the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Hydrological and pedological effects of combining Italian alder and blackberries in an agroforestry windbreak system in South Africa
Abstract. The Western Cape in South Africa is a water scarce region which under forecasted climate change scenarios may receive less rainfall and higher air temperatures. The integration of trees within agricultural systems provides an effective measure for improving water retention on agricultural land. Studying an established irrigated agroforestry system (AFS) combining alder (Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby) as a linear windbreak with a blackberry (Rubus fructicosa L.) crop, we explore the water use dynamics of the intercrop as influenced by the windbreak element by combining methods from hydrology, soil science and forestry. We also aim to evaluate whether the proposed experimental design is sufficient to capture the water balance and the underlying controls.
Due to the irrigation the AFS is no longer a water- but rather an energy-limited system. During the measurement period 13 rainfall events were recorded delivering 5.5–117.6 mm of rainfall with an intensity of 0.4 to 5.7 mm hr-1. Root water uptake and event analysis show infiltration to likely occur via macro-pore flow with root water uptake occurring in two depth zones corresponding to different plant communities. Soil water content varied by depth and was influenced by physical and environmental factors, but was generally higher in the intercrop zone than within the windbreak influence zone. Soil moisture did not fall below the water content at the permanent wilting point (<-1500 kPa). Values corresponding to soil water tensions above 1000 kPa were recorded on several occasions, these were mitigated by irrigation, and thus, did not result in water stress. Nutrient distribution and soil physical properties differed near the windbreak in comparison to the blackberry crop and the carbon sequestration potential is great in comparison to monoculture farming.
The interdisciplinary work explored numerous aspects of AFS and acquired different perspectives, confirming hypotheses through cross-method analyses.
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RC1: 'Comment on hess-2023-217', Anonymous Referee #1, 05 Jan 2024
The manuscript by Hoffmeister et al. offers interesting new insights into the water dynamics of an agroforestry system. The study is methodologically very well implemented. The manuscript is complete, well structured and easy to read.
I have few general comments:
- The outcome of the study (the most important results) could be better elaborated. This could be implemented in the discussion (content headings for subchapters, summarizing opening or closing sentences) as well as it should be more strongly reflected in the abstract and conclusions.
- In my opinion, the abstract and conclusions would benefit from a stronger revision (see specific comments).
- The methods and results sections sometimes seem somewhat elaborate. The authors could shorten them by omitting some of the less relevant content, but above all by using shorter wording and sentence structure.
The specific suggestions for improvement can be found directly in the pdf document.
I wish the authors much success and enjoyment in fine-tuning their manuscript!
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Svenja Hoffmeister, 29 Feb 2024
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RC2: 'Comment on hess-2023-217', Anonymous Referee #2, 23 Jan 2024
Hoffmeister et al. have provided a manuscript on the Hydrological and Pedological effects of combining Italian Alder and Blackberries in an Agroforestry Windbreak System in South Africa. A relevant and interesting topic.
This describes a challenging topic, and I must compliment the authors on the wide range of techniques used and the quantity of work that has gone into all the field, laboratory and modelling work. Such studies are very challenging, yet you have used some contemporary and modern techniques. Having said that, I found it possibly a bit too diverse with some gaps that left me wondering what the main take-away results of the manuscript are and suggest further thought on what the useful impacts of this study are.
I'm concerned about RWU study which leads to your AET. You seem to assume if there is a decrease in soil water, that the decrease is RWU, but you don't know what the contribution of irrigation might be? I'm also concerned about the interception storage of 0.664 mm of the Alder trees which may significantly influence effective rainfall. With an LAI of almost 6, I would expect an interception of about 3 to 4 mm. The PET results in some places are in the region of 23 mm, which is very unlikely, if not impossible. The evaporative fraction results also look very low and you claim this means it is a water limited environment and then later that it is energy limited. There was no calibration of the volumetric soil water probes which may need more than just an offset, meaning that the daily changes in VWC may also not be accurate. I understand the challenges of equipment costs but two pits is quite lean for a conclusive result on differences between the two areas in terms of soil water.
Would it be worth including a graph of solar irradiance and PET? Do you have measurements of LAI over time?
I have made 133 comments in the attached. Some of them are small editorial or grammar suggestions while others will be more challenging and I have included a number of additional concerns as comments. Apologies for any misinterpretation of the results. I hope my comments make sense and are able to contribute to an improved manuscript in the future.
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Svenja Hoffmeister, 29 Feb 2024
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