Articles | Volume 30, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6549-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-6549-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
26 Oct 2026
Review article |
| 26 Oct 2026
| 26 Oct 2026
Integrating surface-active layer-permafrost hydrological processes: A systematic review and research framework
Guangxi Ding
Tanggula Mountain Cryosphere and Environment Observation and Research Station of Tibet Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
Tanggula Mountain Cryosphere and Environment Observation and Research Station of Tibet Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences, CAS-HEC, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
Shiqiang Zhang
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710027, China
Bingfeng Yang
Tanggula Mountain Cryosphere and Environment Observation and Research Station of Tibet Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
Junhao Cui
Tanggula Mountain Cryosphere and Environment Observation and Research Station of Tibet Autonomous Region, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Feiteng Wang
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Jianfeng Yang
School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
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The linkage between the seasonal hydrothermal change of active layer, suprapermafrost groundwater, and surface runoff, which has been regarded as a “black box” in hydrological analyses and simulations, is a bottleneck problem in permafrost hydrological studies. Based on field observations, this study identifies seasonal variations and causes of suprapermafrost groundwater. The linkages and framework of watershed hydrology responding to the freeze–thaw of the active layer also are explored.
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Short summary
As climate warming accelerates permafrost thaw, significant yet poorly understood shifts are occurring in water cycles across cold regions. This study synthesizes current knowledge through a comprehensive review, establishing an integrated framework that connects surface, the active layer, and permafrost hydrological processes. We summarize how thawing affects hydrological linkages, and highlight challenges. Our findings could enhance understanding of the permafrost hydrology.
As climate warming accelerates permafrost thaw, significant yet poorly understood shifts are...
