Articles | Volume 21, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-515-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-515-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Hydrodynamics of pedestrians' instability in floodwaters
Chiara Arrighi
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Florence, Via di S. Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
Invited contribution by C. Arrighi, recipient of the EGU Outstanding Student Poster (OSP) Award 2015.
Hocine Oumeraci
Leichtweiß-Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water
Resources, TU Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 51a, 38106
Braunschweig, Germany
Fabio Castelli
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Florence, Via di S. Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy
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Cited
100 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Dynamic evacuation route planning for urban residents in flood disasters S. Cao et al.
- Wind-driven wave overtopping on permeable revetments: spatial distribution and wave-induced load characteristics Z. Tian et al.
- High-resolution 2D shallow water modelling of dam failure floods for emergency action plans A. Ferrari et al.
- An Integrated QGIS-Based Evacuation Route Optimization Approach for Disaster Preparedness Against Urban Flood in Japan W. Pan et al.
- A comparative assessment of human entrapment and instability risks in flash floods X. Cheng et al.
- Research on individual differences in risk preferences for personnel evacuation during flood disasters in underground spaces Y. Wei et al.
- Flood simulation and risk assessment in urban underground spaces based on 3D laser scanning: capacity–depth–damage curves and computational fluid dynamics-based flood response Y. Wang et al.
- A new framework for flood damage assessment considering the within-event time evolution of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability T. Lazzarin et al.
- Wave overtopping layer thickness on the crest of rubble mound seawalls A. Koosheh et al.
- Research on the disaster bearing characteristics system and capacity depth disaster response curves in urban underground three dimensional spaces Y. Wang et al.
- Swash-flow induced forces on human body standing on a smooth and impermeable slope: A numerical study with experimental validations D. Cao et al.
- Spatiotemporal flood risk assessment of underground space considering flood intensity and escape route E. Shin et al.
- Preparedness against mobility disruption by floods C. Arrighi et al.
- Effects of return periods on flood hazard mapping: an analysis of the UFSC Campus Basin, Florianópolis city, Brazil L. Monteiro et al.
- Progressive Failure of Water-Resistant Stratum in Karst Tunnel Construction Using an Improved Meshfree Method Considering Fluid–Solid Interaction Y. Zhou et al.
- Is local flood hazard assessment in urban areas significantly influenced by the physical complexity of the hydrodynamic inundation model? P. Costabile et al.
- Flood–pedestrian simulator for modelling human response dynamics during flood-induced evacuation: Hillsborough stadium case study M. Shirvani & G. Kesserwani
- Predicting pluvial flood impacts in data-scarce urban environments: Uncertainty and interplay between rainfall inputs and conceptual drainage loss models P. Costabile et al.
- Overtopping Metrics and Coastal Safety: A Case of Study from the Catalan Coast C. Altomare et al.
- Physical vulnerability of pedestrians under the joint effect of wind and floodwater and its application in urban block flooding: Effects of urban block layout, building form and building array skyline L. Gou et al.
- Enhancing pedestrian evacuation routes during flood events G. Musolino et al.
- A multi-factor flood resilience index for guiding disaster mitigation in densely populated region H. Ho et al.
- Human decision-making in crowds in a virtual flood scenario B. Arshaghi et al.
- Experimental study of the flow patterns in a street during drainage or overflow to or from drains T. Chibane et al.
- Systematische Analyse der Abdriftmechanismen von Menschen als Beitrag zur Minimierung des Hochwasserrisikos – Konzept und erste Tests M. Buchinger et al.
- A unified framework for the assessment of multiple source urban flash flood hazard: the case study of Monza, Italy G. Galuppini et al.
- Interlinking Bristol Based Models to Build Resilience to Climate Change J. Stevens et al.
- Probabilistic assessment of human instability in urban areas exposed to flood events G. Bernardini et al.
- Complex dynamics of single-file pedestrian flow under varying flood water depths X. Li et al.
- Analysis of human physical vulnerability using static equilibrium techniques of a Hazard flood for the determination of unsafe areas in the city of Catacaos – Piura, Peru J. Carrizales et al.
- Ensemble Integration of Pedestrian Safety Indicators for Robust Pedestrian Flood Risk Assessment in Urban Inundation Conditions I. Park et al.
- Inline force on human body due to non-impulsive wave overtopping at a vertical seawall D. Cao et al.
- Livestock vulnerability to flooding T. Lazzarin & A. Defina
- Comprehensive risk assessment of urban flood process based on dynamic weights and lumped impact parameters W. Xue et al.
- Risk assessment of metro tunnel evacuation in devastating urban flooding events Q. Li et al.
- High‐resolution urban flood model for risk mitigation validated with records collected by the affected community M. Re et al.
- A 2D-SWEs framework for efficient catchment-scale simulations: Hydrodynamic scaling properties of river networks and implications for non-uniform grids generation P. Costabile & C. Costanzo
- Mapping the danger to life in flash flood events adopting a mechanics based methodology and planning evacuation routes G. Musolino et al.
- On the physical vulnerability of pedestrians in urban flooding: Experimental study of the hydrodynamic instability of a human body model in floodwater Z. Zhu et al.
- Analysis of physical mechanisms of human body instability for the definition of hazard zones present in emergency action plans of dams. Case study: Santa Helena Dam, Bahia L. Vieira et al.
- Flooding Urban Landscapes: Analysis Using Combined Hydrodynamic and Hydrologic Modeling Approaches M. Jha & S. Afreen
- Flood propagation modeling with the Local Inertia Approximation: Theoretical and numerical analysis of its physical limitations L. Cozzolino et al.
- Human stability during floods: Experimental tests on a physical model simulating human body M. Postacchini et al.
- A comparative study on pedestrian flow through bottlenecks between flood evacuation and land evacuation X. Li et al.
- Comprehensive flood vulnerability analysis in urban communities: Iowa case study Y. Alabbad & I. Demir
- Stability of Individuals during Urban Inundations: What Should We Learn from Field Observations? H. Chanson & R. Brown
- Numerical Insights Into the Effects of Model Geometric Distortion in Laboratory Experiments of Urban Flooding X. Li et al.
- Disparities of population exposed to flood hazards in the United States Y. Qiang
- Impact-based flash-flood forecasting system: Sensitivity to high resolution numerical weather prediction systems and soil moisture F. Silvestro et al.
- Exploring spatial relationships between stream channel features, water depths and flow velocities during flash floods using HEC-GeoRAS and Geographic Information Systems M. Leal et al.
- Flood damage functions based on a single physics- and data-based impact parameter that jointly accounts for water depth and velocity T. Lazzarin et al.
- Numerical modelling of green-water overtopping flow striking a pedestrian on the crest of a sloped coastal structure W. Tan et al.
- From risk control to resilience: developments and trends of urban roads designed as surface flood passages to cope with extreme storms Z. Shao et al.
- Numerical investigations of pedestrian overboard on a compound slope dike due to excessive overtopping waves X. Zhao et al.
- Performance of turbulence closure models for 3D RANS simulation of urban flooding with exchanges between flooded streets and building openings S. Yu et al.
- A physically-based conceptual model calibrated on experimental data for estimating the flood instability hazard for pedestrians in urban area R. Albano et al.
- Generalization of an innovative flood risk assessment model integrating hydraulic instability of pedestrians and vehicles with siltation in urban drainage pipelines D. Di et al.
- Characterization of Overtopping Waves on Sea Dikes with Gentle and Shallow Foreshores T. Suzuki et al.
- Comprehensive flood risk assessment in highly developed urban areas B. Dong et al.
- Urban flood risk assessment and analysis with a 3D visualization method coupling the PP-PSO algorithm and building data G. Zhi et al.
- Empirical flash flood vulnerability functions for residential buildings C. Arrighi et al.
- Simulation of 3D overtopping flow–object–structure interaction with a calibration-based wave generation method with DualSPHysics and SWASH T. Suzuki et al.
- Analysis and improvement of human stability in floodwaters through numerical simulation with SPH-DEM model L. Zhang & J. Zhang
- Analysis of Self-Rescue Possibilities for Pedestrians in the Aftermath of Destabilization during a Flood Event X. Guo et al.
- Wave overtopping flow striking a human body on the crest of an impermeable sloped seawall. Part I: Physical modeling D. Cao et al.
- Study on the Characteristics of Flow over a Seawall and Its Impact on Pedestrians under Solitary Wave Action Y. Hou et al.
- Influence of pedestrian grouping on evacuation efficiency in underground flooded stairs: a 3D numerical assessment C. Aparicio Uribe et al.
- Flood Risk in Urban Areas: Modelling, Management and Adaptation to Climate Change. A Review L. Cea & P. Costabile
- Flood impacts on individual well-being: insights from a post-event survey across differently exposed groups in Marche region, Italy S. Rrokaj et al.
- Fundamental diagrams for straight movement of pedestrians in water X. Li et al.
- Establishing closure criteria for coastal roadways under flooding conditions F. Maghsoodifar et al.
- Multi-Risk Assessment in the Veneto Region: An Approach to Rank Seismic and Flood Risk G. Tocchi et al.
- Numerical investigations of the successive wave strike processes on the coastal slope dike using OpenFOAM® Z. Huang et al.
- Experimental Study Unraveling Flow Allocation Patterns at Crossroad Intersections During Urban Flooding N. Xu et al.
- An Entropic Approach to Estimating the Instability Criterion of People in Floodwaters Z. Zhu et al.
- Beyond flood hazard. Mapping the loss probability of pedestrians to improve risk estimation and communication T. Lazzarin et al.
- Numerical simulation of human hydrodynamic characteristics in uniform current impacts G. Dong et al.
- Exploring the science of evacuation behavior and decision-making during large scale community evacuations: A scientometrics analysis and scoping review C. Kannangara et al.
- Numerical simulation of waves overtopping over impermeable sloped seadikes M. Sharifian et al.
- Urban Flood Drifters (UFDs): Onset of movement D. Valero et al.
- Evacuation under flooded conditions: Experimental investigation of the influence of water depth on walking behaviors C. Dias et al.
- Natural hazard insurance outcomes at national, regional and local scales: A comparison between Sweden and Portugal M. Leal et al.
- Investigation of pedestrian speed in formation evacuating in two specific water depths X. Li et al.
- WebFRIS: An efficient web-based decision support tool to disseminate end-to-end risk information for flood management M. Mohanty & S. Karmakar
- A coupled model for macroscopic behavior of crowd in flood induced evacuation S. Maity & S. Sundar
- Impact of the porosity of an urban block on the flood risk assessment: A laboratory experiment M. Mejía-Morales et al.
- Crowd safety assessment for flood evacuation in subway platform tunnels S. Cao et al.
- Pedestrian dynamics in flooding disasters: an experimental study of unidirectional pedestrian flow under multiple water depths X. Li et al.
- Modeling and simulation of crowd dynamics at evacuation bottlenecks during flood disasters D. Shi et al.
- A Generalized Framework for Assessing Flood Risk and Suitable Strategies under Various Vulnerability and Adaptation Scenarios: A Case Study for Residents of Kyoto City in Japan B. Jhong et al.
- An operational procedure for rapid flood risk assessment in Europe F. Dottori et al.
- Supporting participative pre‐flood risk reduction in a UNESCO biosphere M. O'Grady et al.
- Spatiotemporal urban flood expansion and propagation by the percentage of nodes in flood assessment (PNFA) H. Do Minh et al.
- Can the 2D shallow water equations model flow intrusion into buildings during urban floods? B. Dewals et al.
- Data-driven flood hazard zonation of Italy I. Marchesini et al.
- Report on Seventh International Conference on Flood Management Y. IMAMURA et al.
- Analysis of Inundation Flow Characteristics and Risk Assessment in a Subway Model Using Flow Simulations J. Shin et al.
- A rolling optimization method for safety evacuation in subway stations based on flood-pedestrian coupled dynamics J. Wei et al.
- Toward Street‐Level Nowcasting of Flash Floods Impacts Based on HPC Hydrodynamic Modeling at the Watershed Scale and High‐Resolution Weather Radar Data P. Costabile et al.
- Thresholds of human body stability in water flows: advances, challenges, and guidelines for flood risk management M. Fagundes et al.
100 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Dynamic evacuation route planning for urban residents in flood disasters S. Cao et al.
- Wind-driven wave overtopping on permeable revetments: spatial distribution and wave-induced load characteristics Z. Tian et al.
- High-resolution 2D shallow water modelling of dam failure floods for emergency action plans A. Ferrari et al.
- An Integrated QGIS-Based Evacuation Route Optimization Approach for Disaster Preparedness Against Urban Flood in Japan W. Pan et al.
- A comparative assessment of human entrapment and instability risks in flash floods X. Cheng et al.
- Research on individual differences in risk preferences for personnel evacuation during flood disasters in underground spaces Y. Wei et al.
- Flood simulation and risk assessment in urban underground spaces based on 3D laser scanning: capacity–depth–damage curves and computational fluid dynamics-based flood response Y. Wang et al.
- A new framework for flood damage assessment considering the within-event time evolution of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability T. Lazzarin et al.
- Wave overtopping layer thickness on the crest of rubble mound seawalls A. Koosheh et al.
- Research on the disaster bearing characteristics system and capacity depth disaster response curves in urban underground three dimensional spaces Y. Wang et al.
- Swash-flow induced forces on human body standing on a smooth and impermeable slope: A numerical study with experimental validations D. Cao et al.
- Spatiotemporal flood risk assessment of underground space considering flood intensity and escape route E. Shin et al.
- Preparedness against mobility disruption by floods C. Arrighi et al.
- Effects of return periods on flood hazard mapping: an analysis of the UFSC Campus Basin, Florianópolis city, Brazil L. Monteiro et al.
- Progressive Failure of Water-Resistant Stratum in Karst Tunnel Construction Using an Improved Meshfree Method Considering Fluid–Solid Interaction Y. Zhou et al.
- Is local flood hazard assessment in urban areas significantly influenced by the physical complexity of the hydrodynamic inundation model? P. Costabile et al.
- Flood–pedestrian simulator for modelling human response dynamics during flood-induced evacuation: Hillsborough stadium case study M. Shirvani & G. Kesserwani
- Predicting pluvial flood impacts in data-scarce urban environments: Uncertainty and interplay between rainfall inputs and conceptual drainage loss models P. Costabile et al.
- Overtopping Metrics and Coastal Safety: A Case of Study from the Catalan Coast C. Altomare et al.
- Physical vulnerability of pedestrians under the joint effect of wind and floodwater and its application in urban block flooding: Effects of urban block layout, building form and building array skyline L. Gou et al.
- Enhancing pedestrian evacuation routes during flood events G. Musolino et al.
- A multi-factor flood resilience index for guiding disaster mitigation in densely populated region H. Ho et al.
- Human decision-making in crowds in a virtual flood scenario B. Arshaghi et al.
- Experimental study of the flow patterns in a street during drainage or overflow to or from drains T. Chibane et al.
- Systematische Analyse der Abdriftmechanismen von Menschen als Beitrag zur Minimierung des Hochwasserrisikos – Konzept und erste Tests M. Buchinger et al.
- A unified framework for the assessment of multiple source urban flash flood hazard: the case study of Monza, Italy G. Galuppini et al.
- Interlinking Bristol Based Models to Build Resilience to Climate Change J. Stevens et al.
- Probabilistic assessment of human instability in urban areas exposed to flood events G. Bernardini et al.
- Complex dynamics of single-file pedestrian flow under varying flood water depths X. Li et al.
- Analysis of human physical vulnerability using static equilibrium techniques of a Hazard flood for the determination of unsafe areas in the city of Catacaos – Piura, Peru J. Carrizales et al.
- Ensemble Integration of Pedestrian Safety Indicators for Robust Pedestrian Flood Risk Assessment in Urban Inundation Conditions I. Park et al.
- Inline force on human body due to non-impulsive wave overtopping at a vertical seawall D. Cao et al.
- Livestock vulnerability to flooding T. Lazzarin & A. Defina
- Comprehensive risk assessment of urban flood process based on dynamic weights and lumped impact parameters W. Xue et al.
- Risk assessment of metro tunnel evacuation in devastating urban flooding events Q. Li et al.
- High‐resolution urban flood model for risk mitigation validated with records collected by the affected community M. Re et al.
- A 2D-SWEs framework for efficient catchment-scale simulations: Hydrodynamic scaling properties of river networks and implications for non-uniform grids generation P. Costabile & C. Costanzo
- Mapping the danger to life in flash flood events adopting a mechanics based methodology and planning evacuation routes G. Musolino et al.
- On the physical vulnerability of pedestrians in urban flooding: Experimental study of the hydrodynamic instability of a human body model in floodwater Z. Zhu et al.
- Analysis of physical mechanisms of human body instability for the definition of hazard zones present in emergency action plans of dams. Case study: Santa Helena Dam, Bahia L. Vieira et al.
- Flooding Urban Landscapes: Analysis Using Combined Hydrodynamic and Hydrologic Modeling Approaches M. Jha & S. Afreen
- Flood propagation modeling with the Local Inertia Approximation: Theoretical and numerical analysis of its physical limitations L. Cozzolino et al.
- Human stability during floods: Experimental tests on a physical model simulating human body M. Postacchini et al.
- A comparative study on pedestrian flow through bottlenecks between flood evacuation and land evacuation X. Li et al.
- Comprehensive flood vulnerability analysis in urban communities: Iowa case study Y. Alabbad & I. Demir
- Stability of Individuals during Urban Inundations: What Should We Learn from Field Observations? H. Chanson & R. Brown
- Numerical Insights Into the Effects of Model Geometric Distortion in Laboratory Experiments of Urban Flooding X. Li et al.
- Disparities of population exposed to flood hazards in the United States Y. Qiang
- Impact-based flash-flood forecasting system: Sensitivity to high resolution numerical weather prediction systems and soil moisture F. Silvestro et al.
- Exploring spatial relationships between stream channel features, water depths and flow velocities during flash floods using HEC-GeoRAS and Geographic Information Systems M. Leal et al.
- Flood damage functions based on a single physics- and data-based impact parameter that jointly accounts for water depth and velocity T. Lazzarin et al.
- Numerical modelling of green-water overtopping flow striking a pedestrian on the crest of a sloped coastal structure W. Tan et al.
- From risk control to resilience: developments and trends of urban roads designed as surface flood passages to cope with extreme storms Z. Shao et al.
- Numerical investigations of pedestrian overboard on a compound slope dike due to excessive overtopping waves X. Zhao et al.
- Performance of turbulence closure models for 3D RANS simulation of urban flooding with exchanges between flooded streets and building openings S. Yu et al.
- A physically-based conceptual model calibrated on experimental data for estimating the flood instability hazard for pedestrians in urban area R. Albano et al.
- Generalization of an innovative flood risk assessment model integrating hydraulic instability of pedestrians and vehicles with siltation in urban drainage pipelines D. Di et al.
- Characterization of Overtopping Waves on Sea Dikes with Gentle and Shallow Foreshores T. Suzuki et al.
- Comprehensive flood risk assessment in highly developed urban areas B. Dong et al.
- Urban flood risk assessment and analysis with a 3D visualization method coupling the PP-PSO algorithm and building data G. Zhi et al.
- Empirical flash flood vulnerability functions for residential buildings C. Arrighi et al.
- Simulation of 3D overtopping flow–object–structure interaction with a calibration-based wave generation method with DualSPHysics and SWASH T. Suzuki et al.
- Analysis and improvement of human stability in floodwaters through numerical simulation with SPH-DEM model L. Zhang & J. Zhang
- Analysis of Self-Rescue Possibilities for Pedestrians in the Aftermath of Destabilization during a Flood Event X. Guo et al.
- Wave overtopping flow striking a human body on the crest of an impermeable sloped seawall. Part I: Physical modeling D. Cao et al.
- Study on the Characteristics of Flow over a Seawall and Its Impact on Pedestrians under Solitary Wave Action Y. Hou et al.
- Influence of pedestrian grouping on evacuation efficiency in underground flooded stairs: a 3D numerical assessment C. Aparicio Uribe et al.
- Flood Risk in Urban Areas: Modelling, Management and Adaptation to Climate Change. A Review L. Cea & P. Costabile
- Flood impacts on individual well-being: insights from a post-event survey across differently exposed groups in Marche region, Italy S. Rrokaj et al.
- Fundamental diagrams for straight movement of pedestrians in water X. Li et al.
- Establishing closure criteria for coastal roadways under flooding conditions F. Maghsoodifar et al.
- Multi-Risk Assessment in the Veneto Region: An Approach to Rank Seismic and Flood Risk G. Tocchi et al.
- Numerical investigations of the successive wave strike processes on the coastal slope dike using OpenFOAM® Z. Huang et al.
- Experimental Study Unraveling Flow Allocation Patterns at Crossroad Intersections During Urban Flooding N. Xu et al.
- An Entropic Approach to Estimating the Instability Criterion of People in Floodwaters Z. Zhu et al.
- Beyond flood hazard. Mapping the loss probability of pedestrians to improve risk estimation and communication T. Lazzarin et al.
- Numerical simulation of human hydrodynamic characteristics in uniform current impacts G. Dong et al.
- Exploring the science of evacuation behavior and decision-making during large scale community evacuations: A scientometrics analysis and scoping review C. Kannangara et al.
- Numerical simulation of waves overtopping over impermeable sloped seadikes M. Sharifian et al.
- Urban Flood Drifters (UFDs): Onset of movement D. Valero et al.
- Evacuation under flooded conditions: Experimental investigation of the influence of water depth on walking behaviors C. Dias et al.
- Natural hazard insurance outcomes at national, regional and local scales: A comparison between Sweden and Portugal M. Leal et al.
- Investigation of pedestrian speed in formation evacuating in two specific water depths X. Li et al.
- WebFRIS: An efficient web-based decision support tool to disseminate end-to-end risk information for flood management M. Mohanty & S. Karmakar
- A coupled model for macroscopic behavior of crowd in flood induced evacuation S. Maity & S. Sundar
- Impact of the porosity of an urban block on the flood risk assessment: A laboratory experiment M. Mejía-Morales et al.
- Crowd safety assessment for flood evacuation in subway platform tunnels S. Cao et al.
- Pedestrian dynamics in flooding disasters: an experimental study of unidirectional pedestrian flow under multiple water depths X. Li et al.
- Modeling and simulation of crowd dynamics at evacuation bottlenecks during flood disasters D. Shi et al.
- A Generalized Framework for Assessing Flood Risk and Suitable Strategies under Various Vulnerability and Adaptation Scenarios: A Case Study for Residents of Kyoto City in Japan B. Jhong et al.
- An operational procedure for rapid flood risk assessment in Europe F. Dottori et al.
- Supporting participative pre‐flood risk reduction in a UNESCO biosphere M. O'Grady et al.
- Spatiotemporal urban flood expansion and propagation by the percentage of nodes in flood assessment (PNFA) H. Do Minh et al.
- Can the 2D shallow water equations model flow intrusion into buildings during urban floods? B. Dewals et al.
- Data-driven flood hazard zonation of Italy I. Marchesini et al.
- Report on Seventh International Conference on Flood Management Y. IMAMURA et al.
- Analysis of Inundation Flow Characteristics and Risk Assessment in a Subway Model Using Flow Simulations J. Shin et al.
- A rolling optimization method for safety evacuation in subway stations based on flood-pedestrian coupled dynamics J. Wei et al.
- Toward Street‐Level Nowcasting of Flash Floods Impacts Based on HPC Hydrodynamic Modeling at the Watershed Scale and High‐Resolution Weather Radar Data P. Costabile et al.
- Thresholds of human body stability in water flows: advances, challenges, and guidelines for flood risk management M. Fagundes et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 11 May 2026
Short summary
In developed countries, the majority of fatalities during floods occurs as a consequence of inappropriate high-risk behaviour such as walking or driving in floodwaters. This work addresses pedestrians' instability in floodwaters. It analyses both the contribution of flood and human physical characteristics in the loss of stability highlighting the key role of subject height (submergence) and flow regime. The method consists of a re-analysis of experiments and numerical modelling.
In developed countries, the majority of fatalities during floods occurs as a consequence of...