Articles | Volume 23, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3553-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3553-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Sep 2019
Research article |
| 03 Sep 2019
| 03 Sep 2019
Partitioning snowmelt and rainfall in the critical zone: effects of climate type and soil properties
John C. Hammond
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
now at: US Geological Survey MD-DE-DC Water Science Center, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
Adrian A. Harpold
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
Sydney Weiss
College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
Stephanie K. Kampf
Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Cited
41 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The Counteracting Effects of Snowmelt Rate and Timing on Runoff T. Barnhart et al. 10.1029/2019WR026634
- Effects of low-tide rainfall on channel morphodynamics of tidal mudflats C. Lao et al. 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109108
- Spatial and Temporal Shifts in Historic and Future Temperature and Precipitation Patterns Related to Snow Accumulation and Melt Regimes in Alberta, Canada B. Newton et al. 10.3390/w13081013
- Alignment between water inputs and vegetation green‐up reduces next year's runoff efficiency S. Newcomb et al. 10.1002/hyp.15211
- A statistical approach for identifying factors governing streamflow recession behaviour H. Li & A. Ameli 10.1002/hyp.14718
- The hydrological response of melting ephemeral snowpacks compared to winter rainfall events in a mid-mountainous Pyrenean catchment E. Nadal-Romero & J. López-Moreno 10.1007/s42990-024-00120-y
- Energy‐Water Asynchrony Principally Determines Water Available for Runoff From Snowmelt in Continental Montane Forests R. Webb et al. 10.1002/hyp.15297
- Winter Inputs Buffer Streamflow Sensitivity to Snowpack Losses in the Salt River Watershed in the Lower Colorado River Basin M. Robles et al. 10.3390/w13010003
- Surface hydrology on the highest volcano of the high Dry Andes, the Ojos del Salado; interannual fluctuations and moisture sources B. Nagy et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132741
- Effects of spatial and temporal variability in surface water inputs on streamflow generation and cessation in the rain–snow transition zone L. Kiewiet et al. 10.5194/hess-26-2779-2022
- Monitoring and analysis of snow cover change in an alpine mountainous area in the Tianshan Mountains, China Y. Zhang et al. 10.1007/s40333-022-0071-3
- Snow Melting Experimental Analysis on a Downscaled Shallow Landslide: A Focus on the Seepage Activity of the Snow–Soil System L. Panzeri et al. 10.3390/w17040597
- Geophysics as a hypothesis‐testing tool for critical zone hydrogeology M. Dumont & K. Singha 10.1002/wat2.1732
- Soil frost controls streamflow generation processes in headwater catchments M. Jones et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128801
- Effects of Straw Mulching on Nonpoint Source Pollutant Runoff During Snowmelt in Korean Highland Agricultural Areas S. Lee et al. 10.3390/w17182675
- Observing rock moisture changes using electrical resistivity tomography in frost weathering caves P. Oberender et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110048
- Forest density and snowpack stability regulate root zone water stress and percolation differently at two sites with contrasting ephemeral vs. stable seasonal snowpacks R. Dwivedi et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129915
- High Resolution SnowModel Simulations Reveal Future Elevation‐Dependent Snow Loss and Earlier, Flashier Surface Water Input for the Upper Colorado River Basin J. Hammond et al. 10.1029/2022EF003092
- Future implications of enhanced hydroclimate variability and reduced snowpack on California’s water resources A. Beltran-Peña et al. 10.1088/3033-4942/ade7aa
- Winter and summer conditions affect the mountain population of Carabus variolosus, a ground beetle of European conservation concern K. Tyszecka et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179149
- Coupled inversion of hydraulic and self‐potential data from transient outflow experiments to estimate soil petrophysical properties J. Xie et al. 10.1002/vzj2.20157
- Why does snowmelt-driven streamflow response to warming vary? A data-driven review and predictive framework B. Gordon et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ac64b4
- Streamflow timing and magnitude during snow drought depend on snow drought type and regional hydroclimate J. Hammond et al. 10.1080/02626667.2024.2390919
- High-resolution land surface modelling over Africa: the role of uncertain soil properties in combination with forcing temporal resolution B. Oloruntoba et al. 10.5194/hess-29-1659-2025
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- On the hydrological difference between catchments above and below the intermittent‐persistent snow transition H. Harrison et al. 10.1002/hyp.14411
- The Role of Climate in Monthly Baseflow Changes across the Continental United States J. Ayers et al. 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0002170
- Field science in the age of online learning: Dynamic instruction of techniques to assess soil physical properties E. Hinckley & S. Fendorf 10.3389/feduc.2022.959776
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- Drone applications in hydrogeophysics: Recent examples and a vision for the future A. Mangel et al. 10.1190/tle41080540.1
- Systematic Triggering of Large Earthquakes by Karst Water Recharge: Statistical Evidence in Northeastern Italy P. Bragato 10.3389/feart.2021.664932
- Snow monitoring at strategic locations improves water supply forecasting more than basin-wide mapping M. Raleigh et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02660-z
- Controls on Streamflow Densities in Semiarid Rocky Mountain Catchments C. Martin et al. 10.3390/w13040521
- Threshold Changes in Winter Temperature and Precipitation Drive Threshold Responses Across Nine Global Climate Zones and Associated Biomes A. Contosta et al. 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110421-102101
- Subsurface Lateral Flows Buffer Riparian Water Stress Against Snow Drought L. Graup et al. 10.1029/2022JG006980
- Forest impacts on snow accumulation and melt in a semi-arid mountain environment M. Kraft et al. 10.3389/frwa.2022.1004123
- Cryosphere–groundwater connectivity is a missing link in the mountain water cycle M. van Tiel et al. 10.1038/s44221-024-00277-8
- Integrating observations and models to determine the effect of seasonally frozen ground on hydrologic partitioning in alpine hillslopes in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA D. Rey et al. 10.1002/hyp.14374
41 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The Counteracting Effects of Snowmelt Rate and Timing on Runoff T. Barnhart et al. 10.1029/2019WR026634
- Effects of low-tide rainfall on channel morphodynamics of tidal mudflats C. Lao et al. 10.1016/j.ecss.2024.109108
- Spatial and Temporal Shifts in Historic and Future Temperature and Precipitation Patterns Related to Snow Accumulation and Melt Regimes in Alberta, Canada B. Newton et al. 10.3390/w13081013
- Alignment between water inputs and vegetation green‐up reduces next year's runoff efficiency S. Newcomb et al. 10.1002/hyp.15211
- A statistical approach for identifying factors governing streamflow recession behaviour H. Li & A. Ameli 10.1002/hyp.14718
- The hydrological response of melting ephemeral snowpacks compared to winter rainfall events in a mid-mountainous Pyrenean catchment E. Nadal-Romero & J. López-Moreno 10.1007/s42990-024-00120-y
- Energy‐Water Asynchrony Principally Determines Water Available for Runoff From Snowmelt in Continental Montane Forests R. Webb et al. 10.1002/hyp.15297
- Winter Inputs Buffer Streamflow Sensitivity to Snowpack Losses in the Salt River Watershed in the Lower Colorado River Basin M. Robles et al. 10.3390/w13010003
- Surface hydrology on the highest volcano of the high Dry Andes, the Ojos del Salado; interannual fluctuations and moisture sources B. Nagy et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.132741
- Effects of spatial and temporal variability in surface water inputs on streamflow generation and cessation in the rain–snow transition zone L. Kiewiet et al. 10.5194/hess-26-2779-2022
- Monitoring and analysis of snow cover change in an alpine mountainous area in the Tianshan Mountains, China Y. Zhang et al. 10.1007/s40333-022-0071-3
- Snow Melting Experimental Analysis on a Downscaled Shallow Landslide: A Focus on the Seepage Activity of the Snow–Soil System L. Panzeri et al. 10.3390/w17040597
- Geophysics as a hypothesis‐testing tool for critical zone hydrogeology M. Dumont & K. Singha 10.1002/wat2.1732
- Soil frost controls streamflow generation processes in headwater catchments M. Jones et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128801
- Effects of Straw Mulching on Nonpoint Source Pollutant Runoff During Snowmelt in Korean Highland Agricultural Areas S. Lee et al. 10.3390/w17182675
- Observing rock moisture changes using electrical resistivity tomography in frost weathering caves P. Oberender et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2025.110048
- Forest density and snowpack stability regulate root zone water stress and percolation differently at two sites with contrasting ephemeral vs. stable seasonal snowpacks R. Dwivedi et al. 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129915
- High Resolution SnowModel Simulations Reveal Future Elevation‐Dependent Snow Loss and Earlier, Flashier Surface Water Input for the Upper Colorado River Basin J. Hammond et al. 10.1029/2022EF003092
- Future implications of enhanced hydroclimate variability and reduced snowpack on California’s water resources A. Beltran-Peña et al. 10.1088/3033-4942/ade7aa
- Winter and summer conditions affect the mountain population of Carabus variolosus, a ground beetle of European conservation concern K. Tyszecka et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179149
- Coupled inversion of hydraulic and self‐potential data from transient outflow experiments to estimate soil petrophysical properties J. Xie et al. 10.1002/vzj2.20157
- Why does snowmelt-driven streamflow response to warming vary? A data-driven review and predictive framework B. Gordon et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ac64b4
- Streamflow timing and magnitude during snow drought depend on snow drought type and regional hydroclimate J. Hammond et al. 10.1080/02626667.2024.2390919
- High-resolution land surface modelling over Africa: the role of uncertain soil properties in combination with forcing temporal resolution B. Oloruntoba et al. 10.5194/hess-29-1659-2025
- Stable Water Isotopes as an Indicator of Surface Water Intrusion in Shallow Aquifer Wells: A Cold Climate Perspective V. Yapiyev et al. 10.1029/2022WR033056
- Increasing wildfire impacts on snowpack in the western U.S. S. Kampf et al. 10.1073/pnas.2200333119
- A review of groundwater in high mountain environments L. Somers & J. McKenzie 10.1002/wat2.1475
- Effects of climate on temporal variability in streamflow and salinity in the Upper Colorado River Basin N. Day et al. 10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102672
- On the hydrological difference between catchments above and below the intermittent‐persistent snow transition H. Harrison et al. 10.1002/hyp.14411
- The Role of Climate in Monthly Baseflow Changes across the Continental United States J. Ayers et al. 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0002170
- Field science in the age of online learning: Dynamic instruction of techniques to assess soil physical properties E. Hinckley & S. Fendorf 10.3389/feduc.2022.959776
- Regional variability and changing water distributions drive large-scale water resource availability in Alberta, Canada B. Newton & N. Taube 10.1080/07011784.2023.2186270
- Drone applications in hydrogeophysics: Recent examples and a vision for the future A. Mangel et al. 10.1190/tle41080540.1
- Systematic Triggering of Large Earthquakes by Karst Water Recharge: Statistical Evidence in Northeastern Italy P. Bragato 10.3389/feart.2021.664932
- Snow monitoring at strategic locations improves water supply forecasting more than basin-wide mapping M. Raleigh et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02660-z
- Controls on Streamflow Densities in Semiarid Rocky Mountain Catchments C. Martin et al. 10.3390/w13040521
- Threshold Changes in Winter Temperature and Precipitation Drive Threshold Responses Across Nine Global Climate Zones and Associated Biomes A. Contosta et al. 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110421-102101
- Subsurface Lateral Flows Buffer Riparian Water Stress Against Snow Drought L. Graup et al. 10.1029/2022JG006980
- Forest impacts on snow accumulation and melt in a semi-arid mountain environment M. Kraft et al. 10.3389/frwa.2022.1004123
- Cryosphere–groundwater connectivity is a missing link in the mountain water cycle M. van Tiel et al. 10.1038/s44221-024-00277-8
- Integrating observations and models to determine the effect of seasonally frozen ground on hydrologic partitioning in alpine hillslopes in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA D. Rey et al. 10.1002/hyp.14374
Latest update: 31 Oct 2025
Short summary
Streamflow in high-elevation and high-latitude areas may be vulnerable to snow loss, making it important to quantify how snowmelt and rainfall are divided between soil storage, drainage below plant roots, evapotranspiration and runoff. We examine this separation in different climates and soils using a physically based model. Results show runoff may be reduced with snowpack decline in all climates. The mechanisms responsible help explain recent observations of streamflow sensitivity to snow loss.
Streamflow in high-elevation and high-latitude areas may be vulnerable to snow loss, making it...
