Articles | Volume 25, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2089-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2089-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Apr 2021
Research article |
| 20 Apr 2021
| 20 Apr 2021
Impact of frozen soil processes on soil thermal characteristics at seasonal to decadal scales over the Tibetan Plateau and North China
Qian Li
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, 100029, China
Yongkang Xue
Department of Geography, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1524, USA
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1524, USA
Ye Liu
Department of Geography, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1524, USA
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Cited
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Impact of freeze-thaw cycles and influent C/N ratios on N2O emissions in subsurface wastewater infiltration systems F. Su et al. 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114293
- Study on the ground-air temperature relationship under microenvironmental differences in the warm permafrost region of the Tibetan Plateau N. Li et al. 10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104704
- Evaluating the Impact of Soil Enthalpy upon the Thawing Process of the Active Layer in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Using CLM5.0 S. Wang et al. 10.3390/rs15010249
- Comprehensive study of energy and water exchange over the Tibetan Plateau: A review and perspective: From GAME/Tibet and CAMP/Tibet to TORP, TPEORP, and TPEITORP Y. Ma et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104312
- A systematic review of knowledge graph and computational schemes related to soil thermal conductivity L. Wenhao et al. 10.1007/s00704-025-05483-2
- The Role of Soil Temperature Feedbacks for Summer Air Temperature Variability Under Climate Change Over East Asia K. Li et al. 10.1029/2021EF002377
- Impact of Initialized Land Surface Temperature and Snowpack on Subseasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project, Phase I (LS4P-I): organization and experimental design Y. Xue et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-4465-2021
- Excessive Tibetan Plateau spring warming found to cause catastrophic June 2024 heavy rainfall in China Q. Li et al. 10.1016/j.scib.2025.01.011
- Assessing the Freeze–Thaw Dynamics With the Diurnal Amplitude Variations Algorithm Utilizing NEON Soil Temperature Profiles S. Lv et al. 10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3546014
- Changes in global land surface frozen ground and freeze‒thaw processes during 1950–2020 based on ERA5-Land data Y. Yang et al. 10.1016/j.accre.2024.03.007
- Impact of Soil Freezing‐Thawing Processes on August Rainfall Over Southern China K. Xia et al. 10.1029/2021JD036302
- The persistence of spring soil temperature anomalies in West Asia and the possible mechanism Y. Song et al. 10.1007/s00382-025-07684-x
- Sensitivity Analysis of the Noah‐MP Land Surface Model for Soil Hydrothermal Simulations Over the Tibetan Plateau W. Hu et al. 10.1029/2022MS003136
- Pile-plate structure subgrade performance in seasonally frozen regions with freeze-thaw cycles X. Liu et al. 10.1007/s11629-024-9414-1
- Mechanism analysis of simulation differences with two frozen soil permeability schemes in Noah-MP over the Tibetan Plateau W. Hu et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133437
- Subseasonal Warming of Surface Soil Enhances Precipitation Over the Eastern Tibetan Plateau in Early Summer X. Qi et al. 10.1029/2022JD037250
16 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Impact of freeze-thaw cycles and influent C/N ratios on N2O emissions in subsurface wastewater infiltration systems F. Su et al. 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114293
- Study on the ground-air temperature relationship under microenvironmental differences in the warm permafrost region of the Tibetan Plateau N. Li et al. 10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104704
- Evaluating the Impact of Soil Enthalpy upon the Thawing Process of the Active Layer in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Using CLM5.0 S. Wang et al. 10.3390/rs15010249
- Comprehensive study of energy and water exchange over the Tibetan Plateau: A review and perspective: From GAME/Tibet and CAMP/Tibet to TORP, TPEORP, and TPEITORP Y. Ma et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104312
- A systematic review of knowledge graph and computational schemes related to soil thermal conductivity L. Wenhao et al. 10.1007/s00704-025-05483-2
- The Role of Soil Temperature Feedbacks for Summer Air Temperature Variability Under Climate Change Over East Asia K. Li et al. 10.1029/2021EF002377
- Impact of Initialized Land Surface Temperature and Snowpack on Subseasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project, Phase I (LS4P-I): organization and experimental design Y. Xue et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-4465-2021
- Excessive Tibetan Plateau spring warming found to cause catastrophic June 2024 heavy rainfall in China Q. Li et al. 10.1016/j.scib.2025.01.011
- Assessing the Freeze–Thaw Dynamics With the Diurnal Amplitude Variations Algorithm Utilizing NEON Soil Temperature Profiles S. Lv et al. 10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3546014
- Changes in global land surface frozen ground and freeze‒thaw processes during 1950–2020 based on ERA5-Land data Y. Yang et al. 10.1016/j.accre.2024.03.007
- Impact of Soil Freezing‐Thawing Processes on August Rainfall Over Southern China K. Xia et al. 10.1029/2021JD036302
- The persistence of spring soil temperature anomalies in West Asia and the possible mechanism Y. Song et al. 10.1007/s00382-025-07684-x
- Sensitivity Analysis of the Noah‐MP Land Surface Model for Soil Hydrothermal Simulations Over the Tibetan Plateau W. Hu et al. 10.1029/2022MS003136
- Pile-plate structure subgrade performance in seasonally frozen regions with freeze-thaw cycles X. Liu et al. 10.1007/s11629-024-9414-1
- Mechanism analysis of simulation differences with two frozen soil permeability schemes in Noah-MP over the Tibetan Plateau W. Hu et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133437
- Subseasonal Warming of Surface Soil Enhances Precipitation Over the Eastern Tibetan Plateau in Early Summer X. Qi et al. 10.1029/2022JD037250
Latest update: 08 Oct 2025
Short summary
Most land surface models have difficulty in capturing the freeze–thaw cycle in the Tibetan Plateau and North China. This paper introduces a physically more realistic and efficient frozen soil module (FSM) into the SSiB3 model (SSiB3-FSM). A new and more stable semi-implicit scheme and a physics-based freezing–thawing scheme were applied, and results show that SSiB3-FSM can be used as an effective model for soil thermal characteristics at seasonal to decadal scales over frozen ground.
Most land surface models have difficulty in capturing the freeze–thaw cycle in the Tibetan...
