., Peterman, K., Keesey, S., Schlenk, M., Gardiner, J., Tomko, K., Willis, M., Kelleher, C., Cloutier, M., Husby, E., Foga, S., Nakamura, H., Platson, M., Wethington Jr., M., Williamson, C., Bauer, G., Enos, J., Arnold, G., Kramer, W., Becker, P., Doshi, A., D'Souza, C., Cummens, P., Laurier, F., and Bojesen, M.: ArcticDEM, Version 3, Harvard Dataverse [data set], https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OHHUKH, 2018. a
Pienitz, R., Smol, J. P., and Lean, D. R.: Physical and chemical limnology of 59 lakes located between the southern Yukon and the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, Northwest Territories (Canada), Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 54, 330–346, https://doi.org/10.1139/f96-274, 1997. a
Plug, L. J., Walls, C., and Scott, B. M.: Tundra lake changes from 1978 to 2001 on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, western Canadian Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L03502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032303, 2008. a, b
Pohl, S., Marsh, P., Onclin, C., and Russell, M.: The summer hydrology of a small upland tundra thaw lake: implications to lake drainage, Hydrol. Process., 23, 2536–2546, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7238, 2009. a
Pointner, G., Bartsch, A., Forbes, B. C., and Kumpula, T.: The role of lake size and local phenomena for monitoring ground-fast lake ice, Int. J. Remote Sens., 40, 832–858, 2019. a
Quinton, W. L. and Pomeroy, J. W.: Transformations of runoff chemistry in the Arctic tundra, Northwest Territories, Canada, Hydrol. Process., 20, 2901–2919, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6083, 2006. a
R Core Team: R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, https://www.r-project.org/ (last access: 31 November 2022), 2021. a
Rampton, V. and Wecke, M.: Surficial Geology, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories, Geological Survey of Canada, https://doi.org/10.4095/125160, 1987. a
Rampton, V. N.: Quaternary Geology of the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, Northwest Territories, Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 423, 98 pp., https://doi.org/10.4095/126937, 1988 a, b
Remmer, C. R., Owca, T., Neary, L., Wiklund, J. A., Kay, M., Wolfe, B. B., and Hall, R. I.: Delineating extent and magnitude of river flooding to lakes across a northern delta using water isotope tracers, Hydrol. Process., 34, 303–320, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13585, 2020. a
Roulet, N. T. and Woo, M. K.: Runoff generation in a low Arctic drainage basin, J. Hydrol., 101, 213–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90036-4, 1988. a
Smith, L. C., Sheng, Y., MacDonald, G. M., and Hinzman, L. D.: Disappearing Arctic Lakes, Science, 308, 1429–1429, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1108142, 2005. a
Stuefer, S. L., Arp, C. D., Kane, D. L., and Liljedahl, A. K.: Recent Extreme Runoff Observations From Coastal Arctic Watersheds in Alaska, Water Resour. Res., 53, 9145–9163, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020567, 2017. a, b
Surdu, C. M., Duguay, C. R., Brown, L. C., and Fernández Prieto, D.: Response of ice cover on shallow lakes of the North Slope of Alaska to contemporary climate conditions (1950–2011): radar remote-sensing and numerical modeling data analysis, The Cryosphere, 8, 167–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-167-2014, 2014. a, b
Tananaev, N. and Lotsari, E.: Defrosting northern catchments: Fluvial effects of permafrost degradation, Earth-Sci. Rev., 228, 103996, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103996, 2022. a
Tetzlaff, D., Piovano, T., Ala-Aho, P., Smith, A., Carey, S. K., Marsh, P., Wookey, P. A., Street, L. E., and Soulsby, C.: Using stable isotopes to estimate travel times in a data-sparse Arctic catchment: Challenges and possible solutions, Hydrol. Process., 32, 1936–1952, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13146, 2018. a, b
Townsend-Small, A., McClelland, J. W., Max Holmes, R., and Peterson, B. J.: Seasonal and hydrologic drivers of dissolved organic matter and nutrients in the upper Kuparuk River, Alaskan Arctic, Biogeochemistry, 103, 109–124, 2011. a
Turner, K. W., Wolfe, B. B., Edwards, T. W. D., Lantz, T. C., Hall, R. I., and Larocque, G.: Controls on water balance of shallow thermokarst lakes and their relations with catchment characteristics: a multi-year, landscape-scale assessment based on water isotope tracers and remote sensing in Old Crow Flats, Yukon (Canada), Glob. Change Biol., 20, 1585–1603, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12465, 2014. a, b, c, d, e
Vachon, D., Langenegger, T., Donis, D., and McGinnis, D. F.: Influence of water column stratification and mixing patterns on the fate of methane produced in deep sediments of a small eutrophic lake, Limnol. Oceanogr., 64, 2114–2128, 2019. a
Vucic, J. M., Gray, D. K., Cohen, R. S., Syed, M., Murdoch, A. D., and Sharma, S.: Changes in water quality related to permafrost thaw may significantly impact zooplankton in small Arctic lakes, Ecol. Appl., 30,
e02186, https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2186, 2020. a
Walsh, J. E., Overland, J. E., Groisman, P. Y., and Rudolf, B.: Ongoing Climate Change in the Arctic, AMBIO, 40, 6–16, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0211-z, 2011. a
Walvoord, M. A. and Kurylyk, B. L.: Hydrologic Impacts of Thawing Permafrost – A Review, Vadose Zone J., 15, 2–20, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2016.01.0010, 2016. a, b
Wang, X. and Meijer, H. A.: Ice–liquid isotope fractionation factors for 18O and 2H deduced from the isotopic correction constants for the triple point of water, Isot. Environ. Healt. S., 54, 304–311, https://doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2018.1435533, 2018. a
Webb, E. E., Liljedahl, A., Cordeiro, J., Loranty, M., Witharana, C., and Lichstein, J.: Permafrost thaw drives surface water decline across lake-rich regions of the Arctic, Nat. Clim. Change, 12, 841–846, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01455-w, 2022. a
Wilcox, E. J., Keim, D., de Jong, T., Walker, B., Sonnentag, O., Sniderhan, A. E., Mann, P., and Marsh, P.: Tundra shrub expansion may amplify permafrost thaw by advancing snowmelt timing, Arctic Science, 5, 202–217, https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2018-0028, 2019. a
Wilcox, E. J., Wolfe, B., and Marsh, P.: Isotope data and associated attributes for 25 thermokarst lakes along the Inuvik – Tuktoyaktuk Highway, 2018, V1, Borealis [data set], https://doi.org/10.5683/SP3/AZE4ER, 2022.
a
Wiltse, B., Yerger, E. C., and Laxson, C. L.: A reduction in spring mixing due to road salt runoff entering Mirror Lake (Lake Placid, NY), Lake Reserv. Manage., 36, 109–121, 2020. a
Woo, M.: Hydrology of a Small Lake in the Canadian High Arctic, Arctic Alpine Res., 12, 227–235, https://doi.org/10.2307/1550519, 1980. a, b, c
Woo, M.-K., Kane, D. L., Carey, S. K., and Yang, D.: Progress in permafrost hydrology in the new millennium, Permafrost Periglac., 19, 237–254, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.613, 2008. a
Woolway, R. I., Kraemer, B. M., Lenters, J. D., Merchant, C. J., O'Reilly, C. M., and Sharma, S.: Global lake responses to climate change, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1, 388–403, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0067-5, 2020. a
Yang, B., Wells, M. G., McMeans, B. C., Dugan, H. A., Rusak, J. A., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Brentrup, J. A., Hrycik, A. R., Laas, A., Pilla, R. M., Austin, J. A., Blanchfield, P. J., Carey, C. C., Guzzo, M. M., Lottig, N. R., MacKay, M. D., Middel, T. A., Pierson, D. C., Wang, J., and Young, J. D.: A New Thermal Categorization of Ice-Covered Lakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL091374, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091374, 2021. a
Yi, Y., Brock, B. E., Falcone, M. D., Wolfe, B. B., and Edwards, T. W. D.: A coupled isotope tracer method to characterize input water to lakes, J. Hydrol., 350, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.008, 2008. a, b, c
Zwieback, S., Chang, Q., Marsh, P., and Berg, A.: Shrub tundra ecohydrology: rainfall interception is a major component of the water balance, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 055005, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab1049, 2019. a
Short summary
We estimated how much of the water flowing into lakes during snowmelt replaced the pre-snowmelt lake water. Our data show that, as lake depth increases, the amount of water mixed into lakes decreased, because vertical mixing is reduced as lake depth increases. Our data also show that the water mixing into lakes is not solely snow-sourced but is a mixture of snowmelt and soil water. These results are relevant for lake biogeochemistry given the unique properties of snowmelt runoff.
We estimated how much of the water flowing into lakes during snowmelt replaced the pre-snowmelt...
