Articles | Volume 25, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3875-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3875-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Jul 2021
Research article |
| 07 Jul 2021
| 07 Jul 2021
Influence of ENSO and tropical Atlantic climate variability on flood characteristics in the Amazon basin
Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Reading, Reading, UK
Andrea Ficchí
Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Reading, Reading, UK
Hannah L. Cloke
Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Reading, Reading, UK
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Centre of Natural Hazards and Disaster Science, CNDS, Uppsala, Sweden
Juan Bazo
Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, the Hague, 2521 CV, the
Netherlands
Universidad Tecnológica del Perú (UTP), Lima, Peru
Erin Coughlan de Perez
Universidad Tecnológica del Perú (UTP), Lima, Peru
International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Columbia
University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
Elisabeth M. Stephens
Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Reading, Reading, UK
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Cited
31 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in the Brazilian Legal Amazon: A Summary of Climatological Patterns and Detected Trends W. Luiz-Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16020222
- Precipitation nowcasting with radar data for evaluating multiple horizons using U-Net-based algorithm in Eastern Amazon R. Rocha et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0342097
- Seasonal effects on the potential spatial distribution of Amazonian migratory catfishes F. Alvarez et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-024-09862-2
- Spatiotemporal Variability of Drought and Its Multi-Scale Linkages with Climate Indices in the Huaihe River Basin, Central China and East China G. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111446
- The new historical flood of 2021 in the Amazon River compared to major floods of the 21st century: Atmospheric features in the context of the intensification of floods J. Espinoza et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100406
- Climate teleconnections modulate global burned area A. Cardil et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36052-8
- Validation of Satellite-based and Gridded Precipitation Products for Gap-filling in Precipitation Series in the Eastern Amazon G. de Souza et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41976-026-00278-z
- Impactos de fenômenos da interação oceano-atmosfera na hidrometeorologia da bacia hidrográfica do rio Gurupi, Amazônia Oriental D. Gomes & N. Beltrão https://doi.org/10.55761/abclima.v34i20.16900
- An Atlantic influence on evapotranspiration in the Orinoco and Amazon basins N. Duque-Gardeazabal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3277-2025
- Process Controls on Flood Seasonality in Brazil V. Chagas et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096754
- Equatorial sea surface temperature and upwelling: A comparative analysis of late quaternary planktonic foraminiferal ecostratigraphy L. Sum https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2025.102516
- The Influence of Teleconnections on the Precipitation in Baluchistan E. Aamir et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071001
- The everyday of inundation: livelihoods and lifeways dimensions of flooding experience in Amazonian Peru J. Langill & C. Abizaid https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2025.2538510
- Recurrent neural networks for rainfall-runoff modeling of small Amazon catchments L. de Mendonça et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01626-w
- Past and Future Responses of Soil Water to Climate Change in Tropical and Subtropical Rainforest Systems in South America S. Arévalo et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040755
- Atmospheric river–driven extreme rainfall over Southern Tamil Nadu in December 2023: evidence for embedded rapid convective bands S. S. & C. P. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2026.449
- Deforestation-induced immediate and delayed shifts in moisture recycling: source and sink dynamics across the Amazon K. Nguyen et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adfd75
- Eventos de inundação em anos extremos de Dipolo do Atlântico e La Niña no Arquipélago do Marajó D. Gomes et al. https://doi.org/10.55761/abclima.v35i20.17577
- Precipitation dynamics in forests and deforestation areas during the dry season in the Central-Eastern Amazon: a case study in the Xingu basin R. Martins Moreira & B. Santos https://doi.org/10.55761/abclima.v37i21.18918
- Oscillation-induced synchronization hubs in global hydrological extremes J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135550
- Advances in tropical climatology – a review F. Moraes et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2024.2313778
- An Overview of Flood Concepts, Challenges, and Future Directions A. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0002164
- HYDROCLIMATIC CHANGES IN THE CAETÉ RIVER WATERSHED, EASTERN BRAZILIAN AMAZON D. Gomes et al. https://doi.org/10.56238/arev8n2-029
- Influence of Barents Sea Ice in May on the West African Summer Monsoon and its possible mechanisms A. Datti et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108983
- Imprints of terrestrial water fluxes on tropospheric stable water isotopes revealed by satellite observations and complex network analysis R. Pradhan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135087
- Integrated multi-scalar analysis of vulnerability to environmental hazards: Assessing extreme flooding in western Amazonia J. Langill et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102585
- GIS-Based Flood Susceptibility Mapping Using AHP in the Urban Amazon: A Case Study of Ananindeua, Brazil L. Pimenta et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081543
- Effects of anomalous climatic events on the structure of fish larvae assemblages in the eastern Amazon R. Cajado et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1064170
- Drivers of δ18O Variability Preserved in Ice Cores From Earth's Highest Tropical Mountain A. Weber et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039006
- Global hydrological reanalyses: The value of river discharge information for world‐wide downstream applications – The example of the Global Flood Awareness System GloFAS C. Prudhomme et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2192
- The Drought of Amazonia in 2023-2024 J. Marengo et al. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2024.133026
31 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Temperature and Precipitation Extremes in the Brazilian Legal Amazon: A Summary of Climatological Patterns and Detected Trends W. Luiz-Silva et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16020222
- Precipitation nowcasting with radar data for evaluating multiple horizons using U-Net-based algorithm in Eastern Amazon R. Rocha et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0342097
- Seasonal effects on the potential spatial distribution of Amazonian migratory catfishes F. Alvarez et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-024-09862-2
- Spatiotemporal Variability of Drought and Its Multi-Scale Linkages with Climate Indices in the Huaihe River Basin, Central China and East China G. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111446
- The new historical flood of 2021 in the Amazon River compared to major floods of the 21st century: Atmospheric features in the context of the intensification of floods J. Espinoza et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2021.100406
- Climate teleconnections modulate global burned area A. Cardil et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36052-8
- Validation of Satellite-based and Gridded Precipitation Products for Gap-filling in Precipitation Series in the Eastern Amazon G. de Souza et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41976-026-00278-z
- Impactos de fenômenos da interação oceano-atmosfera na hidrometeorologia da bacia hidrográfica do rio Gurupi, Amazônia Oriental D. Gomes & N. Beltrão https://doi.org/10.55761/abclima.v34i20.16900
- An Atlantic influence on evapotranspiration in the Orinoco and Amazon basins N. Duque-Gardeazabal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3277-2025
- Process Controls on Flood Seasonality in Brazil V. Chagas et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096754
- Equatorial sea surface temperature and upwelling: A comparative analysis of late quaternary planktonic foraminiferal ecostratigraphy L. Sum https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2025.102516
- The Influence of Teleconnections on the Precipitation in Baluchistan E. Aamir et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071001
- The everyday of inundation: livelihoods and lifeways dimensions of flooding experience in Amazonian Peru J. Langill & C. Abizaid https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2025.2538510
- Recurrent neural networks for rainfall-runoff modeling of small Amazon catchments L. de Mendonça et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01626-w
- Past and Future Responses of Soil Water to Climate Change in Tropical and Subtropical Rainforest Systems in South America S. Arévalo et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040755
- Atmospheric river–driven extreme rainfall over Southern Tamil Nadu in December 2023: evidence for embedded rapid convective bands S. S. & C. P. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2026.449
- Deforestation-induced immediate and delayed shifts in moisture recycling: source and sink dynamics across the Amazon K. Nguyen et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adfd75
- Eventos de inundação em anos extremos de Dipolo do Atlântico e La Niña no Arquipélago do Marajó D. Gomes et al. https://doi.org/10.55761/abclima.v35i20.17577
- Precipitation dynamics in forests and deforestation areas during the dry season in the Central-Eastern Amazon: a case study in the Xingu basin R. Martins Moreira & B. Santos https://doi.org/10.55761/abclima.v37i21.18918
- Oscillation-induced synchronization hubs in global hydrological extremes J. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135550
- Advances in tropical climatology – a review F. Moraes et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2024.2313778
- An Overview of Flood Concepts, Challenges, and Future Directions A. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0002164
- HYDROCLIMATIC CHANGES IN THE CAETÉ RIVER WATERSHED, EASTERN BRAZILIAN AMAZON D. Gomes et al. https://doi.org/10.56238/arev8n2-029
- Influence of Barents Sea Ice in May on the West African Summer Monsoon and its possible mechanisms A. Datti et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2026.108983
- Imprints of terrestrial water fluxes on tropospheric stable water isotopes revealed by satellite observations and complex network analysis R. Pradhan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135087
- Integrated multi-scalar analysis of vulnerability to environmental hazards: Assessing extreme flooding in western Amazonia J. Langill et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102585
- GIS-Based Flood Susceptibility Mapping Using AHP in the Urban Amazon: A Case Study of Ananindeua, Brazil L. Pimenta et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14081543
- Effects of anomalous climatic events on the structure of fish larvae assemblages in the eastern Amazon R. Cajado et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1064170
- Drivers of δ18O Variability Preserved in Ice Cores From Earth's Highest Tropical Mountain A. Weber et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JD039006
- Global hydrological reanalyses: The value of river discharge information for world‐wide downstream applications – The example of the Global Flood Awareness System GloFAS C. Prudhomme et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.2192
- The Drought of Amazonia in 2023-2024 J. Marengo et al. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2024.133026
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 11 Jun 2026
Short summary
We examine whether several climate indices alter the magnitude, timing and duration of floods in the Amazon. We find significant changes in both flood magnitude and duration, particularly in the north-eastern Amazon for negative SST years in the central Pacific Ocean. This response is not repeated when the negative anomaly is positioned further east. These results have important implications for both social and physical sectors working towards the improvement of flood early warning systems.
We examine whether several climate indices alter the magnitude, timing and duration of floods in...
