Articles | Volume 29, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-655-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-655-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Feb 2025
Research article |
| 04 Feb 2025
| 04 Feb 2025
Modeling Lake Titicaca's water balance: the dominant roles of precipitation and evaporation
Nilo Lima-Quispe
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAe, Grenoble-INP, Institut Geosciences Environnement (IGE, UMR 5001), 460 rue de la Piscine, 38058 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
Denis Ruelland
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), HydroSciences Laboratory, University of Montpellier, 15 avenue Flahault, 34093 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
Antoine Rabatel
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAe, Grenoble-INP, Institut Geosciences Environnement (IGE, UMR 5001), 460 rue de la Piscine, 38058 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
Waldo Lavado-Casimiro
Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI), 15072 Lima, Peru
Thomas Condom
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, INRAe, Grenoble-INP, Institut Geosciences Environnement (IGE, UMR 5001), 460 rue de la Piscine, 38058 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
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Cited
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Sustainable Water Management in a Complex Watershed: A Case Study in Tulancingo Valley, Mexico G. Ávila-Castañeda et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13030077
- Origins of the Mg/Li ratio in closed-basin brines of the Lithium Triangle: The relative importance of high- and low-temperature water-rock interactions G. Williams & A. Vengosh https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105516
- A Data-Driven Approach to Close the Water Balance of a Cascaded Multiple Reservoir–Lake System M. Chappon et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13070191
- Numerical modeling of aquifer hydrodynamics in the North Bolivian Altiplano: Application of basin-scale gravitational groundwater flow and groundwater age theories L. Hernández-Angulo et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-026-03042-1
- Effects of climate change and anthropogenic pressure on water resources and ecosystem services in a high-elevation Andean socio-ecosystem (Katari basin, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia): A synthesis S. Guédron et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.182339
- Vegetation greening in arid Northwest China may exacerbate water scarcity risks C. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103608
- Watershed Dynamics in the Prespa Lakes: An Integrated Assessment of Stream Inflow Effects V. Markogianni et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18040518
- Climate Change Impacts on Water Scarcity and Hydrological Dynamics in a High-Andean Basin: SWAT Modeling of the Coata River, Peru J. Hinojosa Mamani et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18121494
- Effects of meteorological reconstruction on hydrological and deep learning streamflow models in Lanyang Watershed, Taiwan N. Tran & Y. Su https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103673
- Salinity-associated variation in DOM composition and phytoplankton community in an arid inland lake D. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2026.109618
- Assessing the potential transition of Lake Titicaca to a terminal lake R. Pillco Zolá et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2026.1781345
- Competitive exclusion, not predation, likely drove the decline in native fish diversity following carnivorous fish introductions to Lake Titicaca in the mid‐20th century D. Villar et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70695
- Development of Hourly Resolution Air Temperature Across Titicaca Lake on Auxiliary ERA5 Variables and Machine Learning-Based Gap-Filling J. Sirpa-Poma et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237165
- Widespread decline in water storage of large South American lakes in the early 21st century from multi-sensor satellite observations Z. Cai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2026.102292
- A Decision Support System for Managed Aquifer Recharge Through Non-Conventional Waters in the South of the Mediterranean R. Hadded et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040063
- Multi-time scale analysis of the water level minima in Lake Titicaca over the past 103 years J. Sulca et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1564040
- Integrating nano-bubble technology and local bio-coagulants for water purification in Lake Titicaca, Peru K. Jindo & M. Morikawa Sakura https://doi.org/10.1080/23570008.2025.2574557
17 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Sustainable Water Management in a Complex Watershed: A Case Study in Tulancingo Valley, Mexico G. Ávila-Castañeda et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13030077
- Origins of the Mg/Li ratio in closed-basin brines of the Lithium Triangle: The relative importance of high- and low-temperature water-rock interactions G. Williams & A. Vengosh https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105516
- A Data-Driven Approach to Close the Water Balance of a Cascaded Multiple Reservoir–Lake System M. Chappon et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology13070191
- Numerical modeling of aquifer hydrodynamics in the North Bolivian Altiplano: Application of basin-scale gravitational groundwater flow and groundwater age theories L. Hernández-Angulo et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-026-03042-1
- Effects of climate change and anthropogenic pressure on water resources and ecosystem services in a high-elevation Andean socio-ecosystem (Katari basin, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia): A synthesis S. Guédron et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.182339
- Vegetation greening in arid Northwest China may exacerbate water scarcity risks C. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103608
- Watershed Dynamics in the Prespa Lakes: An Integrated Assessment of Stream Inflow Effects V. Markogianni et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18040518
- Climate Change Impacts on Water Scarcity and Hydrological Dynamics in a High-Andean Basin: SWAT Modeling of the Coata River, Peru J. Hinojosa Mamani et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18121494
- Effects of meteorological reconstruction on hydrological and deep learning streamflow models in Lanyang Watershed, Taiwan N. Tran & Y. Su https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103673
- Salinity-associated variation in DOM composition and phytoplankton community in an arid inland lake D. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2026.109618
- Assessing the potential transition of Lake Titicaca to a terminal lake R. Pillco Zolá et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2026.1781345
- Competitive exclusion, not predation, likely drove the decline in native fish diversity following carnivorous fish introductions to Lake Titicaca in the mid‐20th century D. Villar et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.70695
- Development of Hourly Resolution Air Temperature Across Titicaca Lake on Auxiliary ERA5 Variables and Machine Learning-Based Gap-Filling J. Sirpa-Poma et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237165
- Widespread decline in water storage of large South American lakes in the early 21st century from multi-sensor satellite observations Z. Cai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2026.102292
- A Decision Support System for Managed Aquifer Recharge Through Non-Conventional Waters in the South of the Mediterranean R. Hadded et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040063
- Multi-time scale analysis of the water level minima in Lake Titicaca over the past 103 years J. Sulca et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1564040
- Integrating nano-bubble technology and local bio-coagulants for water purification in Lake Titicaca, Peru K. Jindo & M. Morikawa Sakura https://doi.org/10.1080/23570008.2025.2574557
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 22 Oct 2026
Short summary
This study estimated the water balance of Lake Titicaca using an integrated modeling framework that considers natural hydrological processes and net irrigation consumption. The proposed approach was implemented at a daily scale for a period of 35 years. This framework is able to simulate lake water levels with good accuracy over a wide range of hydroclimatic conditions. The findings demonstrate that a simple representation of hydrological processes is suitable for use in poorly gauged regions.
This study estimated the water balance of Lake Titicaca using an integrated modeling framework...
