Articles | Volume 21, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Rain or snow: hydrologic processes, observations, prediction, and research needs
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada, USA
Michael L. Kaplan
Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada, USA
P. Zion Klos
Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho, USA
Timothy Link
Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho, USA
James P. McNamara
Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Dr., Boise, Idaho, USA
Seshadri Rajagopal
Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada, USA
Rina Schumer
Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada, USA
Caitriana M. Steele
Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
Viewed
Total article views: 9,184 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 31 Aug 2016)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,586 | 3,337 | 261 | 9,184 | 217 | 279 |
- HTML: 5,586
- PDF: 3,337
- XML: 261
- Total: 9,184
- BibTeX: 217
- EndNote: 279
Total article views: 8,445 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 02 Jan 2017)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,281 | 2,922 | 242 | 8,445 | 200 | 269 |
- HTML: 5,281
- PDF: 2,922
- XML: 242
- Total: 8,445
- BibTeX: 200
- EndNote: 269
Total article views: 739 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 31 Aug 2016)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 305 | 415 | 19 | 739 | 17 | 10 |
- HTML: 305
- PDF: 415
- XML: 19
- Total: 739
- BibTeX: 17
- EndNote: 10
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 9,184 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 8,839 with geography defined
and 345 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 8,445 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 8,118 with geography defined
and 327 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 739 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 721 with geography defined
and 18 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
157 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Response of snow hydrological processes to a changing climate during 1961 to 2016 in the headwater of Irtysh River Basin, Chinese Altai Mountains W. Zhang et al.
- DeepCut: adaptive neural network thresholds for precipitation phase partitioning M. Moussa et al.
- Long-term measurements of seasonal snowpacks indicate increases in mid-winter snowmelt and earlier snowpack disappearance in the northeastern U.S. G. Wilson et al.
- Livestock feed resources used as alternatives during feed shortages and their impact on the environment and ruminant performance in West Africa: a systematic review N. Alimi et al.
- Discriminating the precipitation phase based on different temperature thresholds in the Songhua River Basin, China K. Zhong et al.
- Corrections of Precipitation Particle Size Distribution Measured by a Parsivel OTT2 Disdrometer under Windy Conditions in the Antisana Massif, Ecuador L. Gualco et al.
- Effective Engagement While Scaling Up: Lessons from a Citizen Science Program Transitioning from Single- to Multi-Region Scale M. Collins et al.
- Spatial variation of the rain–snow temperature threshold across the Northern Hemisphere K. Jennings et al.
- Responses of terrestrial water cycle components to afforestation within and around the Yellow River basin M. LV et al.
- Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia I. Shayea et al.
- Assessing the degree of detail of temperature-based snow routines for runoff modelling in mountainous areas in central Europe M. Girons Lopez et al.
- Watershed memory amplified the Oroville rain-on-snow flood of February 2017 K. Haleakala et al.
- Hybrid climate datasets from a climate data evaluation system and their impacts on hydrologic simulations for the Athabasca River basin in Canada H. Eum & A. Gupta
- Scalable rain–snow discrimination in glacierized regions using tower observations and time-lapse imagery W. Lyu et al.
- Linking Global Changes of Snowfall and Wet-Bulb Temperature S. Tamang et al.
- Machine learning shows a limit to rain-snow partitioning accuracy when using near-surface meteorology K. Jennings et al.
- Detecting Rain–Snow-Transition Elevations in Mountain Basins Using Wireless Sensor Networks G. Cui et al.
- Decoding global precipitation processes and particle evolution using unsupervised learning F. King et al.
- Future changes of precipitation types in the Peruvian Andes V. Llactayo et al.
- Combining commercial microwave links and weather radar for classification of dry snow and rainfall E. Øydvin et al.
- Enhancing Soil and Water Assessment Tool Snow Prediction Reliability with Remote-Sensing-Based Snow Water Equivalent Reconstruction Product for Upland Watersheds in a Multi-Objective Calibration Process Z. Liu et al.
- Impact of weather systems on observed precipitation at Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard) K. Ebell et al.
- Characterization of rain-on-snow events in the Cantabrian Mountains (1985–2020) T. Cardona-Sastre et al.
- Quantifying the Impact of Rain-on-Snow Induced Flooding in the Western United States B. Bean & E. Watts
- Improving Snow‐Process Modeling by Evaluating Reanalysis Vertical Temperature Profiles Using a Distributed Hydrological Model A. Moiz et al.
- Modeling of Future Changes in Seasonal Snowpack and Impacts on Summer Low Flows in Alpine Catchments M. Jenicek et al.
- Identifying snowfall elevation patterns by assimilating satellite-based snow depth retrievals M. Girotto et al.
- Exploring the spatiotemporal distribution and driving factors of vegetation canopy rainfall interception in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China H. Wang et al.
- Advancing Spaceborne Precipitation Radar Monitoring: Systematic Comparison Between PMR and DPR Observations J. Song et al.
- Modeling Winter Precipitation Over the Juneau Icefield, Alaska, Using a Linear Model of Orographic Precipitation A. Roth et al.
- Snow depth alteration and its relation with climate variability in China M. Saydi et al.
- Assessment of precipitation type discrimination methods on glacier of Qilian Mountains J. Chen et al.
- Crowdsourced Data Highlight Precipitation Phase Partitioning Variability in Rain‐Snow Transition Zone K. Jennings et al.
- Runoff response to the uncertainty from key water-budget variables in a seasonally snow-covered mountain basin G. Cui et al.
- A Wet‐Bulb Temperature‐Based Rain‐Snow Partitioning Scheme Improves Snowpack Prediction Over the Drier Western United States Y. Wang et al.
- Optimizing spatial distribution of watershed-scale hydrologic models using Gaussian Mixture Models T. Maurer et al.
- Evaluation and hydrological impact of land-use changes in the Longtan basin G. Mo et al.
- Variability in observed snow depth over China from 1960 to 2014 X. Zhang et al.
- Towards robust seasonal streamflow forecasts in mountainous catchments: impact of calibration metric selection in hydrological modeling D. Araya et al.
- Algorithmically detected rain-on-snow flood events in different climate datasets: a case study of the Susquehanna River basin C. Zarzycki et al.
- Snow Hydrology in the Upper Yellow River Basin Under Climate Change: A Land Surface Modeling Perspective W. Liu et al.
- Separating the impacts of climate variability, land-use change and large reservoir operations on streamflow in the Yangtze River basin, China, using a hydrological modeling approach N. Nie et al.
- Genome-wide identification of AP2/EREBP in Fragaria vesca and expression pattern analysis of the FvDREB subfamily under drought stress C. Dong et al.
- An intercomparison of empirical schemes for partitioning precipitation phase J. Hu et al.
- High-resolution mountain topography can inform global snow vulnerability estimates A. Marshall et al.
- Rain attenuation of millimetre wave above 10 GHz for terrestrial links in tropical regions I. Shayea et al.
- Reducing misclassified precipitation phase in conceptual models using cloud base heights and relative humidity to adjust air temperature thresholds J. Feiccabrino
- Evaluating long‐term One‐Way Atmosphere‐Hydrology simulations and the impacts of Two‐Way coupling in four mountain watersheds W. Rudisill et al.
- Hydroclimate Variability in Snow-Fed River Systems: Local Water Managers’ Perspectives on Adapting to the New Normal K. Sterle et al.
- Comparison of Snowfall Variations over China Identified from Different Snowfall/Rainfall Discrimination Methods J. Luo et al.
- Snowtography quantifies effects of forest cover on net water input to soil at sites with ephemeral or stable seasonal snowpack in Arizona, USA R. Dwivedi et al.
- Snow cover expansion with contrasting depth thinning in the recent 40 years: Evidence from the Yalong River Basin, South-eastern Tibetan Plateau N. Wu et al.
- Rainfall Interception by Singleleaf Piñon and Utah Juniper: Implications for Stand-Level Effective Precipitation T. Stringham et al.
- Have satellite precipitation products improved over last two decades? A comprehensive comparison of GPM IMERG with nine satellite and reanalysis datasets G. Tang et al.
- Simulation of Past Changes in the Austrian Snow Cover 1948–2009 T. Marke et al.
- Snow observations in Mount Lebanon (2011–2016) A. Fayad et al.
- Improving snow water equivalent simulations in an alpine basin by blending precipitation gauge and snow pillow measurements N. Pelak et al.
- Importance of snowmelt contribution to seasonal runoff and summer low flows in Czechia M. Jenicek & O. Ledvinka
- Downscaling of ERA-Interim Temperature in the Contiguous United States and Its Implications for Rain–Snow Partitioning G. Tang et al.
- Exploring Deep Neural Networks to Retrieve Rain and Snow in High Latitudes Using Multisensor and Reanalysis Data G. Tang et al.
- Multi‐Year Analysis of Rain‐Snow Levels at Marquette, Michigan J. Shates et al.
- Imprint of urbanization on snow precipitation over the continental USA K. Salvi & M. Kumar
- Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Snowfall Conditions in Poland Based on the Snow Fraction Sensitivity Index U. Somorowska
- Adaptive ecological baseflow computation based on the ecological requirements: a case study in Weihe Basin, China D. Liu et al.
- Comparison of three models fitting the soil water retention curves in a degraded alpine meadow region T. Pan et al.
- The shifts of precipitation phases and their impacts X. Li et al.
- Merits of novel high-resolution estimates and existing long-term estimates of humidity and incident radiation in a complex domain H. Erlandsen et al.
- Performance of precipitation phase partitioning methods and their impact on snowpack evolution in a humid continental climate N. Leroux et al.
- A double sigmoidal model for snow-rain phase separation F. Hashemireza et al.
- The Snowline and 0°C Isotherm Altitudes During Precipitation Events in the Dry Subtropical Chilean Andes as Seen by Citizen Science, Surface Stations, and ERA5 Reanalysis Data S. Schauwecker et al.
- Spatiotemporal Variation of Snowfall to Precipitation Ratio and Its Implication on Water Resources by a Regional Climate Model over Xinjiang, China Q. Li et al.
- Lessons learned from monitoring the stable water isotopic variability in precipitation and streamflow across a snow-dominated subarctic catchment S. Lyon et al.
- Incorporating relative humidity improves the accuracy of precipitation phase discrimination in High Mountain Asia F. Sun et al.
- Testing the applicability of physiographic classification methods toward improving precipitation phase determination in conceptual models L. Grigg et al.
- Time Series Analysis on Selected Rainfall Stations Data in Louisiana Using ARIMA Approach Y. Twumasi et al.
- The variation in soil water retention of alpine shrub meadow under different degrees of degradation on northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau L. Dai et al.
- Classification of Precipitation Types Based on Machine Learning Using Dual-Polarization Radar Measurements and Thermodynamic Fields K. Shin et al.
- Now you see it, now you don't: a case study of ephemeral snowpacks and soil moisture response in the Great Basin, USA R. Petersky & A. Harpold
- Trends and causal drivers of extreme snowfall intensification in China under climate warming W. Wang et al.
- Quantifying the snowfall variations in the Third Pole region from 1980 to 2020 T. Yang et al.
- The sensitivity of snowfall to weather states over Sweden L. Norin et al.
- Detecting Shifts of Monsoon Precipitation Patterns and a Large Increase in Soil Erosion Potential During 1979–2020 in Nepal R. Tang et al.
- Improved snow depth estimation on the Tibetan Plateau using AMSR2 and ensemble learning models Q. Gu et al.
- Predictive performance of ensemble hydroclimatic forecasts: Verification metrics, diagnostic plots and forecast attributes Z. Huang & T. Zhao
- HydroMix v1.0: a new Bayesian mixing framework for attributing uncertain hydrological sources H. Beria et al.
- Temperature-sensitive changes in precipitation phases over two distinct glacierized basins of the North-Western Himalayas S. Kumar et al.
- Characterizing the spatial distribution of field-scale snowpack using unpiloted aerial system (UAS) lidar and structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry E. Cho et al.
- Determining threshold air temperature of snowfall and rainfall in China mainland Y. Liu & G. Ren
- A Test Study of an Energy and Mass Balance Model Application to a Site on Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Chinese Tian Shan P. Wang et al.
- A new framework for assessing carbon fluxes in alpine rivers Y. Yang et al.
- Enhancing Engagement of Citizen Scientists to Monitor Precipitation Phase M. Arienzo et al.
- Information content of spatially distributed ground-based measurements for hydrologic-parameter calibration in mixed rain-snow mountain headwaters F. Avanzi et al.
- Flood Size Increases Nonlinearly Across the Western United States in Response to Lower Snow‐Precipitation Ratios F. Davenport et al.
- Moving beyond the catchment scale: Value and opportunities in large‐scale hydrology to understand our changing world D. Kingston et al.
- The role of liquid water percolation representation in estimating snow water equivalent in a Mediterranean mountain region (Mount Lebanon) A. Fayad & S. Gascoin
- Changes of actual evapotranspiration and its components in the Yangtze River valley during 1980–2014 from satellite assimilation product J. Lu et al.
- Classification of Precipitation Type in North China Using Model-Based Explicit Fields of Hydrometeors with Modified Thermodynamic Conditions L. Yang et al.
- Snowpack signals in North American tree rings B. Coulthard et al.
- A machine learning-based water supply forecasting model to quantify the impact of snow water equivalent on seasonal streamflow variability over the western U.S H. Yue et al.
- The cold regions hydrological modelling platform for hydrological diagnosis and prediction based on process understanding J. Pomeroy et al.
- Changes in precipitation phases based on the multi-discrimination method in the Tibetan Plateau X. Zhang et al.
- Potential for Changing Extreme Snowmelt and Rainfall Events in the Mountains of the Western United States A. Harpold & M. Kohler
- The impacts of impervious surface expansion and the operation of polders on flooding under rapid urbanization processes B. Gao et al.
- Impacts of Changing Temperatures on the Water Budget in the Great Salt Lake Basin G. Affram et al.
- Spatially distributed rainfall information and its potential for regional landslide early warning systems E. Canli et al.
- Drivers of spatiotemporal patterns of surface water inputs in a catchment at the rain-snow transition zone of the water-limited western United States K. Hale et al.
- Evaluation of MODIS-derived estimates of the albedo over the Atacama Desert using ground-based spectral measurements R. Cordero et al.
- The sensitivity of modeled snow accumulation and melt to precipitation phase methods across a climatic gradient K. Jennings & N. Molotch
- On distinguishing snowfall from rainfall using near‐surface atmospheric information: Comparative analysis, uncertainties and hydrologic importance A. Behrangi et al.
- Surface precipitation phase discrimination in complex terrain E. Casellas et al.
- Impacts of Climate Change on Groundwater Availability and Spring Flows: Observations from the Highly Productive Medicine Lake Highlands/Fall River Springs Aquifer System L. Mancewicz et al.
- Snow Depth Trends from CMIP6 Models Conflict with Observational Evidence X. Zhong et al.
- Learning about precipitation lapse rates from snow course data improves water balance modeling F. Avanzi et al.
- Seasonal snow cover decreases young water fractions in high Alpine catchments N. Ceperley et al.
- Exploring Climate-Driven agricultural water shortages in a Snow-Fed basin using a water allocation model and Machine learning G. Boisramé & R. Carroll
- Proportion and Distribution of Rain and Snow in China from 1960 to 2018 Y. Li et al.
- Winter Snow Level Rise in the Northern Sierra Nevada from 2008 to 2017 B. Hatchett et al.
- Regional Snow Parameters Estimation for Large‐Domain Hydrological Applications in the Western United States N. Sun et al.
- Estimating robust melt factors and temperature thresholds for snow modelling across the Northern Hemisphere A. Fontrodona-Bach et al.
- Unveiling emerging interdisciplinary research challenges in the highly threatened sclerophyllous forests of central Chile C. Delpiano et al.
- Evaluating 3 decades of precipitation in the Upper Colorado River basin from a high-resolution regional climate model W. Rudisill et al.
- Real Measurement Study for Rain Rate and Rain Attenuation Conducted Over 26 GHz Microwave 5G Link System in Malaysia I. Shayea et al.
- Assessing Snow Accumulation Patterns and Changes on the Patagonian Icefields C. Bravo et al.
- Influence of Climate Variability and Reservoir Operation on Streamflow in the Yangtze River Y. Chai et al.
- The compounding effects of agricultural expansion and snow drought on lake urmia’s drying crisis A. Shahbazi et al.
- Precipitation phase uncertainty in cold region conceptual models resulting from meteorological forcing time-step intervals J. Feiccabrino
- Incorporating compound flood events in the weather service value chain J. Su et al.
- Snow or rain? hybrid AI deciphers surface precipitation phase from satellite observations C. Yang et al.
- Long-term variations in precipitation types (rain, snow, and sleet) on the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for the cryosphere and ecohydrological systems S. Li et al.
- Leveraging a radar-based disdrometer network to develop a probabilistic precipitation phase model in eastern Canada A. Bédard-Therrien et al.
- Snow hydrology in Mediterranean mountain regions: A review A. Fayad et al.
- Evaluation of IMERG and ERA5 Precipitation-Phase Partitioning on the Global Scale W. Xiong et al.
- Snow simulations predict future changes in rain-on-snow events across the upper Gallatin River watershed, a Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem headwater system S. Newcomb et al.
- Warming Alters Hydrologic Heterogeneity: Simulated Climate Sensitivity of Hydrology‐Based Microrefugia in the Snow‐to‐Rain Transition Zone A. Marshall et al.
- Parsimonious Models of Precipitation Phase Derived from Random Forest Knowledge: Intercomparing Logistic Models, Neural Networks, and Random Forest Models L. Campozano et al.
- Spatial and Temporal Shifts in Historic and Future Temperature and Precipitation Patterns Related to Snow Accumulation and Melt Regimes in Alberta, Canada B. Newton et al.
- Linking heavy rainfall to suspended sediment fluxes in a deglaciating Alpine catchment A. Skålevåg et al.
- 降水形态转变及其影响研究进展与展望 雪. 李 et al.
- Form and function relationships revealed by long‐term research in a semiarid mountain catchment J. McNamara et al.
- Decreasing trends of mean and extreme snowfall in High Mountain Asia F. Sun et al.
- A Review of the Hydrologic Response Mechanisms During Mountain Rain-on-Snow W. Brandt et al.
- Snowpack Contributions and Temperature Characterization of Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers in the Western Cordillera of the United States J. Hu & A. Nolin
- Rainfall interception by mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentataspp.vaseyana): Dryland shrub canopy cover affects net precipitation D. Snyder et al.
- Effects of climate anomalies on warm-season low flows in Switzerland M. Floriancic et al.
- An improved modeling of precipitation phase and snow in the Lancang River Basin in Southwest China Z. Han et al.
- Coupled Snow Cover and Avalanche Dynamics Simulations to Evaluate Wet Snow Avalanche Activity N. Wever et al.
- Snow Level From Post‐Processing of Atmospheric Model Improves Snowfall Estimate and Snowpack Prediction in Mountains V. Vionnet et al.
- Optimization of preparation conditions and performance of a new degradable soil water retaining agent Z. Yumang et al.
- Effects of univariate and multivariate statistical downscaling methods on climatic and hydrologic indicators for Alberta, Canada H. Eum et al.
- Incorporating relative humidity in precipitation phase partitioning reduces model bias for some snow and streamflow metrics across the Northwest US B. Singh et al.
- Spatial and Temporal Variation Characteristics of Snowfall in the Haihe River Basin from 1960 to 2016 X. Wu et al.
- Improvements to melting snow behavior in a bulk microphysics scheme E. Iversen et al.
- Opportunities and Challenges Arising from Rapid Cryospheric Changes in the Southern Altai Mountains, China W. Zhang et al.
- A Prognostic Nested k-Nearest Approach for Microwave Precipitation Phase Detection over Snow Cover Z. Takbiri et al.
- Quantifying the impact of snow drought on glacier melting at a Himalayan mountain basin J. Nepal et al.
- What roles can water-stressed vegetation play in agricultural droughts? M. Liu et al.
- How precipitation phase affects the accuracy of IMERG satellite precipitation products in mainland China? Y. Wang et al.
157 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Response of snow hydrological processes to a changing climate during 1961 to 2016 in the headwater of Irtysh River Basin, Chinese Altai Mountains W. Zhang et al.
- DeepCut: adaptive neural network thresholds for precipitation phase partitioning M. Moussa et al.
- Long-term measurements of seasonal snowpacks indicate increases in mid-winter snowmelt and earlier snowpack disappearance in the northeastern U.S. G. Wilson et al.
- Livestock feed resources used as alternatives during feed shortages and their impact on the environment and ruminant performance in West Africa: a systematic review N. Alimi et al.
- Discriminating the precipitation phase based on different temperature thresholds in the Songhua River Basin, China K. Zhong et al.
- Corrections of Precipitation Particle Size Distribution Measured by a Parsivel OTT2 Disdrometer under Windy Conditions in the Antisana Massif, Ecuador L. Gualco et al.
- Effective Engagement While Scaling Up: Lessons from a Citizen Science Program Transitioning from Single- to Multi-Region Scale M. Collins et al.
- Spatial variation of the rain–snow temperature threshold across the Northern Hemisphere K. Jennings et al.
- Responses of terrestrial water cycle components to afforestation within and around the Yellow River basin M. LV et al.
- Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia I. Shayea et al.
- Assessing the degree of detail of temperature-based snow routines for runoff modelling in mountainous areas in central Europe M. Girons Lopez et al.
- Watershed memory amplified the Oroville rain-on-snow flood of February 2017 K. Haleakala et al.
- Hybrid climate datasets from a climate data evaluation system and their impacts on hydrologic simulations for the Athabasca River basin in Canada H. Eum & A. Gupta
- Scalable rain–snow discrimination in glacierized regions using tower observations and time-lapse imagery W. Lyu et al.
- Linking Global Changes of Snowfall and Wet-Bulb Temperature S. Tamang et al.
- Machine learning shows a limit to rain-snow partitioning accuracy when using near-surface meteorology K. Jennings et al.
- Detecting Rain–Snow-Transition Elevations in Mountain Basins Using Wireless Sensor Networks G. Cui et al.
- Decoding global precipitation processes and particle evolution using unsupervised learning F. King et al.
- Future changes of precipitation types in the Peruvian Andes V. Llactayo et al.
- Combining commercial microwave links and weather radar for classification of dry snow and rainfall E. Øydvin et al.
- Enhancing Soil and Water Assessment Tool Snow Prediction Reliability with Remote-Sensing-Based Snow Water Equivalent Reconstruction Product for Upland Watersheds in a Multi-Objective Calibration Process Z. Liu et al.
- Impact of weather systems on observed precipitation at Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard) K. Ebell et al.
- Characterization of rain-on-snow events in the Cantabrian Mountains (1985–2020) T. Cardona-Sastre et al.
- Quantifying the Impact of Rain-on-Snow Induced Flooding in the Western United States B. Bean & E. Watts
- Improving Snow‐Process Modeling by Evaluating Reanalysis Vertical Temperature Profiles Using a Distributed Hydrological Model A. Moiz et al.
- Modeling of Future Changes in Seasonal Snowpack and Impacts on Summer Low Flows in Alpine Catchments M. Jenicek et al.
- Identifying snowfall elevation patterns by assimilating satellite-based snow depth retrievals M. Girotto et al.
- Exploring the spatiotemporal distribution and driving factors of vegetation canopy rainfall interception in the Qilian Mountains, Northwest China H. Wang et al.
- Advancing Spaceborne Precipitation Radar Monitoring: Systematic Comparison Between PMR and DPR Observations J. Song et al.
- Modeling Winter Precipitation Over the Juneau Icefield, Alaska, Using a Linear Model of Orographic Precipitation A. Roth et al.
- Snow depth alteration and its relation with climate variability in China M. Saydi et al.
- Assessment of precipitation type discrimination methods on glacier of Qilian Mountains J. Chen et al.
- Crowdsourced Data Highlight Precipitation Phase Partitioning Variability in Rain‐Snow Transition Zone K. Jennings et al.
- Runoff response to the uncertainty from key water-budget variables in a seasonally snow-covered mountain basin G. Cui et al.
- A Wet‐Bulb Temperature‐Based Rain‐Snow Partitioning Scheme Improves Snowpack Prediction Over the Drier Western United States Y. Wang et al.
- Optimizing spatial distribution of watershed-scale hydrologic models using Gaussian Mixture Models T. Maurer et al.
- Evaluation and hydrological impact of land-use changes in the Longtan basin G. Mo et al.
- Variability in observed snow depth over China from 1960 to 2014 X. Zhang et al.
- Towards robust seasonal streamflow forecasts in mountainous catchments: impact of calibration metric selection in hydrological modeling D. Araya et al.
- Algorithmically detected rain-on-snow flood events in different climate datasets: a case study of the Susquehanna River basin C. Zarzycki et al.
- Snow Hydrology in the Upper Yellow River Basin Under Climate Change: A Land Surface Modeling Perspective W. Liu et al.
- Separating the impacts of climate variability, land-use change and large reservoir operations on streamflow in the Yangtze River basin, China, using a hydrological modeling approach N. Nie et al.
- Genome-wide identification of AP2/EREBP in Fragaria vesca and expression pattern analysis of the FvDREB subfamily under drought stress C. Dong et al.
- An intercomparison of empirical schemes for partitioning precipitation phase J. Hu et al.
- High-resolution mountain topography can inform global snow vulnerability estimates A. Marshall et al.
- Rain attenuation of millimetre wave above 10 GHz for terrestrial links in tropical regions I. Shayea et al.
- Reducing misclassified precipitation phase in conceptual models using cloud base heights and relative humidity to adjust air temperature thresholds J. Feiccabrino
- Evaluating long‐term One‐Way Atmosphere‐Hydrology simulations and the impacts of Two‐Way coupling in four mountain watersheds W. Rudisill et al.
- Hydroclimate Variability in Snow-Fed River Systems: Local Water Managers’ Perspectives on Adapting to the New Normal K. Sterle et al.
- Comparison of Snowfall Variations over China Identified from Different Snowfall/Rainfall Discrimination Methods J. Luo et al.
- Snowtography quantifies effects of forest cover on net water input to soil at sites with ephemeral or stable seasonal snowpack in Arizona, USA R. Dwivedi et al.
- Snow cover expansion with contrasting depth thinning in the recent 40 years: Evidence from the Yalong River Basin, South-eastern Tibetan Plateau N. Wu et al.
- Rainfall Interception by Singleleaf Piñon and Utah Juniper: Implications for Stand-Level Effective Precipitation T. Stringham et al.
- Have satellite precipitation products improved over last two decades? A comprehensive comparison of GPM IMERG with nine satellite and reanalysis datasets G. Tang et al.
- Simulation of Past Changes in the Austrian Snow Cover 1948–2009 T. Marke et al.
- Snow observations in Mount Lebanon (2011–2016) A. Fayad et al.
- Improving snow water equivalent simulations in an alpine basin by blending precipitation gauge and snow pillow measurements N. Pelak et al.
- Importance of snowmelt contribution to seasonal runoff and summer low flows in Czechia M. Jenicek & O. Ledvinka
- Downscaling of ERA-Interim Temperature in the Contiguous United States and Its Implications for Rain–Snow Partitioning G. Tang et al.
- Exploring Deep Neural Networks to Retrieve Rain and Snow in High Latitudes Using Multisensor and Reanalysis Data G. Tang et al.
- Multi‐Year Analysis of Rain‐Snow Levels at Marquette, Michigan J. Shates et al.
- Imprint of urbanization on snow precipitation over the continental USA K. Salvi & M. Kumar
- Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Snowfall Conditions in Poland Based on the Snow Fraction Sensitivity Index U. Somorowska
- Adaptive ecological baseflow computation based on the ecological requirements: a case study in Weihe Basin, China D. Liu et al.
- Comparison of three models fitting the soil water retention curves in a degraded alpine meadow region T. Pan et al.
- The shifts of precipitation phases and their impacts X. Li et al.
- Merits of novel high-resolution estimates and existing long-term estimates of humidity and incident radiation in a complex domain H. Erlandsen et al.
- Performance of precipitation phase partitioning methods and their impact on snowpack evolution in a humid continental climate N. Leroux et al.
- A double sigmoidal model for snow-rain phase separation F. Hashemireza et al.
- The Snowline and 0°C Isotherm Altitudes During Precipitation Events in the Dry Subtropical Chilean Andes as Seen by Citizen Science, Surface Stations, and ERA5 Reanalysis Data S. Schauwecker et al.
- Spatiotemporal Variation of Snowfall to Precipitation Ratio and Its Implication on Water Resources by a Regional Climate Model over Xinjiang, China Q. Li et al.
- Lessons learned from monitoring the stable water isotopic variability in precipitation and streamflow across a snow-dominated subarctic catchment S. Lyon et al.
- Incorporating relative humidity improves the accuracy of precipitation phase discrimination in High Mountain Asia F. Sun et al.
- Testing the applicability of physiographic classification methods toward improving precipitation phase determination in conceptual models L. Grigg et al.
- Time Series Analysis on Selected Rainfall Stations Data in Louisiana Using ARIMA Approach Y. Twumasi et al.
- The variation in soil water retention of alpine shrub meadow under different degrees of degradation on northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau L. Dai et al.
- Classification of Precipitation Types Based on Machine Learning Using Dual-Polarization Radar Measurements and Thermodynamic Fields K. Shin et al.
- Now you see it, now you don't: a case study of ephemeral snowpacks and soil moisture response in the Great Basin, USA R. Petersky & A. Harpold
- Trends and causal drivers of extreme snowfall intensification in China under climate warming W. Wang et al.
- Quantifying the snowfall variations in the Third Pole region from 1980 to 2020 T. Yang et al.
- The sensitivity of snowfall to weather states over Sweden L. Norin et al.
- Detecting Shifts of Monsoon Precipitation Patterns and a Large Increase in Soil Erosion Potential During 1979–2020 in Nepal R. Tang et al.
- Improved snow depth estimation on the Tibetan Plateau using AMSR2 and ensemble learning models Q. Gu et al.
- Predictive performance of ensemble hydroclimatic forecasts: Verification metrics, diagnostic plots and forecast attributes Z. Huang & T. Zhao
- HydroMix v1.0: a new Bayesian mixing framework for attributing uncertain hydrological sources H. Beria et al.
- Temperature-sensitive changes in precipitation phases over two distinct glacierized basins of the North-Western Himalayas S. Kumar et al.
- Characterizing the spatial distribution of field-scale snowpack using unpiloted aerial system (UAS) lidar and structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry E. Cho et al.
- Determining threshold air temperature of snowfall and rainfall in China mainland Y. Liu & G. Ren
- A Test Study of an Energy and Mass Balance Model Application to a Site on Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Chinese Tian Shan P. Wang et al.
- A new framework for assessing carbon fluxes in alpine rivers Y. Yang et al.
- Enhancing Engagement of Citizen Scientists to Monitor Precipitation Phase M. Arienzo et al.
- Information content of spatially distributed ground-based measurements for hydrologic-parameter calibration in mixed rain-snow mountain headwaters F. Avanzi et al.
- Flood Size Increases Nonlinearly Across the Western United States in Response to Lower Snow‐Precipitation Ratios F. Davenport et al.
- Moving beyond the catchment scale: Value and opportunities in large‐scale hydrology to understand our changing world D. Kingston et al.
- The role of liquid water percolation representation in estimating snow water equivalent in a Mediterranean mountain region (Mount Lebanon) A. Fayad & S. Gascoin
- Changes of actual evapotranspiration and its components in the Yangtze River valley during 1980–2014 from satellite assimilation product J. Lu et al.
- Classification of Precipitation Type in North China Using Model-Based Explicit Fields of Hydrometeors with Modified Thermodynamic Conditions L. Yang et al.
- Snowpack signals in North American tree rings B. Coulthard et al.
- A machine learning-based water supply forecasting model to quantify the impact of snow water equivalent on seasonal streamflow variability over the western U.S H. Yue et al.
- The cold regions hydrological modelling platform for hydrological diagnosis and prediction based on process understanding J. Pomeroy et al.
- Changes in precipitation phases based on the multi-discrimination method in the Tibetan Plateau X. Zhang et al.
- Potential for Changing Extreme Snowmelt and Rainfall Events in the Mountains of the Western United States A. Harpold & M. Kohler
- The impacts of impervious surface expansion and the operation of polders on flooding under rapid urbanization processes B. Gao et al.
- Impacts of Changing Temperatures on the Water Budget in the Great Salt Lake Basin G. Affram et al.
- Spatially distributed rainfall information and its potential for regional landslide early warning systems E. Canli et al.
- Drivers of spatiotemporal patterns of surface water inputs in a catchment at the rain-snow transition zone of the water-limited western United States K. Hale et al.
- Evaluation of MODIS-derived estimates of the albedo over the Atacama Desert using ground-based spectral measurements R. Cordero et al.
- The sensitivity of modeled snow accumulation and melt to precipitation phase methods across a climatic gradient K. Jennings & N. Molotch
- On distinguishing snowfall from rainfall using near‐surface atmospheric information: Comparative analysis, uncertainties and hydrologic importance A. Behrangi et al.
- Surface precipitation phase discrimination in complex terrain E. Casellas et al.
- Impacts of Climate Change on Groundwater Availability and Spring Flows: Observations from the Highly Productive Medicine Lake Highlands/Fall River Springs Aquifer System L. Mancewicz et al.
- Snow Depth Trends from CMIP6 Models Conflict with Observational Evidence X. Zhong et al.
- Learning about precipitation lapse rates from snow course data improves water balance modeling F. Avanzi et al.
- Seasonal snow cover decreases young water fractions in high Alpine catchments N. Ceperley et al.
- Exploring Climate-Driven agricultural water shortages in a Snow-Fed basin using a water allocation model and Machine learning G. Boisramé & R. Carroll
- Proportion and Distribution of Rain and Snow in China from 1960 to 2018 Y. Li et al.
- Winter Snow Level Rise in the Northern Sierra Nevada from 2008 to 2017 B. Hatchett et al.
- Regional Snow Parameters Estimation for Large‐Domain Hydrological Applications in the Western United States N. Sun et al.
- Estimating robust melt factors and temperature thresholds for snow modelling across the Northern Hemisphere A. Fontrodona-Bach et al.
- Unveiling emerging interdisciplinary research challenges in the highly threatened sclerophyllous forests of central Chile C. Delpiano et al.
- Evaluating 3 decades of precipitation in the Upper Colorado River basin from a high-resolution regional climate model W. Rudisill et al.
- Real Measurement Study for Rain Rate and Rain Attenuation Conducted Over 26 GHz Microwave 5G Link System in Malaysia I. Shayea et al.
- Assessing Snow Accumulation Patterns and Changes on the Patagonian Icefields C. Bravo et al.
- Influence of Climate Variability and Reservoir Operation on Streamflow in the Yangtze River Y. Chai et al.
- The compounding effects of agricultural expansion and snow drought on lake urmia’s drying crisis A. Shahbazi et al.
- Precipitation phase uncertainty in cold region conceptual models resulting from meteorological forcing time-step intervals J. Feiccabrino
- Incorporating compound flood events in the weather service value chain J. Su et al.
- Snow or rain? hybrid AI deciphers surface precipitation phase from satellite observations C. Yang et al.
- Long-term variations in precipitation types (rain, snow, and sleet) on the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for the cryosphere and ecohydrological systems S. Li et al.
- Leveraging a radar-based disdrometer network to develop a probabilistic precipitation phase model in eastern Canada A. Bédard-Therrien et al.
- Snow hydrology in Mediterranean mountain regions: A review A. Fayad et al.
- Evaluation of IMERG and ERA5 Precipitation-Phase Partitioning on the Global Scale W. Xiong et al.
- Snow simulations predict future changes in rain-on-snow events across the upper Gallatin River watershed, a Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem headwater system S. Newcomb et al.
- Warming Alters Hydrologic Heterogeneity: Simulated Climate Sensitivity of Hydrology‐Based Microrefugia in the Snow‐to‐Rain Transition Zone A. Marshall et al.
- Parsimonious Models of Precipitation Phase Derived from Random Forest Knowledge: Intercomparing Logistic Models, Neural Networks, and Random Forest Models L. Campozano et al.
- Spatial and Temporal Shifts in Historic and Future Temperature and Precipitation Patterns Related to Snow Accumulation and Melt Regimes in Alberta, Canada B. Newton et al.
- Linking heavy rainfall to suspended sediment fluxes in a deglaciating Alpine catchment A. Skålevåg et al.
- 降水形态转变及其影响研究进展与展望 雪. 李 et al.
- Form and function relationships revealed by long‐term research in a semiarid mountain catchment J. McNamara et al.
- Decreasing trends of mean and extreme snowfall in High Mountain Asia F. Sun et al.
- A Review of the Hydrologic Response Mechanisms During Mountain Rain-on-Snow W. Brandt et al.
- Snowpack Contributions and Temperature Characterization of Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers in the Western Cordillera of the United States J. Hu & A. Nolin
- Rainfall interception by mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentataspp.vaseyana): Dryland shrub canopy cover affects net precipitation D. Snyder et al.
- Effects of climate anomalies on warm-season low flows in Switzerland M. Floriancic et al.
- An improved modeling of precipitation phase and snow in the Lancang River Basin in Southwest China Z. Han et al.
- Coupled Snow Cover and Avalanche Dynamics Simulations to Evaluate Wet Snow Avalanche Activity N. Wever et al.
- Snow Level From Post‐Processing of Atmospheric Model Improves Snowfall Estimate and Snowpack Prediction in Mountains V. Vionnet et al.
- Optimization of preparation conditions and performance of a new degradable soil water retaining agent Z. Yumang et al.
- Effects of univariate and multivariate statistical downscaling methods on climatic and hydrologic indicators for Alberta, Canada H. Eum et al.
- Incorporating relative humidity in precipitation phase partitioning reduces model bias for some snow and streamflow metrics across the Northwest US B. Singh et al.
- Spatial and Temporal Variation Characteristics of Snowfall in the Haihe River Basin from 1960 to 2016 X. Wu et al.
- Improvements to melting snow behavior in a bulk microphysics scheme E. Iversen et al.
- Opportunities and Challenges Arising from Rapid Cryospheric Changes in the Southern Altai Mountains, China W. Zhang et al.
- A Prognostic Nested k-Nearest Approach for Microwave Precipitation Phase Detection over Snow Cover Z. Takbiri et al.
- Quantifying the impact of snow drought on glacier melting at a Himalayan mountain basin J. Nepal et al.
- What roles can water-stressed vegetation play in agricultural droughts? M. Liu et al.
- How precipitation phase affects the accuracy of IMERG satellite precipitation products in mainland China? Y. Wang et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 14 May 2026
Short summary
The phase of precipitation as rain or snow is fundamental to hydrological processes and water resources. Despite its importance, the methods used to predict precipitation phase are inconsistent and often overly simplified. We review these methods and underlying mechanisms that control phase. We present a vision to meet important research gaps needed to improve prediction, including new field-based and remote measurements, validating new and existing methods, and expanding regional prediction.
The phase of precipitation as rain or snow is fundamental to hydrological processes and water...