Articles | Volume 25, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5175-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5175-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
24 Sep 2021
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 24 Sep 2021
| 24 Sep 2021
Relative humidity gradients as a key constraint on terrestrial water and energy fluxes
Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
Monica Garcia
Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of
Denmark, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
Laura Morillas
Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
Ulrich Weber
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10,
07745 Jena, Germany
T. Andrew Black
Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
Mark S. Johnson
Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z4, Canada
Related authors
No articles found.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billdesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Gharun Mana, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-165, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-165, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the earth surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand that impacts all of our lives. Here we outline a method to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from site around the world called FLUXCOM-X. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Melissa Ruiz-Vásquez, Sungmin O, Alexander Brenning, Randal D. Koster, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Ulrich Weber, Gabriele Arduini, Ana Bastos, Markus Reichstein, and René Orth
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 1451–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1451-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1451-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Subseasonal forecasts facilitate early warning of extreme events; however their predictability sources are not fully explored. We find that global temperature forecast errors in many regions are related to climate variables such as solar radiation and precipitation, as well as land surface variables such as soil moisture and evaporative fraction. A better representation of these variables in the forecasting and data assimilation systems can support the accuracy of temperature forecasts.
Sophia Walther, Simon Besnard, Jacob Allen Nelson, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, Mirco Migliavacca, Ulrich Weber, Nuno Carvalhais, Sofia Lorena Ermida, Christian Brümmer, Frederik Schrader, Anatoly Stanislavovich Prokushkin, Alexey Vasilevich Panov, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 19, 2805–2840, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2805-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2805-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations help interpret station measurements of local carbon, water, and energy exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere and are indispensable for simulations of the same in land surface models and their evaluation. We propose generalisable and efficient approaches to systematically ensure high quality and to estimate values in data gaps. We apply them to satellite data of surface reflectance and temperature with different resolutions at the stations.
Yubo Liu, Monica Garcia, Chi Zhang, and Qiuhong Tang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1925–1936, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1925-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1925-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our findings indicate that the reduction in contribution to the Iberian Peninsula (IP) summer precipitation is mainly concentrated in the IP and its neighboring grids. Compared with 1980–1997, both local recycling and external moisture were reduced during 1998–2019. The reduction in local recycling in the IP closely links to the disappearance of the wet years and the decreasing contribution in the dry years.
Hamidreza Omidvar, Ting Sun, Sue Grimmond, Dave Bilesbach, Andrew Black, Jiquan Chen, Zexia Duan, Zhiqiu Gao, Hiroki Iwata, and Joseph P. McFadden
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3041–3078, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3041-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3041-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper extends the applicability of the SUEWS to extensive pervious areas outside cities. We derived various parameters such as leaf area index, albedo, roughness parameters and surface conductance for non-urban areas. The relation between LAI and albedo is also explored. The methods and parameters discussed can be used for both online and offline simulations. Using appropriate parameters related to non-urban areas is essential for assessing urban–rural differences.
Sung-Ching Lee, Sara H. Knox, Ian McKendry, and T. Andrew Black
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 2333–2349, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2333-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-2333-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfire smoke alters land–atmosphere exchange. Here, measurements in a forest and a wetland during four smoke episodes over four summers showed that impacts on radiation and heat budget were the greatest when smoke arrived in late summer. Both sites sequestered more CO2 under smoky days, partly due to diffuse light, but emitted CO2 when smoke was dense. This kind of field study is important for validating predictions of smoke–productivity feedbacks and has climate change implications.
J. Pacheco-Labrador, U. Weber, X. Ma, M. D. Mahecha, N. Carvalhais, C. Wirth, A. Huth, F. J. Bohn, G. Kraemer, U. Heiden, FunDivEUROPE members, and M. Migliavacca
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVI-1-W1-2021, 49–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-1-W1-2021-49-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-1-W1-2021-49-2022, 2022
Simon Besnard, Sujan Koirala, Maurizio Santoro, Ulrich Weber, Jacob Nelson, Jonas Gütter, Bruno Herault, Justin Kassi, Anny N'Guessan, Christopher Neigh, Benjamin Poulter, Tao Zhang, and Nuno Carvalhais
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4881–4896, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4881-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4881-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Forest age can determine the capacity of a forest to uptake carbon from the atmosphere. Yet, a lack of global diagnostics that reflect the forest stage and associated disturbance regimes hampers the quantification of age-related differences in forest carbon dynamics. In this paper, we introduced a new global distribution of forest age inferred from forest inventory, remote sensing and climate data in support of a better understanding of the global dynamics in the forest water and carbon cycles.
Leah Birch, Christopher R. Schwalm, Sue Natali, Danica Lombardozzi, Gretchen Keppel-Aleks, Jennifer Watts, Xin Lin, Donatella Zona, Walter Oechel, Torsten Sachs, Thomas Andrew Black, and Brendan M. Rogers
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3361–3382, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3361-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3361-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The high-latitude landscape or Arctic–boreal zone has been warming rapidly, impacting the carbon balance both regionally and globally. Given the possible global effects of climate change, it is important to have accurate climate model simulations. We assess the simulation of the Arctic–boreal carbon cycle in the Community Land Model (CLM 5.0). We find biases in both the timing and magnitude photosynthesis. We then use observational data to improve the simulation of the carbon cycle.
Anna B. Harper, Karina E. Williams, Patrick C. McGuire, Maria Carolina Duran Rojas, Debbie Hemming, Anne Verhoef, Chris Huntingford, Lucy Rowland, Toby Marthews, Cleiton Breder Eller, Camilla Mathison, Rodolfo L. B. Nobrega, Nicola Gedney, Pier Luigi Vidale, Fred Otu-Larbi, Divya Pandey, Sebastien Garrigues, Azin Wright, Darren Slevin, Martin G. De Kauwe, Eleanor Blyth, Jonas Ardö, Andrew Black, Damien Bonal, Nina Buchmann, Benoit Burban, Kathrin Fuchs, Agnès de Grandcourt, Ivan Mammarella, Lutz Merbold, Leonardo Montagnani, Yann Nouvellon, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, and Georg Wohlfahrt
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 3269–3294, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3269-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3269-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated 10 representations of soil moisture stress in the JULES land surface model against site observations of GPP and latent heat flux. Increasing the soil depth and plant access to deep soil moisture improved many aspects of the simulations, and we recommend these settings in future work using JULES. In addition, using soil matric potential presents the opportunity to include parameters specific to plant functional type to further improve modeled fluxes.
Chris M. DeBeer, Howard S. Wheater, John W. Pomeroy, Alan G. Barr, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Jill F. Johnstone, Merritt R. Turetsky, Ronald E. Stewart, Masaki Hayashi, Garth van der Kamp, Shawn Marshall, Elizabeth Campbell, Philip Marsh, Sean K. Carey, William L. Quinton, Yanping Li, Saman Razavi, Aaron Berg, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, Christopher Spence, Warren D. Helgason, Andrew M. Ireson, T. Andrew Black, Mohamed Elshamy, Fuad Yassin, Bruce Davison, Allan Howard, Julie M. Thériault, Kevin Shook, Michael N. Demuth, and Alain Pietroniro
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1849–1882, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1849-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1849-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article examines future changes in land cover and hydrological cycling across the interior of western Canada under climate conditions projected for the 21st century. Key insights into the mechanisms and interactions of Earth system and hydrological process responses are presented, and this understanding is used together with model application to provide a synthesis of future change. This has allowed more scientifically informed projections than have hitherto been available.
Virginie Moreaux, Simon Martel, Alexandre Bosc, Delphine Picart, David Achat, Christophe Moisy, Raphael Aussenac, Christophe Chipeaux, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, Soisick Figuères, Pierre Trichet, Rémi Vezy, Vincent Badeau, Bernard Longdoz, André Granier, Olivier Roupsard, Manuel Nicolas, Kim Pilegaard, Giorgio Matteucci, Claudy Jolivet, Andrew T. Black, Olivier Picard, and Denis Loustau
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5973–6009, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5973-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5973-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The model GO+ describes the functioning of managed forests based upon biophysical and biogeochemical processes. It accounts for the impacts of forest operations on energy, water and carbon exchanges within the soil–vegetation–atmosphere continuum. It includes versatile descriptions of management operations. Its sensitivity and uncertainty are detailed and predictions are compared with observations about mass and energy exchanges, hydrological data, and tree growth variables from different sites.
Yuan Zhang, Ana Bastos, Fabienne Maignan, Daniel Goll, Olivier Boucher, Laurent Li, Alessandro Cescatti, Nicolas Vuichard, Xiuzhi Chen, Christof Ammann, M. Altaf Arain, T. Andrew Black, Bogdan Chojnicki, Tomomichi Kato, Ivan Mammarella, Leonardo Montagnani, Olivier Roupsard, Maria J. Sanz, Lukas Siebicke, Marek Urbaniak, Francesco Primo Vaccari, Georg Wohlfahrt, Will Woodgate, and Philippe Ciais
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5401–5423, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5401-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5401-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We improved the ORCHIDEE LSM by distinguishing diffuse and direct light in canopy and evaluated the new model with observations from 159 sites. Compared with the old model, the new model has better sunny GPP and reproduced the diffuse light fertilization effect observed at flux sites. Our simulations also indicate different mechanisms causing the observed GPP enhancement under cloudy conditions at different times. The new model has the potential to study large-scale impacts of aerosol changes.
Naixin Fan, Sujan Koirala, Markus Reichstein, Martin Thurner, Valerio Avitabile, Maurizio Santoro, Bernhard Ahrens, Ulrich Weber, and Nuno Carvalhais
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2517–2536, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2517-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2517-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The turnover time of terrestrial carbon (τ) controls the global carbon cycle–climate feedback. In this study, we provide a new, updated ensemble of diagnostic terrestrial carbon turnover times and associated uncertainties on a global scale. Despite the large variation in both magnitude and spatial patterns of τ, we identified robust features in the spatial patterns of τ which could contribute to uncertainty reductions in future projections of the carbon cycle–climate feedback.
Benjamin M. C. Fischer, Laura Morillas, Johanna Rojas Conejo, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Andrea Suárez Serrano, Jay Frentress, Chih-Hsin Cheng, Monica Garcia, Stefano Manzoni, Mark S. Johnson, and Steve W. Lyon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-404, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-404, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated in an upland rice experiment in Costa Rica whether mixing biochar (a charcoal) in soils could increase the resilience of rainfed agriculture to climate variability. We found that rice plants with biochar had access to larger stores of water more consistently and thus could withstand seven extra dry days relative to rice grown in non-treated soils. However, biochar can complement, but not necessarily replace, other water management strategies.
Sheng Wang, Monica Garcia, Andreas Ibrom, and Peter Bauer-Gottwein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3643–3661, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3643-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3643-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Remote sensing only provides snapshots of rapidly changing land surface variables; this limits its application for water resources and ecosystem management. To obtain continuous estimates of surface temperature, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and ecosystem productivity, a simple and operational modelling scheme is presented. We demonstrate it with temporally sparse optical and thermal remote sensing data from an unmanned aerial system at a Danish bioenergy plantation eddy covariance site.
Martin Jung, Christopher Schwalm, Mirco Migliavacca, Sophia Walther, Gustau Camps-Valls, Sujan Koirala, Peter Anthoni, Simon Besnard, Paul Bodesheim, Nuno Carvalhais, Frédéric Chevallier, Fabian Gans, Daniel S. Goll, Vanessa Haverd, Philipp Köhler, Kazuhito Ichii, Atul K. Jain, Junzhi Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Jacob A. Nelson, Michael O'Sullivan, Martijn Pallandt, Dario Papale, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Christian Rödenbeck, Stephen Sitch, Gianluca Tramontana, Anthony Walker, Ulrich Weber, and Markus Reichstein
Biogeosciences, 17, 1343–1365, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1343-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1343-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We test the approach of producing global gridded carbon fluxes based on combining machine learning with local measurements, remote sensing and climate data. We show that we can reproduce seasonal variations in carbon assimilated by plants via photosynthesis and in ecosystem net carbon balance. The ecosystem’s mean carbon balance and carbon flux trends require cautious interpretation. The analysis paves the way for future improvements of the data-driven assessment of carbon fluxes.
Jarmo Mäkelä, Jürgen Knauer, Mika Aurela, Andrew Black, Martin Heimann, Hideki Kobayashi, Annalea Lohila, Ivan Mammarella, Hank Margolis, Tiina Markkanen, Jouni Susiluoto, Tea Thum, Toni Viskari, Sönke Zaehle, and Tuula Aalto
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4075–4098, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4075-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4075-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the differences of six stomatal conductance formulations, embedded into a land–vegetation model JSBACH, on 10 boreal coniferous evergreen forest sites. We calibrate the model parameters using all six functions in a multi-year experiment, as well as for a separate drought event at one of the sites, using the adaptive population importance sampler. The analysis reveals weaknesses in the stomatal conductance formulation-dependent model behaviour that we are able to partially amend.
Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Cesar Azorin-Molina, Marina Peña-Gallardo, Miquel Tomas-Burguera, Fernando Domínguez-Castro, Natalia Martín-Hernández, Santiago Beguería, Ahmed El Kenawy, Iván Noguera, and Mónica García
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1189–1213, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1189-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1189-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Drought is a major driver of vegetation activity in Spain. Here we used a high-resolution remote-sensing dataset spanning the period from 1981 to 2015 to assess the sensitivity of 23 vegetation types to drought across Spain. Results demonstrate that vegetation activity is controlled largely by the interannual variability of drought. Nevertheless, there are some considerable spatio-temporal variations, which can be linked to differences in land cover and aridity conditions.
Ian G. McKendry, Andreas Christen, Sung-Ching Lee, Madison Ferrara, Kevin B. Strawbridge, Norman O'Neill, and Andrew Black
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 835–846, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-835-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-835-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Wildfire smoke in July 2015 had a significant impact on air quality, radiation, and energy budgets across British Columbia. With lighter smoke, a wetland and forested site showed enhanced photosynthetic activity (taking in carbon dioxide). However, with dense smoke the forested site became a strong source. These results suggest that smoke during the growing season potentially plays an important role in the carbon budget, and this effect will likely increase as climate changes.
Filippo Bandini, Daniel Olesen, Jakob Jakobsen, Cecile Marie Margaretha Kittel, Sheng Wang, Monica Garcia, and Peter Bauer-Gottwein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4165–4181, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4165-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4165-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Water depth observations are essential data to forecast flood hazard, predict sediment transport, or monitor in-stream habitats. We retrieved bathymetry with a sonar wired to a drone. This system can improve the speed and spatial scale at which water depth observations are retrieved. Observations can be retrieved also in unnavigable or inaccessible rivers. Water depth observations showed an accuracy of ca. 2.1 % of actual depth, without being affected by water turbidity or bed material.
Sung-Ching Lee, Andreas Christen, Andrew T. Black, Mark S. Johnson, Rachhpal S. Jassal, Rick Ketler, Zoran Nesic, and Markus Merkens
Biogeosciences, 14, 2799–2814, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2799-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2799-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Burns Bog in Vancouver is the largest peatland on North America's west coast. It is undergoing rewetting as a restoration management after peat harvesting. Rewetting of disturbed areas facilitates their ecological recovery but has an immediate impact on carbon dioxide and methane exchange. On the floating flux tower, we quantified annual carbon dioxide and methane exchange to inform future management. Our results suggested that the study area was a net carbon sink after 7-year rewetting.
Yiying Chen, James Ryder, Vladislav Bastrikov, Matthew J. McGrath, Kim Naudts, Juliane Otto, Catherine Ottlé, Philippe Peylin, Jan Polcher, Aude Valade, Andrew Black, Jan A. Elbers, Eddy Moors, Thomas Foken, Eva van Gorsel, Vanessa Haverd, Bernard Heinesch, Frank Tiedemann, Alexander Knohl, Samuli Launiainen, Denis Loustau, Jérôme Ogée, Timo Vessala, and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2951–2972, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2951-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2951-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we compiled a set of within-canopy and above-canopy measurements of energy and water fluxes, and used these data to parametrize and validate the new multi-layer energy budget scheme for a range of forest types. An adequate parametrization approach has been presented for the global-scale land surface model (ORCHIDEE-CAN). Furthermore, model performance of the new multi-layer parametrization was compared against the existing single-layer scheme.
Michael J. Lathuillière, Michael T. Coe, and Mark S. Johnson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2179–2194, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2179-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2179-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We apply the green- and blue-water perspective to Amazonia's water resources to highlight trade-offs that may arise with future land use change. We question how future irrigation may supply additional water vapour to the atmosphere with growing agricultural production. Maintaining precipitation recycling could prevent degradation of rainfall-dependent terrestrial ecosystems and has the potential to minimize blue-water trade-offs between up- and downstream water users within the Amazon Basin.
A. C. Spessa, R. D. Field, F. Pappenberger, A. Langner, S. Englhart, U. Weber, T. Stockdale, F. Siegert, J. W. Kaiser, and J. Moore
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 429–442, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-429-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-429-2015, 2015
J. Schwerdtfeger, M. S. Johnson, E. G. Couto, R. S. S. Amorim, L. Sanches, J. H. Campelo Jr., and M. Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4407–4422, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4407-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4407-2014, 2014
S. Vicca, M. Bahn, M. Estiarte, E. E. van Loon, R. Vargas, G. Alberti, P. Ambus, M. A. Arain, C. Beier, L. P. Bentley, W. Borken, N. Buchmann, S. L. Collins, G. de Dato, J. S. Dukes, C. Escolar, P. Fay, G. Guidolotti, P. J. Hanson, A. Kahmen, G. Kröel-Dulay, T. Ladreiter-Knauss, K. S. Larsen, E. Lellei-Kovacs, E. Lebrija-Trejos, F. T. Maestre, S. Marhan, M. Marshall, P. Meir, Y. Miao, J. Muhr, P. A. Niklaus, R. Ogaya, J. Peñuelas, C. Poll, L. E. Rustad, K. Savage, A. Schindlbacher, I. K. Schmidt, A. R. Smith, E. D. Sotta, V. Suseela, A. Tietema, N. van Gestel, O. van Straaten, S. Wan, U. Weber, and I. A. Janssens
Biogeosciences, 11, 2991–3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2991-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2991-2014, 2014
W. Knorr, T. Kaminski, A. Arneth, and U. Weber
Biogeosciences, 11, 1085–1102, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1085-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1085-2014, 2014
X. Dou, B. Chen, T. A. Black, R. S. Jassal, M. Che, and Y. Liu
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-2001-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-2001-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
A. Mathys, T. A. Black, Z. Nesic, G. Nishio, M. Brown, D. L. Spittlehouse, A. L. Fredeen, R. Bowler, R. S. Jassal, N. J. Grant, P. J. Burton, J. A. Trofymow, and G. Meyer
Biogeosciences, 10, 5451–5463, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5451-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5451-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Hydrometeorology | Techniques and Approaches: Theory development
Variation and attribution of probable maximum precipitation of China using high-resolution dataset in a changing climate
Drought cascades across multiple systems in Central Asia identified based on the dynamic space–time motion approach
What is the Priestley–Taylor wet-surface evaporation parameter? Testing four hypotheses
Understanding the diurnal cycle of land–atmosphere interactions from flux site observations
Breakdown in precipitation–temperature scaling over India predominantly explained by cloud-driven cooling
Historical droughts manifest an abrupt shift to a wetter Tibetan Plateau
Citizen rain gauges improve hourly radar rainfall bias correction using a two-step Kalman filter
Dynamical forcings in heavy precipitation events over Italy: lessons from the HyMeX SOP1 campaign
Water vapor isotopes indicating rapid shift among multiple moisture sources for the 2018–2019 winter extreme precipitation events in southeastern China
Spatiotemporal and cross-scale interactions in hydroclimate variability: a case-study in France
A climatological benchmark for operational radar rainfall bias reduction
The precipitation variability of the wet and dry season at the interannual and interdecadal scales over eastern China (1901–2016): the impacts of the Pacific Ocean
Flash drought onset over the contiguous United States: sensitivity of inventories and trends to quantitative definitions
A skewed perspective of the Indian rainfall–El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) relationship
Imprints of evaporative conditions and vegetation type in diurnal temperature variations
A universal Standardized Precipitation Index candidate distribution function for observations and simulations
A review of the complementary principle of evaporation: from the original linear relationship to generalized nonlinear functions
Model representation of the coupling between evapotranspiration and soil water content at different depths
Combined impacts of ENSO and MJO on the 2015 growing season drought on the Canadian Prairies
Exploring the relationships between warm-season precipitation, potential evaporation, and “apparent” potential evaporation at site scale
Future extreme precipitation intensities based on a historic event
Interannual-to-multidecadal hydroclimate variability and its sectoral impacts in northeastern Argentina
Impact of ENSO regimes on developing- and decaying-phase precipitation during rainy season in China
Variations in the correlation between teleconnections and Taiwan's streamflow
A gain–loss framework based on ensemble flow forecasts to switch the urban drainage–wastewater system management towards energy optimization during dry periods
The residence time of water in the atmosphere revisited
A systematic assessment of drought termination in the United Kingdom
From meteorological to hydrological drought using standardised indicators
Impact of two different types of El Niño events on runoff over the conterminous United States
Flood sensitivity of the Bavarian Alpine Foreland since the late Middle Ages in the context of internal and external climate forcing factors
Novel indices for the comparison of precipitation extremes and floods: an example from the Czech territory
Multi-annual droughts in the English Lowlands: a review of their characteristics and climate drivers in the winter half-year
Fractional snow-covered area parameterization over complex topography
Comment on "Technical Note: On the Matt–Shuttleworth approach to estimate crop water requirements" by Lhomme et al. (2014)
A review of droughts on the African continent: a geospatial and long-term perspective
Synchronicity of historical dry spells in the Southern Hemisphere
Continental moisture recycling as a Poisson process
Linking ENSO and heavy rainfall events over coastal British Columbia through a weather pattern classification
Impact of elevation and weather patterns on the isotopic composition of precipitation in a tropical montane rainforest
A new perspective on the spatio-temporal variability of soil moisture: temporal dynamics versus time-invariant contributions
Understanding hydroclimate processes in the Murray-Darling Basin for natural resources management
An analytical model for soil-atmosphere feedback
Spatial horizontal correlation characteristics in the land data assimilation of soil moisture
On the factors influencing surface-layer energy closure and their seasonal variability over the semi-arid Loess Plateau of Northwest China
Spatial moments of catchment rainfall: rainfall spatial organisation, basin morphology, and flood response
Scaling and trends of hourly precipitation extremes in two different climate zones – Hong Kong and the Netherlands
The response of Iberian rivers to the North Atlantic Oscillation
Copula-based downscaling of spatial rainfall: a proof of concept
Towards understanding hydroclimatic change in Victoria, Australia – preliminary insights into the "Big Dry"
Extracting statistical parameters of extreme precipitation from a NWP model
Jinghua Xiong, Shenglian Guo, Abhishek, Jiabo Yin, Chongyu Xu, Jun Wang, and Jing Guo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-265, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-265, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of climate systems challenge the accurate estimation of probable maximum precipitation (PMP) in China. We use high-resolution precipitation data and climate models to explore the variability, trends, and shifts of PMP under climate change. Validated with multi-source estimations, our observations and simulations show significant spatiotemporal divergence of PMP over country, which is projected to amplify in future due to land-atmosphere coupling.
Lu Tian, Markus Disse, and Jingshui Huang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4115–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4115-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4115-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Anthropogenic global warming accelerates the drought evolution in the water cycle, increasing the unpredictability of drought. The evolution of drought is stealthy and challenging to track. This study proposes a new framework to capture the high-precision spatiotemporal progression of drought events in their evolutionary processes and characterize their feature further. It is crucial for addressing the systemic risks within the hydrological cycle associated with drought mitigation.
Richard D. Crago, Jozsef Szilagyi, and Russell J. Qualls
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3205–3220, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3205-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3205-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Priestley–Taylor equation is widely used in hydrologic, climate, and meteorological models to estimate evaporation. α represents the impact of dry air that is carried into the region; this occurs even in extensive saturated regions. Four hypotheses regarding the nature of α are evaluated. Data from 171 FLUXNET stations were used to test the hypotheses. The best-supported hypothesis sees α as a constant fraction of the distance between theoretical minimum and maximum values.
Eunkyo Seo and Paul A. Dirmeyer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5411–5429, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5411-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5411-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the climatology of the observed land–atmosphere interactions on a subdaily timescale during the warm season from flux site observations. Multivariate metrics are employed to examine the land, atmosphere, and combined couplings, and a mixing diagram is adopted to understand the coevolution of the moist and thermal energy budget within the atmospheric mixed layer. The diurnal cycles of both mixing diagrams and hourly land–atmosphere couplings exhibit hysteresis.
Sarosh Alam Ghausi, Subimal Ghosh, and Axel Kleidon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4431–4446, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The observed response of extreme precipitation to global warming remains unclear with significant regional variations. We show that a large part of this uncertainty can be removed when the imprint of clouds in surface temperatures is removed. We used a thermodynamic systems approach to remove the cloud radiative effect from temperatures. We then found that precipitation extremes intensified with global warming at positive rates which is consistent with physical arguments and model simulations.
Yongwei Liu, Yuanbo Liu, Wen Wang, Han Zhou, and Lide Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3825–3845, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3825-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3825-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the wetting and drying of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) from variations in soil moisture (SM) droughts. We found the TP experienced an abrupt and significant wetting shift in the middle to late 1990s, not merely the steady trends given in literature. This shift is dominated by precipitation and attributed to the North Atlantic Oscillation. The wetting shift indicates a climate regime change. Our innovative work provides implications for further knowledge of the TP climate.
Punpim Puttaraksa Mapiam, Monton Methaprayun, Thom Bogaard, Gerrit Schoups, and Marie-Claire Ten Veldhuis
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 775–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-775-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-775-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The density of rain gauge networks plays an important role in radar rainfall bias correction. In this work, we aimed to assess the extent to which daily rainfall observations from a dense network of citizen scientists improve the accuracy of hourly radar rainfall estimates in the Tubma Basin, Thailand. Results show that citizen rain gauges significantly enhance the performance of radar rainfall bias adjustment up to a range of about 40 km from the center of the citizen rain gauge network.
Mario Marcello Miglietta and Silvio Davolio
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 627–646, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-627-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-627-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The main results emerging from the HyMeX SOP1 campaign and in the subsequent research activity in three Italian target areas are highlighted through conceptual models and through the identification of the relevant mesoscale environmental characteristics conducive to heavy rain events.
Tao Xu, Hongxi Pang, Zhaojun Zhan, Wangbin Zhang, Huiwen Guo, Shuangye Wu, and Shugui Hou
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 117–127, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-117-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-117-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we presented stable isotopes in atmospheric water vapor and precipitation for five extreme winter precipitation events in Nanjing, southeastern China, from December 2018 to February 2019. Our results imply that multiple moisture sources and the rapid shift among them are important conditions for sustaining extreme precipitation events, especially in the relatively cold and dry winter.
Manuel Fossa, Bastien Dieppois, Nicolas Massei, Matthieu Fournier, Benoit Laignel, and Jean-Philippe Vidal
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5683–5702, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5683-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5683-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Hydro-climate observations (such as precipitation, temperature, and river discharge time series) reveal very complex behavior inherited from complex interactions among the physical processes that drive hydro-climate viability. This study shows how even small perturbations of a physical process can have large consequences on some others. Those interactions vary spatially, thus showing the importance of both temporal and spatial dimensions in better understanding hydro-climate variability.
Ruben Imhoff, Claudia Brauer, Klaas-Jan van Heeringen, Hidde Leijnse, Aart Overeem, Albrecht Weerts, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4061–4080, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4061-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4061-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Significant biases in real-time radar rainfall products limit the use for hydrometeorological forecasting. We introduce CARROTS (Climatology-based Adjustments for Radar Rainfall in an OperaTional Setting), a set of fixed bias reduction factors to correct radar rainfall products and to benchmark other correction algorithms. When tested for 12 Dutch basins, estimated rainfall and simulated discharges with CARROTS generally outperform those using the operational mean field bias adjustments.
Tao Gao, Fuqiang Cao, Li Dan, Ming Li, Xiang Gong, and Junjie Zhan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1467–1481, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The rainfall in eastern China is principally concentrated from April–September. Changes are roughly coincident with phase shifts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in both the dry (October–March) and wet (April–September) seasons, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) triggers a stronger effect on precipitation in the wet season. The interannual and interdecadal rainfall variability over eastern China is substantially modulated by drivers originating from the Pacific Ocean.
Mahmoud Osman, Benjamin F. Zaitchik, Hamada S. Badr, Jordan I. Christian, Tsegaye Tadesse, Jason A. Otkin, and Martha C. Anderson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 565–581, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-565-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-565-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Our study of flash droughts' definitions over the United States shows that published definitions yield markedly different inventories of flash drought geography and frequency. Results suggest there are several pathways that can lead to events that are characterized as flash droughts. Lack of consensus across definitions helps to explain apparent contradictions in the literature on trends and indicates the selection of a definition is important for accurate monitoring of different mechanisms.
Justin Schulte, Frederick Policielli, and Benjamin Zaitchik
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5473–5489, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5473-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5473-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Wavelet coherence is now a commonly used method for detecting scale-dependent relationships between time series. In this study, the concept of wavelet coherence is generalized to higher-order wavelet coherence methods that quantify the relationship between higher-order statistical moments associated with two time series. The methods are applied to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian monsoon to show that the ENSO–Indian monsoon relationship is impacted by ENSO nonlinearity.
Annu Panwar, Maik Renner, and Axel Kleidon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4923–4942, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4923-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4923-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here we examine the effect of evaporative cooling across different vegetation types. Evaporation cools surface temperature significantly in short vegetation. In the forest, the high aerodynamic conductance explains 56 % of the reduced surface temperature. Therefore, the main cooling agent in the forest is the high aerodynamic conductance and not evaporation. Additionally, we propose the diurnal variation in surface temperature as being a potential indicator of evaporation in short vegetation.
Patrick Pieper, André Düsterhus, and Johanna Baehr
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4541–4565, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4541-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4541-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a widely accepted drought index. SPI normalizes the precipitation distribution via a probability density function (PDF). However, which PDF properly normalizes SPI is still disputed. We suggest using a previously mostly overlooked PDF, namely the exponentiated Weibull distribution. The proposed PDF ensures the normality of the index. We demonstrate this – for the first time – for all common accumulation periods in both observations and simulations.
Songjun Han and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2269–2285, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The complementary principle is an important methodology for estimating actual evaporation by using routinely observed meteorological variables. This review summaries its 56-year development, focusing on how related studies have shifted from adopting a symmetric linear complementary relationship to employing generalized nonlinear functions. We also compare the polynomial and sigmoid types of generalized complementary functions and discuss their future development.
Jianxiu Qiu, Wade T. Crow, Jianzhi Dong, and Grey S. Nearing
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 581–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-581-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-581-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Accurately estimating coupling of evapotranspiration (ET) and soil water content (θ) at different depths is key to investigating land–atmosphere interaction. Here we examine whether the model can accurately represent surface θ (θs) versus ET coupling and vertically integrated θ (θv) versus ET coupling. We find that all models agree with observations that θs contains slightly more information with fPET than θv. In addition, an ET scheme is crucial for accurately estimating coupling of θ and ET.
Zhenhua Li, Yanping Li, Barrie Bonsal, Alan H. Manson, and Lucia Scaff
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5057–5067, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5057-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5057-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The research started by investigating the 2015 growing season drought over the Canadian Prairies and evolved into investigating the connection between growing season rain deficit in the Prairies and MJO (20–90 days tropical oscillation in convective storms). With warm central Pacific sea surface temperature, strong MJOs in the western Pacific cause Rossby wave trains that propagate downstream and favour upper-level ridges and rain deficits over the Canadian Prairies during the growing season.
Xi Chen and Steven G. Buchberger
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4535–4545, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4535-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4535-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Based on warm season data from 259 weather stations across the US, we analyze the correlation between precipitation, potential evaporation, and “apparent” potential evaporation (measured by pan evaporation). Over 93 % of the stations show negative correlation between precipitation and
apparentpotential evaporation, but no clear relationship is shown between precipitation and potential evaporation. The collected data points follow the trend of the newly derived Bouchet–Budyko curve.
Iris Manola, Bart van den Hurk, Hans De Moel, and Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3777–3788, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3777-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3777-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In a warmer climate, it is expected that precipitation intensities will increase and form a considerable risk of high-impact precipitation extremes. We investigate how observed extreme precipitation events would look like if they took place in a future warmer climate. This study applies three methods to transform a historic extreme precipitation event in the Netherlands to a similar event in a future warmer climate, thus compiling a
future weatherscenario.
Miguel A. Lovino, Omar V. Müller, Gabriela V. Müller, Leandro C. Sgroi, and Walter E. Baethgen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3155–3174, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3155-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3155-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines hydroclimate variability in northeastern Argentina; advances the understanding of its links with global SST forcing; and discusses its impacts on water resources, agriculture and human settlements. Interannual-to-multidecadal variability led to frequent extreme events. Severe floods affected agriculture, livestock productivity, and forced population displacements. Droughts affected water resources, causing water and food scarcity. Increased temperatures reduced crop yields.
Qing Cao, Zhenchun Hao, Feifei Yuan, Zhenkuan Su, Ronny Berndtsson, Jie Hao, and Tsring Nyima
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5415–5426, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5415-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5415-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzed the rainy-season precipitation in China influenced by various ENSO types. The precipitation anomalies were investigated under different ENSO types, which may be attributed to the combined influence of anti-cyclone in the western North Pacific and the Indian monsoon. The results improve the understanding of linkages between the precipitation and global teleconnection patterns. The results suggest a certain predictability of flood and drought related to different ENSO types.
Chia-Jeng Chen and Tsung-Yu Lee
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3463–3481, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3463-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3463-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Regional hydro-climatic variables are modulated by large-scale, reoccurring climate oscillations. In this article, the authors provide both statistical and physical evidence of how Taiwan’s summertime streamflow is strongly correlated with specific teleconnection patterns dominating cyclonic activity in the western North Pacific. However, such correlation can be strengthened or weakened by notable climate regime shifts, illustrating the pitfall of empirical seasonal forecasting.
Vianney Courdent, Morten Grum, Thomas Munk-Nielsen, and Peter S. Mikkelsen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2531–2544, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2531-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2531-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Urban drainage and wastewater systems are heavily impacted by precipitation. Hence, weather forecasts are valuable in improving their management. However, forecasts are intrinsically uncertain, especially when fine model resolution is required, which is the case for urban hydrology. Handling uncertainty is challenging for decision makers. This study presents an economic framework to support the decision-making process by providing information on when acting on the forecast is beneficial.
Ruud J. van der Ent and Obbe A. Tuinenburg
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 779–790, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-779-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-779-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This research seeks out to answer a fundamental question about the functioning of the water cycle in the atmosphere: how much time does a water particle spend in the atmosphere? Based on state-of-the-art data, we derive a global average residence time of water in the atmosphere of 8–10 days. We further show in this paper how the residence time of water varies in time and space. This serves to illustrate why it is so difficult to make weather predictions on timescales longer than a week.
Simon Parry, Robert L. Wilby, Christel Prudhomme, and Paul J. Wood
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4265–4281, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4265-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4265-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper identifies periods of recovery from drought in 52 river flow records from the UK between 1883 and 2013. The approach detects 459 events that vary in space and time. This large dataset allows individual events to be compared with others in the historical record. The ability to objectively appraise contemporary events against the historical record has not previously been possible, and may allow water managers to prepare for a range of outcomes at the end of a drought.
Lucy J. Barker, Jamie Hannaford, Andrew Chiverton, and Cecilia Svensson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2483–2505, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2483-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2483-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Standardised meteorological indicators are widely used in drought monitoring, but applications to hydrological drought are less extensive. Here we assess the utility of standardised indicators for characterising drought duration, severity and propagation in a diverse set of 121 UK catchments. Spatial variations in streamflow drought characteristics reflect differences in drought propagation behaviour that are themselves largely driven by heterogeneity in catchment properties around the UK.
T. Tang, W. Li, and G. Sun
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 27–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-27-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-27-2016, 2016
O. Böhm, J. Jacobeit, R. Glaser, and K.-F. Wetzel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4721–4734, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4721-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4721-2015, 2015
M. Müller, M. Kašpar, A. Valeriánová, L. Crhová, E. Holtanová, and B. Gvoždíková
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4641–4652, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4641-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4641-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Three proposed indices combine return periods of precipitation totals or discharges with the size of the affected area. Precipitation indices also determine actual duration of either extreme or seasonally abnormal precipitation events. A unified design of the indices enables one to easily compare inter-annual and seasonal distributions of events, which is demonstrated by 50 maximum events in the Czech Republic during the period 1961-2010, including the June 2013 floods.
C. K. Folland, J. Hannaford, J. P. Bloomfield, M. Kendon, C. Svensson, B. P. Marchant, J. Prior, and E. Wallace
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2353–2375, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2353-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2353-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The English Lowlands is a heavily populated, water-stressed region, which is vulnerable to long droughts typically associated with dry winters. We conduct a long-term (1910-present) quantitative analysis of precipitation, flow and groundwater droughts for the region, and then review potential climatic drivers. No single driver is dominant, but we demonstrate a physical link between La Nina conditions, winter rainfall and long droughts in the region.
N. Helbig, A. van Herwijnen, J. Magnusson, and T. Jonas
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1339–1351, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1339-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1339-2015, 2015
W. J. Shuttleworth
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4403–4406, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4403-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4403-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explains the Matt-Shuttleworth approach clearly, simply and concisely. It shows how this approach can be implemented using a few simple equations and provides access to ancillary calculation resources that can be used for such implementation. If the crop water requirement community considered it preferable to use the Penman-Monteith equation to estimate crop water requirements directly for all crops, this could now be done using the Matt-Shuttleworth approach.
I. Masih, S. Maskey, F. E. F. Mussá, and P. Trambauer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3635–3649, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3635-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3635-2014, 2014
D. C. Verdon-Kidd and A. S. Kiem
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2257–2264, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2257-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2257-2014, 2014
H. F. Goessling and C. H. Reick
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4133–4142, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4133-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4133-2013, 2013
P. Brigode, Z. Mićović, P. Bernardara, E. Paquet, F. Garavaglia, J. Gailhard, and P. Ribstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1455–1473, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1455-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1455-2013, 2013
D. Windhorst, T. Waltz, E. Timbe, H.-G. Frede, and L. Breuer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 409–419, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-409-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-409-2013, 2013
H. Mittelbach and S. I. Seneviratne
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2169–2179, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2169-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2169-2012, 2012
A. J. E. Gallant, A. S. Kiem, D. C. Verdon-Kidd, R. C. Stone, and D. J. Karoly
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2049–2068, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2049-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2049-2012, 2012
B. Schaefli, R. J. van der Ent, R. Woods, and H. H. G. Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1863–1878, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1863-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1863-2012, 2012
X. Han, X. Li, H. J. Hendricks Franssen, H. Vereecken, and C. Montzka
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1349–1363, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1349-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1349-2012, 2012
X. Xiao, H. C. Zuo, Q. D. Yang, S. J. Wang, L. J. Wang, J. W. Chen, B. L. Chen, and B. D. Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 893–910, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-893-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-893-2012, 2012
D. Zoccatelli, M. Borga, A. Viglione, G. B. Chirico, and G. Blöschl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3767–3783, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3767-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3767-2011, 2011
G. Lenderink, H. Y. Mok, T. C. Lee, and G. J. van Oldenborgh
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3033–3041, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3033-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3033-2011, 2011
J. Lorenzo-Lacruz, S. M. Vicente-Serrano, J. I. López-Moreno, J. C. González-Hidalgo, and E. Morán-Tejeda
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2581–2597, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2581-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2581-2011, 2011
M. J. van den Berg, S. Vandenberghe, B. De Baets, and N. E. C. Verhoest
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1445–1457, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1445-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1445-2011, 2011
A. S. Kiem and D. C. Verdon-Kidd
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 433–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-433-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-433-2010, 2010
J. Eliasson, O. Rögnvaldsson, and T. Jonsson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 2233–2240, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-2233-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-2233-2009, 2009
Cited articles
Ameriflux: CR-Fsc site (Filadelfia sugar cane cropland), available at: https://ameriflux.lbl.gov/, last access: 22 September 2021.
Anderson, M. C., Zolin, C. A., Hain, C. R., Semmens, K., Tugrul Yilmaz, M.,
and Gao, F.: Comparison of satellite-derived LAI and precipitation anomalies
over Brazil with a thermal infrared-based Evaporative Stress Index for
2003–2013, J. Hydrol., 526, 287–302,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.005, 2015.
Baldocchi, D., Falge, E., Gu, L., Olson, R., Hollinger, D., Running, S.,
Anthoni, P., Bernhofer, C., Davis, K., and Evans, R.: FLUXNET: A new tool to
study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 82, 2415–2434, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2, 2001.
Baldocchi, D., Knox, S., Dronova, I., Verfaillie, J., Oikawa, P.,
Sturtevant, C., Matthes, J. H., and Detto, M.: The impact of expanding
flooded land area on the annual evaporation of rice,
Agr. Forest Meteorol., 223, 181–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.04.001, 2016.
Baldocchi, D., Ma, S., and Verfaillie, J.: On the inter- and intra-annual
variability of ecosystem evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of an
oak savanna and annual grassland subjected to booms and busts in rainfall,
Glob. Change Biol., 27, 359–375, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15414, 2021.
Bonan, G. B., Patton, E. G., Finnigan, J. J., Baldocchi, D. D., and Harman,
I. N.: Moving beyond the incorrect but useful paradigm: reevaluating
big-leaf and multilayer plant canopies to model biosphere-atmosphere fluxes
– a review, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 306, 108435,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108435, 2021.
Bouchet, R. J.: Evapotranspiration réelle et potentielle, signification
climatique, IAHS Publ, 62, 134–142, 1963.
Byrne, M. P. and O'Gorman, P. A.: Understanding Decreases in Land Relative
Humidity with Global Warming: Conceptual Model and GCM Simulations, J. Climate, 29, 9045–9061, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0351.1, 2016.
Byrne, M. P. and O'Gorman, P. A.: Trends in continental temperature and
humidity directly linked to ocean warming,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 4863–4868, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722312115, 2018.
Chen, S., McColl, K. A., Berg, A., and Huang, Y.: Surface flux equilibrium
estimates of evapotranspiration at large spatial scales, J.
Hydrometeorol., 22, 765–779, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-20-0204.1, 2021.
Cuxart, J. and Boone, A. A.: Evapotranspiration over Land from a
Bound.-Lay. Meteorol. Perspective, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 177, 427–459,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00550-9, 2020.
de Bruin, H. and Trigo, I.: A new method to estimate reference crop
evapotranspiration from geostationary satellite imagery: Practical
considerations, Water, 11, 382, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020382, 2019.
de Bruin, H. A. R., Trigo, I. F., Bosveld, F. C., and Meirink, J. F.: A
Thermodynamically Based Model for Actual Evapotranspiration of an Extensive
Grass Field Close to FAO Reference, Suitable for Remote Sensing Application,
J. Hydrometeorol., 17, 1373–1382, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0006.1, 2016.
Eichinger, W. E., Parlange, M. B., and Stricker, H.: On the concept of
equilibrium evaporation and the value of the Priestley-Taylor coefficient,
Water Resour. Res., 32, 161–164, https://doi.org/10.1029/95wr02920, 1996.
Emanuel, K.: The Relevance of Theory for Contemporary Research in
Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate, AGU Advances, 1, e2019AV000129,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019AV000129, 2020.
Fisher, J. B., Tu, K. P., and Baldocchi, D. D.: Global estimates of the
land–atmosphere water flux based on monthly AVHRR and ISLSCP-II data,
validated at 16 FLUXNET sites, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 901–919,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.06.025, 2008.
Fisher, J. B., Lee, B., Purdy, A. J., Halverson, G. H., Dohlen, M. B.,
Cawse-Nicholson, K., Wang, A., Anderson, R. G., Aragon, B., Arain, M. A.,
Baldocchi, D. D., Baker, J. M., Barral, H., Bernacchi, C. J., Bernhofer, C.,
Biraud, S. C., Bohrer, G., Brunsell, N., Cappelaere, B., Castro-Contreras,
S., Chun, J., Conrad, B. J., Cremonese, E., Demarty, J., Desai, A. R., De
Ligne, A., Foltýnová, L., Goulden, M. L., Griffis, T. J.,
Grünwald, T., Johnson, M. S., Kang, M., Kelbe, D., Kowalska, N., Lim,
J.-H., Maïnassara, I., McCabe, M. F., Missik, J. E. C., Mohanty, B. P.,
Moore, C. E., Morillas, L., Morrison, R., Munger, J. W., Posse, G.,
Richardson, A. D., Russell, E. S., Ryu, Y., Sanchez-Azofeifa, A., Schmidt,
M., Schwartz, E., Sharp, I., Šigut, L., Tang, Y., Hulley, G., Anderson,
M., Hain, C., French, A., Wood, E., and Hook, S.: ECOSTRESS: NASA's Next
Generation Mission to Measure Evapotranspiration From the International
Space Station, Water Resour. Res., 56, e2019WR026058,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr026058, 2020.
FLUXCOM: FLUXCOM energy flux data, available at:
http://www.fluxcom.org/EF-Download/, last access: 16 April 2020.
FLUXET community: FLUXNET2015 SUBSET data, available at: https://fluxnet.org/data/download-data/, last access: 19 November 2019.
García, M., Sandholt, I., Ceccato, P., Ridler, M., Mougin, E., Kergoat,
L., Morillas, L., Timouk, F., Fensholt, R., and Domingo, F.: Actual
evapotranspiration in drylands derived from in situ and satellite data:
Assessing biophysical constraints, Remote Sens. Environ., 131,
103–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.016, 2013.
Gentine, P., Entekhabi, D., Chehbouni, A., Boulet, G., and Duchemin, B.:
Analysis of evaporative fraction diurnal behaviour, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 143, 13–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.11.002, 2007.
Gentine, P., Entekhabi, D., and Polcher, J.: The Diurnal Behavior of
Evaporative Fraction in the Soil–Vegetation–Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Continuum, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 1530–1546,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jhm1261.1, 2011.
Hatala, J. A., Detto, M., and Baldocchi, D. D.: Gross ecosystem
photosynthesis causes a diurnal pattern in methane emission from rice,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051303, 2012.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., and Schepers, D.:
The ERA5 global reanalysis,
Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, 2020.
Hund, S. V., Allen, D. M., Morillas, L., and Johnson, M. S.: Groundwater
recharge indicator as tool for decision makers to increase
socio-hydrological resilience to seasonal drought, J. Hydrol.,
563, 1119–1134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.05.069, 2018.
Iribarne, J. V. and Godson, W. L.: Atmospheric Thermodynamics, in: Geophysics and Astrophysics Monographs, 2nd Edn., edited by: McCormac, B. M., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1981.
Jarvis, P. G. and McNaughton, K. G.: Stomatal control of transpiration: Scaling up from leaf to region, in: Advances in Ecological Research, edited by: MacFadyen, A. and Ford, E. D., Academic Press, Cambridge, USA, 1–49, 1986.
Johnson, M. S., Couto, E. G., Pinto Jr., O. B., Milesi, J., Santos Amorim, R.
S., Messias, I. A. M., and Biudes, M. S.: Soil CO2 Dynamics in a Tree Island
Soil of the Pantanal: The Role of Soil Water Potential, PLOS ONE, 8, e64874,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064874, 2013.
Jung, M., Koirala, S., Weber, U., Ichii, K., Gans, F., Camps-Valls, G.,
Papale, D., Schwalm, C., Tramontana, G., and Reichstein, M.: The FLUXCOM
ensemble of global land-atmosphere energy fluxes, Scientific Data, 6, 74,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0076-8, 2019.
Kim, D. and Rhee, J.: A drought index based on actual evapotranspiration
from the Bouchet hypothesis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
10277–10285, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070302, 2016.
Kleidon, A. and Schymanski, S.: Thermodynamics and optimality of the water
budget on land: A review, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20404,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl035393, 2008.
Kleidon, A., Schymanski, S., and Stieglitz, M.: Thermodynamics,
Irreversibility, and Optimality in Land Surface Hydrology, in:
Bioclimatology and Natural Hazards, edited by: Střelcová, K.,
Mátyás, C., Kleidon, A., Lapin, M., Matejka, F., Blaženec, M.,
Škvarenina, J., and Holécy, J., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 107–118, 2009.
Knauer, J., El-Madany, T. S., Zaehle, S., and Migliavacca, M.: Bigleaf – An
R package for the calculation of physical and physiological ecosystem
properties from eddy covariance data, PLOS ONE, 13, e0201114,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201114, 2018a.
Knauer, J., Zaehle, S., Medlyn, B. E., Reichstein, M., Williams, C. A.,
Migliavacca, M., Kauwe, M. G. D., Werner, C., Keitel, C., Kolari, P.,
Limousin, J. M., and Linderson, M. L.: Towards physiologically meaningful
water-use efficiency estimates from eddy covariance data, Glob. Change Biol., 24, 694–710, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13893, 2018b.
Lee, T. J. and Pielke, R. A.: Estimating the soil surface specific
humidity, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 31, 480–484, 1992.
Lee, X., Yu, Q., Sun, X., Liu, J., Min, Q., Liu, Y., and Zhang, X.:
Micrometeorological fluxes under the influence of regional and local
advection: a revisit, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 122, 111–124,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.02.001, 2004.
Lee, X., Goulden, M. L., Hollinger, D. Y., Barr, A., Black, T. A., Bohrer,
G., Bracho, R., Drake, B., Goldstein, A., Gu, L., Katul, G., Kolb, T., Law,
B. E., Margolis, H., Meyers, T., Monson, R., Munger, W., Oren, R., Paw U, K.
T., Richardson, A. D., Schmid, H. P., Staebler, R., Wofsy, S., and Zhao, L.:
Observed increase in local cooling effect of deforestation at higher
latitudes, Nature, 479, 384–387, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10588, 2011.
Leuning, R., Zhang, Y. Q., Rajaud, A., Cleugh, H., and Tu, K.: A simple
surface conductance model to estimate regional evaporation using MODIS leaf
area index and the Penman-Monteith equation, Water Resour. Res., 44, W10419,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006562, 2008.
Leuning, R., van Gorsel, E., Massman, W. J., and Isaac, P. R.: Reflections
on the surface energy imbalance problem, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 156, 65–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.12.002, 2012.
Li, D. and Wang, L.: Sensitivity of surface temperature to land use and
land cover change-Induced biophysical changes: the scale Issue, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 9678–9689, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl084861, 2019.
Lovell-Smith, J. W., Feistel, R., Harvey, A. H., Hellmuth, O., Bell, S. A.,
Heinonen, M., and Cooper, J. R.: Metrological challenges for measurements of
key climatological observables. Part 4: atmospheric relative humidity,
Metrologia, 53, R40–R59, https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/53/1/r40, 2015.
Ma, H.-Y., Klein, S. A., Xie, S., Zhang, C., Tang, S., Tang, Q., Morcrette,
C. J., Van Weverberg, K., Petch, J., Ahlgrimm, M., Berg, L. K., Cheruy, F.,
Cole, J., Forbes, R., Gustafson Jr., W. I., Huang, M., Liu, Y., Merryfield,
W., Qian, Y., Roehrig, R., and Wang, Y.-C.: CAUSES: On the Role of Surface
Energy Budget Errors to the Warm Surface Air Temperature Error Over the
Central United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123,
2888–2909, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd027194, 2018.
Mallick, K., Jarvis, A. J., Boegh, E., Fisher, J. B., Drewry, D. T., Tu, K.
P., Hook, S. J., Hulley, G., Ardö, J., Beringer, J., Arain, A., and
Niyogi, D.: A Surface Temperature Initiated Closure (STIC) for surface
energy balance fluxes, Remote Sens. Environ., 141, 243–261,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.10.022, 2014.
Marsh, A.: Psychrometric Chart, available at: https://drajmarsh.bitbucket.io/psychro-chart2d.html (last access: 22 September 2020), 2018.
Martens, B., Miralles, D. G., Lievens, H., van der Schalie, R., de Jeu, R. A. M., Fernández-Prieto, D., Beck, H. E., Dorigo, W. A., and Verhoest, N. E. C.: GLEAM v3: satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1903–1925, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1903-2017, 2017.
Massmann, A., Gentine, P., and Lin, C.: When Does Vapor Pressure Deficit
Drive or Reduce Evapotranspiration?, J. Adv. Model. Earth
Syst., 11, 3305–3320, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001790, 2019.
Mauder, M., Foken, T., and Cuxart, J.: Surface-Energy-Balance Closure over
Land: A Review, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 177, 395–426, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00529-6,
2020.
McColl, K. A.: Practical and theoretical benefits of an alternative to the
Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration equation, Water Resour. Res., 56,
e2020WR027106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027106, 2020.
McColl, K. A. and Rigden, A. J.: Emergent Simplicity of Continental
Evapotranspiration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087101,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl087101, 2020.
McColl, K. A., Salvucci, G. D., and Gentine, P.: Surface flux equilibrium
theory explains an empirical estimate of water-limited daily
evapotranspiration, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11,
2036–2049, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019ms001685, 2019.
McNaughton, K. and Spriggs, T.: An evaluation of the Priestley and Taylor
equation and the complementary relationship using results from a mixed-layer
model of the convective boundary layer, IAHS publication, 177, 89–104, 1989.
McNaughton, K. G. and Jarvis, P. G.: Predicting effects of vegetation
changes on transpiration and evaporation, Water deficits and plant growth,
7, 1–47, 1983.
Meyers, T. P. and Hollinger, S. E.: An assessment of storage terms in the
surface energy balance of maize and soybean, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 125, 105–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.03.001, 2004.
Monteith, J. L.: Evaporation and environment. The state and movement of water in living organisms, Symposium of the society of experimental biology, 19, 205–234, 1965.
Monteith, J. L.: Evaporation and surface temperature, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 107, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49710745102, 1981.
Monteith, J. L. and Unsworth, M.: Principles of environmental physics: plants, animals, and the atmosphere, Academic Press, Oxford, 2013.
Moon, M., Li, D., Liao, W., Rigden, A. J., and Friedl, M. A.: Modification
of surface energy balance during springtime: The relative importance of
biophysical and meteorological changes, Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
284, 107905, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.107905, 2020.
Morillas, L., Hund, S. V., and Johnson, M. S.: Water Use Dynamics in Double
Cropping of Rainfed Upland Rice and Irrigated Melons Produced Under
Drought-Prone Tropical Conditions, Water Resour. Res., 55, 4110–4127,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018wr023757, 2019.
Mu, Q., Zhao, M., and Running, S. W.: Improvements to a MODIS global
terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm, Remote Sens. Environ.,
115, 1781–1800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.019, 2011.
Novick, K. A. and Katul, G. G.: The Duality of Reforestation Impacts on
Surface and Air Temperature, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 125, e2019JG005543, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jg005543, 2020.
Novick, K. A., Ficklin, D. L., Stoy, P. C., Williams, C. A., Bohrer, G.,
Oishi, A. C., Papuga, S. A., Blanken, P. D., Noormets, A., Sulman, B. N.,
Scott, R. L., Wang, L., and Phillips, R. P.: The increasing importance of
atmospheric demand for ecosystem water and carbon fluxes, Nat. Clim. Change,
6, 1023, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3114, 2016.
Oki, T. and Kanae, S.: Global hydrological cycles and world water
resources, Science, 313, 1068–1072, 2006.
Padrón, R. S., Gudmundsson, L., Michel, D., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Terrestrial water loss at night: global relevance from observations and climate models, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 793–807, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-793-2020, 2020.
Pan, S., Pan, N., Tian, H., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Shi, H., Arora, V. K., Haverd, V., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Lienert, S., Lombardozzi, D., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Ottlé, C., Poulter, B., Zaehle, S., and Running, S. W.: Evaluation of global terrestrial evapotranspiration using state-of-the-art approaches in remote sensing, machine learning and land surface modeling, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1485–1509, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1485-2020, 2020.
Paw U, K. T. and Gao, W.: Applications of solutions to non-linear energy
budget equations, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 43, 121–145,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(88)90087-1, 1988.
Peng, L., Zeng, Z., Wei, Z., Chen, A., Wood, E. F., and Sheffield, J.:
Determinants of the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration, Glob. Change Biol., 25, 1326–1343, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14577, 2019.
Penman, H. L.: Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass,
P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A Mat., 193, 120–145, 1948.
Polhamus, A., Fisher, J. B., and Tu, K. P.: What controls the error
structure in evapotranspiration models?, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 169, 12–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.10.002, 2013.
Priestley, C. H. B. and Taylor, R. J.: On the assessment of surface heat
flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters, Mon. Weather Rev.,
100, 81–92, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:otaosh>2.3.co;2, 1972.
Ramírez, J. A., Hobbins, M. T., and Brown, T. C.: Observational
evidence of the complementary relationship in regional evaporation lends
strong support for Bouchet's hypothesis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15401,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023549, 2005.
Raupach, M. R.: Combination theory and equilibrium evaporation, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1149–1181,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712757402, 2001.
Rigden, A. J. and Salvucci, G. D.: Evapotranspiration based on equilibrated
relative humidity (ETRHEQ): Evaluation over the continental U.S, Water Resour. Res., 51, 2951–2973, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016072, 2015.
Rigden, A. J. and Salvucci, G. D.: Stomatal response to humidity and CO2
implicated in recent decline in US evaporation, Glob. Change Biol., 23,
1140–1151, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13439, 2017.
Roesch, A., and Schmidbauer, H.: WaveletComp: Computational Wavelet Analysis, R package version 1, 2014.
Salvucci, G. D. and Gentine, P.: Emergent relation between surface vapor
conductance and relative humidity profiles yields evaporation rates from
weather data, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110,
6287–6291, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1215844110, 2013.
Schmidt, W.: Strahlung und Verdunstung an freien Wasserflächen; ein
Beitrag zum Wärmehaushalt des Weltmeers und zum Wasserhaushalt der Erde,
Ann. Calender Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, 43, 111–124, 1915.
Sherwood, S. and Fu, Q.: A Drier Future?, Science, 343, 737–739,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1247620, 2014.
Tan, C. S., Black, T. A., and Nnyamah, J. U.: A Simple Diffusion Model of
Transpiration Applied to a Thinned Douglas-Fir Stand, Ecology, 59,
1221–1229, https://doi.org/10.2307/1938235, 1978.
Thom, A. S.: Momentum, mass and heat exchange of vegetation, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 124–134,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709841510, 1972.
Wang, W., Lee, X., Xiao, W., Liu, S., Schultz, N., Wang, Y., Zhang, M., and
Zhao, L.: Global lake evaporation accelerated by changes in surface energy
allocation in a warmer climate, Nat. Geosci., 11, 410–414,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0114-8, 2018.
Wehr, R. and Saleska, S. R.: Calculating canopy stomatal conductance from eddy covariance measurements, in light of the energy budget closure problem, Biogeosciences, 18, 13–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-13-2021, 2021.
Willett, K. M., Dunn, R. J. H., Thorne, P. W., Bell, S., de Podesta, M., Parker, D. E., Jones, P. D., and Williams Jr., C. N.: HadISDH land surface multi-variable humidity and temperature record for climate monitoring, Clim. Past, 10, 1983–2006, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1983-2014, 2014.
Wilson, K., Goldstein, A., Falge, E., Aubinet, M., Baldocchi, D., Berbigier,
P., Bernhofer, C., Ceulemans, R., Dolman, H., Field, C., Grelle, A., Ibrom,
A., Law, B. E., Kowalski, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson, R., Oechel,
W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., and Verma, S.: Energy balance closure at
FLUXNET sites, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 113, 223–243,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00109-0, 2002.
Wohlfahrt, G., Haslwanter, A., Hörtnagl, L., Jasoni, R. L.,
Fenstermaker, L. F., Arnone, J. A., and Hammerle, A.: On the consequences of
the energy imbalance for calculating surface conductance to water vapour,
Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1556–1559,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.03.015, 2009.
Wu, A., Black, T. A., Verseghy, D. L., Novak, M. D., and Bailey, W. G.:
Testing the α and β methods of estimating evaporation from
bare and vegetated surfaces in class, Atmos.-Ocean, 38, 15–35,
https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2000.9649638, 2000.
Short summary
Here, we present a novel physically based evaporation model to demonstrate that vertical relative humidity (RH) gradients from the land surface to the atmosphere tend to evolve towards zero due to land–atmosphere equilibration processes. Collapsing RH gradients on daily to yearly timescales indicate an emergent land–atmosphere equilibrium, making it possible to determine evapotranspiration using only meteorological information, independent of land surface conditions and vegetation controls.
Here, we present a novel physically based evaporation model to demonstrate that vertical...
