Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
HESS
Articles | Volume 30, issue 13
Articles | Volume 30, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-4293-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-4293-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 30, issue 13
Research article
 | 
09 Jul 2026
Research article |  | 09 Jul 2026

A unified scheme for modeling saturation and infiltration excess runoff

Yuanqi Hong, Guta Wakbulcho Abeshu, Hong-Yi Li, Dingbao Wang, Mengqi Zhao, Thomas Wild, Günter Blöschl, and L. Ruby Leung

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Short summary
Rain runs off in two main ways: saturation excess when soil is full, and infiltration excess when rain exceeds infiltration. They often occur simultaneously in a watershed, but most models treat them separately. We introduce a new theory that captures both processes within a single framework, tracking their shift over space and time. Tested over 181 U.S. watersheds, the theory well predicts streamflow in most watersheds and improves understanding of runoff under diverse climates.
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