Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1649-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1649-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Mar 2018
Research article |
| 06 Mar 2018
| 06 Mar 2018
Controls on surface soil drying rates observed by SMAP and simulated by the Noah land surface model
Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80309,
USA
Eric E. Small
Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80309,
USA
Ben Livneh
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, and
Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering,
University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80309, USA
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Cited
54 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A changepoint approach to automated estimation of soil moisture drydown parameters from time series data M. Gong et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27067-w
- Patterns and drivers of critical soil moisture threshold across global tree species C. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111181
- Critical soil moisture thresholds of plant water stress in terrestrial ecosystems Z. Fu et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq7827
- Estimation of Landscape Soil Water Losses from Satellite Observations of Soil Moisture R. Akbar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-17-0200.1
- Assimilation of Satellite-Derived Soil Moisture and Brightness Temperature in Land Surface Models: A Review R. Khandan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030770
- Straw return rearranges soil pore structure improving soil moisture memory in a maize field experiment under rainfed conditions J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109164
- Global critical soil moisture thresholds of plant water stress Z. Fu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49244-7
- Using a Simple Water Balance Framework to Quantify the Impact of Soil Moisture Initialization on Subseasonal Evapotranspiration and Air Temperature Forecasts R. Koster et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0007.1
- Indications of Surface and Sub-Surface Hydrologic Properties from SMAP Soil Moisture Retrievals P. Dirmeyer & H. Norton https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology5030036
- Estimating Soil Evaporation Using Drying Rates Determined from Satellite-Based Soil Moisture Records E. Small et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121945
- Global Terrestrial Water–Energy Coupling Across Scales D. Mbabazi et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2743
- Evaluation of Drydown Processes in Global Land Surface and Hydrological Models Using Flux Tower Evapotranspiration A. Martínez-de la Torre et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020356
- Daily Precipitation Frequency Distributions Impacts on Land-Surface Simulations of CONUS D. Sarmiento et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2021.640736
- Version 4 of the SMAP Level‐4 Soil Moisture Algorithm and Data Product R. Reichle et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001729
- Characteristics and influencing factors of soil moisture memory across mainland China X. Hong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135281
- Understanding the Impacts of Soil Moisture Initial Conditions on NWP in the Context of Land–Atmosphere Coupling J. Santanello Jr. et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0186.1
- Satellite‐Based Assessment of Land Surface Energy Partitioning–Soil Moisture Relationships and Effects of Confounding Variables A. Feldman et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025874
- Soil Moisture Memory of Land Surface Models Utilized in Major Reanalyses Differ Significantly From SMAP Observation Q. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF003215
- Synergistic impact of simultaneously assimilating radar- and radiometer-based soil moisture retrievals on the performance of numerical weather prediction systems Y. Kwon et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1261-2026
- Short-Term and Long-Term Surface Soil Moisture Memory Time Scales Are Spatially Anticorrelated at Global Scales K. McColl et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0141.1
- The Increasing Role of Vegetation Transpiration in Soil Moisture Loss across China under Global Warming M. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-21-0132.1
- Improvement of land surface model simulations over India via data assimilation of satellite-based soil moisture products A. Nair & J. Indu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.03.088
- Spatio-temporal soil drying in southeastern South America: the importance of effective sampling frequency and observational errors on drydown time scale estimates R. Ruscica et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2020.1767825
- Transpiration – Soil evaporation partitioning determines inter-model differences in soil moisture and evapotranspiration coupling H. Feng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113841
- Can precipitation intermittency predict flooding? B. Livneh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173824
- Patterns of plant rehydration and growth following pulses of soil moisture availability A. Feldman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-831-2021
- Contrasting Drydown Time Scales: SMAP L-Band vs. AMSR2 C-Band Brightness Temperatures Against Ground Observations and SMAP Products H. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17193307
- Observed daily photosynthesis responses following moisture pulses in terrestrial ecosystems Y. Bai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111080
- Multi-sensor (since 1997) global soil moisture mapping with enhanced Spatio-temporal coverage through machine learning framework fusion H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.115221
- Dual state/rainfall correction via soil moisture assimilation for improved streamflow simulation: evaluation of a large-scale implementation with Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite data Y. Mao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-615-2020
- Autocorrelation Metrics to Estimate Soil Moisture Persistence From Satellite Time Series: Application to Semiarid Regions M. Piles et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2021.3057928
- Evaluation and analysis of root zone soil moisture products in the frozen soil of the western Daxinganling Mountains based on In-Situ data W. Shan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104694
- Global Surface Soil Moisture Drydown Patterns V. Sehgal et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027588
- Comparison of microwave remote sensing and land surface modeling for surface soil moisture climatology estimation J. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111756
- Are rootzone soil moisture dynamics and thresholds associated with surface layer? S. Paul et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad9293
- Reconstruction of soil moisture time series with characterisation of drydown attributes J. Sinha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135538
- A triple collocation-based 2D soil moisture merging methodology considering spatial and temporal non-stationary errors J. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112509
- Widespread enhancement of ecosystem carbon fluxes during post moisture pulse Y. Bai et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03191-x
- Analysis of Seasonal Driving Factors and Inversion Model Optimization of Soil Moisture in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau Based on Machine Learning Q. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162859
- Do land models miss key soil hydrological processes controlling soil moisture memory? M. Farmani et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-547-2025
- A changepoint approach to modelling nonstationary soil moisture dynamics M. Gong et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrsssc/qlaf004
- Identifying determinants of spatio-temporal disparities in soil moisture of the Northern Hemisphere using a geographically optimal zones-based heterogeneity model P. Luo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2022.01.009
- Potential of remote sensing surface temperature- and evapotranspiration-based land-atmosphere coupling metrics for land surface model calibration J. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113557
- Soil moisture drought and diverse impacts on vegetation across the Tibetan Plateau in recent three decades Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178367
- Soil moisture memory and soil properties: An analysis with the stored precipitation fraction J. Martínez-Fernández et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125622
- Comparing Temporal Dynamics of Soil Moisture from Remote Sensing, Modeling, and Field Observations Across Europe L. Jach et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18030445
- Persistence in complex systems S. Salcedo-Sanz et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2022.02.002
- Robustness of critical soil moisture to curve-fitting methods and its variability with soil depth, soil texture, and climatic conditions: insights from lysimeter data in Germany X. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.134959
- Synergizing multi-collocation fusion and spatiotemporal deep learning to enhance global soil moisture memory characterization X. Min et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2026.2666699
- Soil Moisture Drydown Detection Is Hindered by Model-Based Rescaling N. Raoult et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2022.3178685
- The Impact of Satellite Soil Moisture Data Assimilation on the Hydrological Modeling of SWAT in a Highly Disturbed Catchment Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020429
- Retrieval of Soil Moisture by Integrating Sentinel-1A and MODIS Data over Agricultural Fields Y. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061726
- Spatial Aggregations of the Grey Field Slug Deroceras reticulatum Are Unstable Under Abnormally High Soil Moisture Conditions C. Price et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100819
- A Global Assessment of Added Value in the SMAP Level 4 Soil Moisture Product Relative to Its Baseline Land Surface Model J. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083398
54 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A changepoint approach to automated estimation of soil moisture drydown parameters from time series data M. Gong et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27067-w
- Patterns and drivers of critical soil moisture threshold across global tree species C. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111181
- Critical soil moisture thresholds of plant water stress in terrestrial ecosystems Z. Fu et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abq7827
- Estimation of Landscape Soil Water Losses from Satellite Observations of Soil Moisture R. Akbar et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-17-0200.1
- Assimilation of Satellite-Derived Soil Moisture and Brightness Temperature in Land Surface Models: A Review R. Khandan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030770
- Straw return rearranges soil pore structure improving soil moisture memory in a maize field experiment under rainfed conditions J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109164
- Global critical soil moisture thresholds of plant water stress Z. Fu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49244-7
- Using a Simple Water Balance Framework to Quantify the Impact of Soil Moisture Initialization on Subseasonal Evapotranspiration and Air Temperature Forecasts R. Koster et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0007.1
- Indications of Surface and Sub-Surface Hydrologic Properties from SMAP Soil Moisture Retrievals P. Dirmeyer & H. Norton https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology5030036
- Estimating Soil Evaporation Using Drying Rates Determined from Satellite-Based Soil Moisture Records E. Small et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10121945
- Global Terrestrial Water–Energy Coupling Across Scales D. Mbabazi et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2743
- Evaluation of Drydown Processes in Global Land Surface and Hydrological Models Using Flux Tower Evapotranspiration A. Martínez-de la Torre et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020356
- Daily Precipitation Frequency Distributions Impacts on Land-Surface Simulations of CONUS D. Sarmiento et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2021.640736
- Version 4 of the SMAP Level‐4 Soil Moisture Algorithm and Data Product R. Reichle et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001729
- Characteristics and influencing factors of soil moisture memory across mainland China X. Hong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135281
- Understanding the Impacts of Soil Moisture Initial Conditions on NWP in the Context of Land–Atmosphere Coupling J. Santanello Jr. et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0186.1
- Satellite‐Based Assessment of Land Surface Energy Partitioning–Soil Moisture Relationships and Effects of Confounding Variables A. Feldman et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025874
- Soil Moisture Memory of Land Surface Models Utilized in Major Reanalyses Differ Significantly From SMAP Observation Q. He et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF003215
- Synergistic impact of simultaneously assimilating radar- and radiometer-based soil moisture retrievals on the performance of numerical weather prediction systems Y. Kwon et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1261-2026
- Short-Term and Long-Term Surface Soil Moisture Memory Time Scales Are Spatially Anticorrelated at Global Scales K. McColl et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-18-0141.1
- The Increasing Role of Vegetation Transpiration in Soil Moisture Loss across China under Global Warming M. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-21-0132.1
- Improvement of land surface model simulations over India via data assimilation of satellite-based soil moisture products A. Nair & J. Indu https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.03.088
- Spatio-temporal soil drying in southeastern South America: the importance of effective sampling frequency and observational errors on drydown time scale estimates R. Ruscica et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2020.1767825
- Transpiration – Soil evaporation partitioning determines inter-model differences in soil moisture and evapotranspiration coupling H. Feng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113841
- Can precipitation intermittency predict flooding? B. Livneh et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173824
- Patterns of plant rehydration and growth following pulses of soil moisture availability A. Feldman et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-831-2021
- Contrasting Drydown Time Scales: SMAP L-Band vs. AMSR2 C-Band Brightness Temperatures Against Ground Observations and SMAP Products H. Jiang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17193307
- Observed daily photosynthesis responses following moisture pulses in terrestrial ecosystems Y. Bai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111080
- Multi-sensor (since 1997) global soil moisture mapping with enhanced Spatio-temporal coverage through machine learning framework fusion H. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2025.115221
- Dual state/rainfall correction via soil moisture assimilation for improved streamflow simulation: evaluation of a large-scale implementation with Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite data Y. Mao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-615-2020
- Autocorrelation Metrics to Estimate Soil Moisture Persistence From Satellite Time Series: Application to Semiarid Regions M. Piles et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2021.3057928
- Evaluation and analysis of root zone soil moisture products in the frozen soil of the western Daxinganling Mountains based on In-Situ data W. Shan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2025.104694
- Global Surface Soil Moisture Drydown Patterns V. Sehgal et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027588
- Comparison of microwave remote sensing and land surface modeling for surface soil moisture climatology estimation J. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111756
- Are rootzone soil moisture dynamics and thresholds associated with surface layer? S. Paul et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad9293
- Reconstruction of soil moisture time series with characterisation of drydown attributes J. Sinha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135538
- A triple collocation-based 2D soil moisture merging methodology considering spatial and temporal non-stationary errors J. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112509
- Widespread enhancement of ecosystem carbon fluxes during post moisture pulse Y. Bai et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03191-x
- Analysis of Seasonal Driving Factors and Inversion Model Optimization of Soil Moisture in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau Based on Machine Learning Q. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162859
- Do land models miss key soil hydrological processes controlling soil moisture memory? M. Farmani et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-547-2025
- A changepoint approach to modelling nonstationary soil moisture dynamics M. Gong et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrsssc/qlaf004
- Identifying determinants of spatio-temporal disparities in soil moisture of the Northern Hemisphere using a geographically optimal zones-based heterogeneity model P. Luo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2022.01.009
- Potential of remote sensing surface temperature- and evapotranspiration-based land-atmosphere coupling metrics for land surface model calibration J. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2023.113557
- Soil moisture drought and diverse impacts on vegetation across the Tibetan Plateau in recent three decades Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178367
- Soil moisture memory and soil properties: An analysis with the stored precipitation fraction J. Martínez-Fernández et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125622
- Comparing Temporal Dynamics of Soil Moisture from Remote Sensing, Modeling, and Field Observations Across Europe L. Jach et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18030445
- Persistence in complex systems S. Salcedo-Sanz et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2022.02.002
- Robustness of critical soil moisture to curve-fitting methods and its variability with soil depth, soil texture, and climatic conditions: insights from lysimeter data in Germany X. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.134959
- Synergizing multi-collocation fusion and spatiotemporal deep learning to enhance global soil moisture memory characterization X. Min et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2026.2666699
- Soil Moisture Drydown Detection Is Hindered by Model-Based Rescaling N. Raoult et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2022.3178685
- The Impact of Satellite Soil Moisture Data Assimilation on the Hydrological Modeling of SWAT in a Highly Disturbed Catchment Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16020429
- Retrieval of Soil Moisture by Integrating Sentinel-1A and MODIS Data over Agricultural Fields Y. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061726
- Spatial Aggregations of the Grey Field Slug Deroceras reticulatum Are Unstable Under Abnormally High Soil Moisture Conditions C. Price et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15100819
- A Global Assessment of Added Value in the SMAP Level 4 Soil Moisture Product Relative to Its Baseline Land Surface Model J. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083398
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 03 Jun 2026
Short summary
After soil gets wet, much of the surface moisture evaporates directly back into the air. Recent satellite data show that this process is enhanced when there is more water in the soil, less humidity in the air, and less vegetation covering the ground. A widely used model shows similar effects of soil water and humidity, but it largely misses the role of vegetation and assigns outsized importance to soil type. These results are encouraging evidence that the satellite can be used to improve models.
After soil gets wet, much of the surface moisture evaporates directly back into the air. Recent...
