Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
HESS
Articles | Volume 30, issue 5
Articles | Volume 30, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1309-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1309-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 30, issue 5
Research article
 | 
09 Mar 2026
Research article |  | 09 Mar 2026

Novel insights into deep groundwater exploration by geophysical estimation of hard rock permeability

Muhammad Hasan and Lijun Su

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Short summary
Permeability is a crucial hydraulic parameter extensively utilized in groundwater research. Until now, permeability has only been determined using borehole experiments. However, conventional approaches possess numerous limitations and still cannot estimate permeability at large depths. This research uses geophysical methods for the first time to assess 2D and 3D permeability across extensive areas at significant depths in extremely heterogeneous hard rock.
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