Articles | Volume 24, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3417-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3417-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Technical note: Greenhouse gas flux studies: an automated online system for gas emission measurements in aquatic environments
Nguyen Thanh Duc
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space and Department of
Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 03824, New Hampshire, USA
Department of Thematic Studies – Environmental Change, Linköping
University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
Samuel Silverstein
Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
Martin Wik
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm,
Sweden
Patrick Crill
Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm,
Sweden
David Bastviken
Department of Thematic Studies – Environmental Change, Linköping
University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
Ruth K. Varner
Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space and Department of
Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 03824, New Hampshire, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Maxime Thomas, Thomas Moenaert, Julien Radoux, Baptiste Delhez, Eléonore du Bois d'Aische, Maëlle Villani, Catherine Hirst, Erik Lundin, François Jonard, Sébastien Lambot, Kristof Van Oost, Veerle Vanacker, Matthias B. Siewert, Carl-Magnus Mörth, Michael W. Palace, Ruth K. Varner, Franklin B. Sullivan, Christina Herrick, and Sophie Opfergelt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3788, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3788, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the rate of permafrost degradation, in the form of the transition from intact well-drained palsa to fully thawed and inundated fen at the Stordalen mire, Abisko, Sweden. Across the 14 hectares of the palsa mire, we demonstrate a 5-fold acceleration of the degradation in 2019–2021 compared to previous periods (1970–2014) which might lead to a pool of 12 metric tons of organic carbon exposed annually for the topsoil (23 cm depth), and an increase of ~1.3%/year of GHG emissions.
Marielle Saunois, Adrien Martinez, Benjamin Poulter, Zhen Zhang, Peter A. Raymond, Pierre Regnier, Josep G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Prabir K. Patra, Philippe Bousquet, Philippe Ciais, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Xin Lan, George H. Allen, David Bastviken, David J. Beerling, Dmitry A. Belikov, Donald R. Blake, Simona Castaldi, Monica Crippa, Bridget R. Deemer, Fraser Dennison, Giuseppe Etiope, Nicola Gedney, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Meredith A. Holgerson, Peter O. Hopcroft, Gustaf Hugelius, Akihiko Ito, Atul K. Jain, Rajesh Janardanan, Matthew S. Johnson, Thomas Kleinen, Paul B. Krummel, Ronny Lauerwald, Tingting Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle C. McDonald, Joe R. Melton, Jens Mühle, Jurek Müller, Fabiola Murguia-Flores, Yosuke Niwa, Sergio Noce, Shufen Pan, Robert J. Parker, Changhui Peng, Michel Ramonet, William J. Riley, Gerard Rocher-Ros, Judith A. Rosentreter, Motoki Sasakawa, Arjo Segers, Steven J. Smith, Emily H. Stanley, Joël Thanwerdas, Hanqin Tian, Aki Tsuruta, Francesco N. Tubiello, Thomas S. Weber, Guido R. van der Werf, Douglas E. J. Worthy, Yi Xi, Yukio Yoshida, Wenxin Zhang, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1873–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing after carbon dioxide (CO2). A consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists synthesise and update the budget of the sources and sinks of CH4. This edition benefits from important progress in estimating emissions from lakes and ponds, reservoirs, and streams and rivers. For the 2010s decade, global CH4 emissions are estimated at 575 Tg CH4 yr-1, including ~65 % from anthropogenic sources.
Manon Maisonnier, Maoyuan Feng, David Bastviken, Sandra Arndt, Ronny Lauerwald, Aidin Jabbari, Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Murray D. MacKay, Zeli Tan, Wim Thiery, and Pierre Regnier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1306, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1306, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A new process-based modelling framework, FLaMe v1.0 (Fluxes of Lake Methane version 1.0), is developed to simulate methane (CH4) emissions from lakes at large scales. FLaMe couples the dynamics of organic carbon, oxygen and methane in lakes and rests on an innovative, computationally efficient lake clustering approach for the simulation of CH4 emissions across a large number of lakes. The model evaluation suggests that FLaMe captures the sub-annual and spatial variability of CH4 emissions well.
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Glen P. Peters, Richard Engelen, Sander Houweling, Dominik Brunner, Aki Tsuruta, Bradley Matthews, Prabir K. Patra, Dmitry Belikov, Rona L. Thompson, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Wenxin Zhang, Arjo J. Segers, Giuseppe Etiope, Giancarlo Ciotoli, Philippe Peylin, Frédéric Chevallier, Tuula Aalto, Robbie M. Andrew, David Bastviken, Antoine Berchet, Grégoire Broquet, Giulia Conchedda, Stijn N. C. Dellaert, Hugo Denier van der Gon, Johannes Gütschow, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Ronny Lauerwald, Tiina Markkanen, Jacob C. A. van Peet, Isabelle Pison, Pierre Regnier, Espen Solum, Marko Scholze, Maria Tenkanen, Francesco N. Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, and John R. Worden
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4325–4350, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4325-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4325-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides an overview of data availability from observation- and inventory-based CH4 emission estimates. It systematically compares them and provides recommendations for robust comparisons, aiming to steadily engage more parties in using observational methods to complement their UNFCCC submissions. Anticipating improvements in atmospheric modelling and observations, future developments need to resolve knowledge gaps in both approaches and to better quantify remaining uncertainty.
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Chunjing Qiu, Matthew J. McGrath, Philippe Peylin, Glen P. Peters, Philippe Ciais, Rona L. Thompson, Aki Tsuruta, Dominik Brunner, Matthias Kuhnert, Bradley Matthews, Paul I. Palmer, Oksana Tarasova, Pierre Regnier, Ronny Lauerwald, David Bastviken, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Wilfried Winiwarter, Giuseppe Etiope, Tuula Aalto, Gianpaolo Balsamo, Vladislav Bastrikov, Antoine Berchet, Patrick Brockmann, Giancarlo Ciotoli, Giulia Conchedda, Monica Crippa, Frank Dentener, Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, Diego Guizzardi, Dirk Günther, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Sander Houweling, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Massaer Kouyate, Adrian Leip, Antti Leppänen, Emanuele Lugato, Manon Maisonnier, Alistair J. Manning, Tiina Markkanen, Joe McNorton, Marilena Muntean, Gabriel D. Oreggioni, Prabir K. Patra, Lucia Perugini, Isabelle Pison, Maarit T. Raivonen, Marielle Saunois, Arjo J. Segers, Pete Smith, Efisio Solazzo, Hanqin Tian, Francesco N. Tubiello, Timo Vesala, Guido R. van der Werf, Chris Wilson, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1197–1268, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1197-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1197-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study updates the state-of-the-art scientific overview of CH4 and N2O emissions in the EU27 and UK in Petrescu et al. (2021a). Yearly updates are needed to improve the different respective approaches and to inform on the development of formal verification systems. It integrates the most recent emission inventories, process-based model and regional/global inversions, comparing them with UNFCCC national GHG inventories, in support to policy to facilitate real-time verification procedures.
Sparkle L. Malone, Youmi Oh, Kyle A. Arndt, George Burba, Roisin Commane, Alexandra R. Contosta, Jordan P. Goodrich, Henry W. Loescher, Gregory Starr, and Ruth K. Varner
Biogeosciences, 19, 2507–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the CH4 flux potential of natural ecosystems and agricultural lands in the United States of America, a multi-scale CH4 observation network focused on CH4 flux rates, processes, and scaling methods is required. This can be achieved with a network of ground-based observations that are distributed based on climatic regions and land cover.
David Olefeldt, Mikael Hovemyr, McKenzie A. Kuhn, David Bastviken, Theodore J. Bohn, John Connolly, Patrick Crill, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Sarah A. Finkelstein, Hélène Genet, Guido Grosse, Lorna I. Harris, Liam Heffernan, Manuel Helbig, Gustaf Hugelius, Ryan Hutchins, Sari Juutinen, Mark J. Lara, Avni Malhotra, Kristen Manies, A. David McGuire, Susan M. Natali, Jonathan A. O'Donnell, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Aleksi Räsänen, Christina Schädel, Oliver Sonnentag, Maria Strack, Suzanne E. Tank, Claire Treat, Ruth K. Varner, Tarmo Virtanen, Rebecca K. Warren, and Jennifer D. Watts
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5127–5149, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5127-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Wetlands, lakes, and rivers are important sources of the greenhouse gas methane to the atmosphere. To understand current and future methane emissions from northern regions, we need maps that show the extent and distribution of specific types of wetlands, lakes, and rivers. The Boreal–Arctic Wetland and Lake Dataset (BAWLD) provides maps of five wetland types, seven lake types, and three river types for northern regions and will improve our ability to predict future methane emissions.
McKenzie A. Kuhn, Ruth K. Varner, David Bastviken, Patrick Crill, Sally MacIntyre, Merritt Turetsky, Katey Walter Anthony, Anthony D. McGuire, and David Olefeldt
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5151–5189, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5151-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5151-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) emissions from the boreal–Arctic region are globally significant, but the current magnitude of annual emissions is not well defined. Here we present a dataset of surface CH4 fluxes from northern wetlands, lakes, and uplands that was built alongside a compatible land cover dataset, sharing the same classifications. We show CH4 fluxes can be split by broad land cover characteristics. The dataset is useful for comparison against new field data and model parameterization or validation.
Patryk Łakomiec, Jutta Holst, Thomas Friborg, Patrick Crill, Niklas Rakos, Natascha Kljun, Per-Ola Olsson, Lars Eklundh, Andreas Persson, and Janne Rinne
Biogeosciences, 18, 5811–5830, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5811-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5811-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Methane emission from the subarctic mire with heterogeneous permafrost status was measured for the years 2014–2016. Lower methane emission was measured from the palsa mire sector while the thawing wet sector emitted more. Both sectors have a similar annual pattern with a gentle rise during spring and a decrease during autumn. The highest emission was observed in the late summer. Winter emissions were positive during the measurement period and have a significant impact on the annual budgets.
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Chunjing Qiu, Philippe Ciais, Rona L. Thompson, Philippe Peylin, Matthew J. McGrath, Efisio Solazzo, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Francesco N. Tubiello, Peter Bergamaschi, Dominik Brunner, Glen P. Peters, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Pierre Regnier, Ronny Lauerwald, David Bastviken, Aki Tsuruta, Wilfried Winiwarter, Prabir K. Patra, Matthias Kuhnert, Gabriel D. Oreggioni, Monica Crippa, Marielle Saunois, Lucia Perugini, Tiina Markkanen, Tuula Aalto, Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, Hanqin Tian, Yuanzhi Yao, Chris Wilson, Giulia Conchedda, Dirk Günther, Adrian Leip, Pete Smith, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Antti Leppänen, Alistair J. Manning, Joe McNorton, Patrick Brockmann, and Albertus Johannes Dolman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2307–2362, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2307-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2307-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study is topical and provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of data availability from bottom-up and top-down CH4 and N2O emissions in the EU27 and UK. The data integrate recent emission inventories with process-based model data and regional/global inversions for the European domain, aiming at reconciling them with official country-level UNFCCC national GHG inventories in support to policy and to facilitate real-time verification procedures.
Kuang-Yu Chang, William J. Riley, Patrick M. Crill, Robert F. Grant, and Scott R. Saleska
Biogeosciences, 17, 5849–5860, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5849-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5849-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is a strong greenhouse gas that can accelerate climate change and offset mitigation efforts. A key assumption embedded in many large-scale climate models is that ecosystem CH4 emissions can be estimated by fixed temperature relations. Here, we demonstrate that CH4 emissions cannot be parameterized by emergent temperature response alone due to variability driven by microbial and abiotic interactions. We also provide mechanistic understanding for observed CH4 emission hysteresis.
Samuel T. Wilson, Alia N. Al-Haj, Annie Bourbonnais, Claudia Frey, Robinson W. Fulweiler, John D. Kessler, Hannah K. Marchant, Jana Milucka, Nicholas E. Ray, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Brett F. Thornton, Robert C. Upstill-Goddard, Thomas S. Weber, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Hermann W. Bange, Heather M. Benway, Daniele Bianchi, Alberto V. Borges, Bonnie X. Chang, Patrick M. Crill, Daniela A. del Valle, Laura Farías, Samantha B. Joye, Annette Kock, Jabrane Labidi, Cara C. Manning, John W. Pohlman, Gregor Rehder, Katy J. Sparrow, Philippe D. Tortell, Tina Treude, David L. Valentine, Bess B. Ward, Simon Yang, and Leonid N. Yurganov
Biogeosciences, 17, 5809–5828, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5809-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5809-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans are a net source of the major greenhouse gases; however there has been little coordination of oceanic methane and nitrous oxide measurements. The scientific community has recently embarked on a series of capacity-building exercises to improve the interoperability of dissolved methane and nitrous oxide measurements. This paper derives from a workshop which discussed the challenges and opportunities for oceanic methane and nitrous oxide research in the near future.
Roger Seco, Thomas Holst, Mikkel Sillesen Matzen, Andreas Westergaard-Nielsen, Tao Li, Tihomir Simin, Joachim Jansen, Patrick Crill, Thomas Friborg, Janne Rinne, and Riikka Rinnan
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 13399–13416, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-13399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Northern ecosystems exchange climate-relevant trace gases with the atmosphere, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We measured VOC fluxes from a subarctic permafrost-free fen and its adjacent lake in northern Sweden. The graminoid-dominated fen emitted mainly isoprene during the peak of the growing season, with a pronounced response to increasing temperatures stronger than assumed by biogenic emission models. The lake was a sink of acetone and acetaldehyde during both periods measured.
Cited articles
Anderson, D. E., Striegl, R. G., Stannard, D. I., Michmerhuizen, C. M.,
McConnaughey, T. A., and LaBaugh, J. W.: Estimating lake-atmosphere CO2
exchange, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 988–1001,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.4.0988, 1999.
Bastviken, D., Cole, J., Pace, M., and Tranvik, L.: Methane emissions from
lakes: Dependence of lake characteristics, two regional assessments, and a
global estimate, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4009,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002238, 2004, 2004.
Bastviken, D., Tranvik, L. J., Downing, J. A., Crill, P. M., and
Enrich-Prast, A.: Freshwater Methane Emissions Offset the Continental Carbon
Sink, Science, 331, p. 50, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1196808, 2011.
Bastviken, D., Sundgren, I., Natchimuthu, S., Reyier, H., and Gålfalk, M.: Technical Note: Cost-efficient approaches to measure carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and concentrations in terrestrial and aquatic environments using mini loggers, Biogeosciences, 12, 3849–3859, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3849-2015, 2015.
Chanton, J. P. and Whiting, G. J.: Trace gas exchange in freshwater and
coastal marine environments: ebullition and transport by plants, in:
Biogenic Trace Gases: Measuring Emissions from Soil and Water, edited by:
Matson, P. A. and Harriss, R. C., Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 98–125, 1995.
Cole, J. J., Bade, D. L., Bastviken, D., Pace, M. L., and Bogert, M. V. D.:
Multiple approaches to estimating air-water gas exchange in small lakes,
Limnol. Oceanogr. Method., 8, 285–293,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2010.8.285, 2010.
Deemer, B. R., Harrison, J. A., Li, S., Beaulieu, J. J., DelSontro, T.,
Barros, N., Bezerra-Neto, J. F., Powers, S. M., dos Santos, M. A., and Vonk,
J. A.: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Reservoir Water Surfaces: A New Global
Synthesis, BioScience, 66, 949–964, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biw117,
2016.
DelSontro, T., McGinnis, D. F., Wehrli, B., and Ostrovsky, I.: Size Does
Matter: Importance of Large Bubbles and Small-Scale Hot Spots for Methane
Transport, Environ. Sci. Technol., 49, 1268–1276,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es5054286, 2015.
Delwiche, K. and Hemond, H. F.: An enhanced bubble size sensor for
long-term ebullition studies, Limnol. Oceanogr. Method., 15, 821–835,
https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10201, 2017.
Downing, J. A., Prairie, Y. T., Cole, J. J., Duarte, C. M., Tranvik, L. J.,
Striegl, R. G., McDowell, W. H., Kortelainen, P., Caraco, N. F., Melack, J.
M., and Middelburg, J. J.: The global abundance and size distribution of
lakes, ponds, and impoundments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 2388–2397,
2006.
Duc, N. T., Silverstein, S., Lundmark, L., Reyier, H., Crill, P., and
Bastviken, D.: Automated Flux Chamber for Investigating Gas Flux at
Water–Air Interfaces, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 968–975,
https://doi.org/10.1021/es303848x, 2012.
Duc, N. T., Silverstein, S., Wik, M., Crill, P., Bastviken, D., and Varner, R. K.: Methane and carbon dioxide fluxes, temperature and relative humidity at Mellersta Harrsjön lake, Stordalen Mire, Abisko, 2015, available at: https://bolin.su.se/data/stordalen-ghg-sensors-2015-iot, last access: 1 July 2020.
Eugster, W. and Kling, G. W.: Performance of a low-cost methane sensor for ambient concentration measurements in preliminary studies, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1925–1934, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1925-2012, 2012.
Figaro TGS 2611 – for the detection of Methane: available at:
http://www.figarosensor.com/products/docs/TGS%202611C00%281013%29.pdf
(last access: 11 May 2020), 2013.
Gålfalk, M., Bastviken, D., Fredriksson, S., and Arneborg, L.:
Determination of the piston velocity for water-air interfaces using flux
chambers, acoustic Doppler velocimetry, and IR imaging of the water surface,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 770–782,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20064, 2013.
Goodrich, J. P., Varner, R. K., Frolking, S., Duncan, B. N., and Crill, P.
M.: High-frequency measurements of methane ebullition over a growing season
at a temperate peatland site, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L07404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL046915,
2011.
Goulden, M. L. and Crill, P. M.: Automated measurements of CO2 exchange at
the moss surface of a black spruce forest, Tree Physiol., 17, 537–542,
https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.537, 1997.
Johnson, M. S., Billett, M. F., Dinsmore, K. J., Wallin, M., Dyson, K. E.,
and Jassal, R. S.: Direct and continuous measurement of dissolved carbon
dioxide in freshwater aquatic systems – method and applications,
Ecohydrology, 3, 68–78, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.95, 2010.
Little, M. A. and Jones, N. S.: Generalized methods and solvers for noise
removal from piecewise constant signals, I. Background theory, Proc.
Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. Roy. Soc., 467,
3088–3114, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2010.0671, 2011.
Lorke, A., Bodmer, P., Noss, C., Alshboul, Z., Koschorreck, M., Somlai-Haase, C., Bastviken, D., Flury, S., McGinnis, D. F., Maeck, A., Müller, D., and Premke, K.: Technical note: drifting versus anchored flux chambers for measuring greenhouse gas emissions from running waters, Biogeosciences, 12, 7013–7024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7013-2015, 2015.
Luomala, J. and Hakala, I.: Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Radio
Signal Strength in Outdoor Wireless Sensor Networks, Acsis.-Ann. Comput. Sci.,
5, 1247–1255, https://doi.org/10.15439/2015f241, 2015.
Maeck, A., Hofmann, H., and Lorke, A.: Pumping methane out of aquatic
sediments – ebullition forcing mechanisms in an impounded river,
Biogeosciences, 11, 2925–2938, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2925-2014,
2014.
Marotta, H., Pinho, L., Gudasz, C., Bastviken, D., Tranvik, L. J., and
Enrich-Prast, A.: Greenhouse gas production in low-latitude lake sediments
responds strongly to warming, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 467–470,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2222, 2014.
Meng, L., Hess, P. G. M., Mahowald, N. M., Yavitt, J. B., Riley, W. J., Subin, Z. M., Lawrence, D. M., Swenson, S. C., Jauhiainen, J., and Fuka, D. R.: Sensitivity of wetland methane emissions to model assumptions: application and model testing against site observations, Biogeosciences, 9, 2793–2819, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-2793-2012, 2012.
Ostrovsky, I., McGinnis, D. F., Lapidus, L., and Eckert, W.: Quantifying gas
ebullition with echosounder: the role of methane transport by bubbles in a
medium-sized lake, Limnol. Oceanogr. Method., 6, 105–118, 2008.
Smith, S. V.: Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of CO2 gas
flux across the air-water interface, Plant Cell Environ., 8,
387–398, 1985.
Tassin, A. L. and Nikitopoulos, D. E.: Non-intrusive measurements of bubble
size and velocity, Exp. Fluids, 19, 121–132, 1995.
Tranvik, L. J., Downing, J. A., Cotner, J. B., Loiselle, S. A., Striegle, R.
G., Ballatore, T. J., Dillon, P., Finlay, K., Fortino, K., Knoll, L. B.,
Kortelainen, P. L., Kutser, T., Larsen, S., Laurion, I., Leech, D. M.,
McCallister, S. L., McKnight, D. M., Melack, J. M., Overholt, E., Porter, J.
A., Prairie, Y., Renwick, W. H., Roland, F., Sherman, B. S., Schindler, D.
W., Sobek, S., Tremblay, A., Vanni, M. J., Verschoor, A. M., von
Wachenfeldt, E., and Weyhenmeyera, G. A.: Lakes and reservoirs as regulators
of carbon cycling and climate, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 2298–2314,
2009.
Varadharajan, C., Hermosillo, R., and Hemond, H. F.: A low-cost automated
trap to measure bubbling gas fluxes, Limnol. Oceanogr. Method., 8,
363–375, 2010.
Verpoorter, C., Kutser, T., Seekell, D. A., and Tranvik, L. J.: A global
inventory of lakes based on high-resolution satellite imagery, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 41, 6396–6402, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl060641, 2014.
Vesala, T., Eugster, W., and Ojala, A.: Eddy covariance measurements over
lakes, in: Eddy covariance, Springer, 365–376, 2012.
Walter, B. P., Heimann, M., and Matthews, E.: Modeling modern methane
emissions from natural wetlands, 1. Model description and results, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 34189–34206, 2001.
Wik, M., Crill, P. M., Varner, R. K., and Bastviken, D.: Multiyear
measurements of ebullitive methane flux from three subarctic lakes, J.
Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 1307–1321, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20103,
2013.
Wik, M., Thornton, B. F., Bastviken, D., Uhlbäck, J., and Crill, P. M.:
Biased sampling of methane release from northern lakes: A problem for
extrapolation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 1256–1262,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066501, 2016a.
Wik, M., Varner, R. K., Anthony, K., MacIntyre, S., and Bastviken, D.:
Climate-sensitive northern lakes and ponds are critical components of
methane release, Nat. Geosci., 9, 99–105,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2578, 2016b.
Yvon-Durocher, G., Allen, A. P., Bastviken, D., Conrad, R., Gudasz, C.,
St-Pierre, A., Thanh-Duc, N., and del Giorgio, P. A.: Methane fluxes show
consistent temperature dependence across microbial to ecosystem scales,
Nature, 507, 488–491, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13164, 2014.
Short summary
Under rapid ongoing climate change, accurate quantification of natural greenhouse gas emissions in aquatic environments such as lakes and ponds is needed to understand regulation and feedbacks. Building on the rapid development in wireless communication, sensors, and computation technology, we present a low-cost, open-source, automated and remotely accessed and controlled device for carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from open-water environments along with tests showing their potential.
Under rapid ongoing climate change, accurate quantification of natural greenhouse gas emissions...