Articles | Volume 23, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1667-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1667-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Impact of glacier loss and vegetation succession on annual basin runoff
Evan Carnahan
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Natural Sciences, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
now at: Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78758,
USA
Jason M. Amundson
Department of Natural Sciences, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
Eran Hood
Department of Natural Sciences, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
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Evan Carnahan, Ginny Catania, and Timothy C. Bartholomaus
The Cryosphere, 16, 4305–4317, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4305-2022, 2022
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The Greenland Ice Sheet primarily loses mass through increased ice discharge. We find changes in discharge from outlet glaciers are initiated by ocean warming, which causes a change in the balance of forces resisting gravity and leads to acceleration. Vulnerable conditions for sustained retreat and acceleration are predetermined by the glacier-fjord geometry and exist around Greenland, suggesting increases in ice discharge may be sustained into the future despite a pause in ocean warming.
Jason M. Amundson, Alexander A. Robel, Justin C. Burton, and Kavinda Nissanka
The Cryosphere, 19, 19–35, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-19-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-19-2025, 2025
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Some fjords contain dense packs of icebergs referred to as ice mélange. Ice mélange can affect the stability of marine-terminating glaciers by resisting the calving of new icebergs and by modifying fjord currents and water properties. We have developed the first numerical model of ice mélange that captures its granular nature and that is suitable for long-timescale simulations. The model is capable of explaining why some glaciers are more strongly influenced by ice mélange than others.
Amy D. Holt, Jason B. Fellman, Anne M. Kellerman, Eran Hood, Samantha H. Bosman, Amy M. McKenna, Jeffery P. Chanton, and Robert G. M. Spencer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3636, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3636, 2024
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Glacier runoff is a source of old, bioavailable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to downstream ecosystems. The DOC pool is composed of material of various origin, chemical character, age and bioavailability. Using bioincubation experiments we show glacier DOC bioavailability is driven by a young source, rather than ancient material which comprises the majority of the glacier carbon pool. This young, bioavailable fraction could currently be a critical carbon subsidy for recipient food webs.
Lynn M. Kaluzienski, Jason M. Amundson, Jamie N. Womble, Andrew K. Bliss, and Linnea E. Pearson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2950, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2950, 2024
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Icebergs in fjords serve as important habitat for marine mammals. This study examines the dynamics of iceberg habit in a glacier-fjord system and its impact on harbor seal life-history events such as pupping and molting (shedding). By combining velocity tracking from time-lapse cameras with aerial surveys, we analyzed iceberg movement and linked it to seal abundance and distribution in the fjord. Our work reveals that plume dynamics can influence seal populations over daily to annual timescales.
Evan Carnahan, Ginny Catania, and Timothy C. Bartholomaus
The Cryosphere, 16, 4305–4317, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4305-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4305-2022, 2022
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The Greenland Ice Sheet primarily loses mass through increased ice discharge. We find changes in discharge from outlet glaciers are initiated by ocean warming, which causes a change in the balance of forces resisting gravity and leads to acceleration. Vulnerable conditions for sustained retreat and acceleration are predetermined by the glacier-fjord geometry and exist around Greenland, suggesting increases in ice discharge may be sustained into the future despite a pause in ocean warming.
Amy Jenson, Jason M. Amundson, Jonathan Kingslake, and Eran Hood
The Cryosphere, 16, 333–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-333-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-333-2022, 2022
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Outburst floods are sudden releases of water from glacial environments. As glaciers retreat, changes in glacier and basin geometry impact outburst flood characteristics. We combine a glacier flow model describing glacier retreat with an outburst flood model to explore how ice dam height, glacier length, and remnant ice in a basin influence outburst floods. We find storage capacity is the greatest indicator of flood magnitude, and the flood onset mechanism is a significant indicator of duration.
Kelly M. Brunt, Thomas A. Neumann, Jason M. Amundson, Jeffrey L. Kavanaugh, Mahsa S. Moussavi, Kaitlin M. Walsh, William B. Cook, and Thorsten Markus
The Cryosphere, 10, 1707–1719, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1707-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1707-2016, 2016
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This paper highlights results from a 2014 airborne laser altimetry campaign over Alaskan glaciers. The study was conducted in support of a NASA satellite mission (ICESat-2, scheduled to launch in 2017). The study indicates that the planned beam configuration for ICESat-2 is ideal for determining local slope, which is critical for the determination of ice-sheet elevation change. Results also suggest that ICESat-2 will contribute significantly to glacier studies in the mid-latitudes.
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Subject: Snow and Ice | Techniques and Approaches: Theory development
A local thermal non-equilibrium model for rain-on-snow events
Temporal and spatial variability of ice cover occurrence on Carpathian rivers: A regional perspective
Changing snow water storage in natural snow reservoirs
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Midwinter melts in the Canadian prairies: energy balance and hydrological effects
Forest impacts on snow accumulation and ablation across an elevation gradient in a temperate montane environment
Morphological dynamics of an englacial channel
Recent climatic, cryospheric, and hydrological changes over the interior of western Canada: a review and synthesis
Laboratory evidence for enhanced infiltration of ion load during snowmelt
Thomas Heinze
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2059–2080, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2059-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2059-2025, 2025
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When water infiltrates into a snowpack, it alters the thermal state of the system. This work presents a first-of-its-kind multi-phase heat transfer model for local thermal non-equilibrium scenarios of water infiltration into an existing snowpack, such as during rain-on-snow events. The model can be used to calculate the formation of ice layers, as well as partial melting of the snow. Hence, it can support hazard assessment for flash floods and snow avalanches.
Maksymilian Fukś and Łukasz Wiejaczka
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-368, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-368, 2025
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The article presents a temporal and spatial analysis of ice cover occurrence on rivers in the Carpathian Mountains (Central Europe) in a regional perspective. The study reveals a decrease in the frequency of ice cover formation and a shift in its structure, characterized by an increased frequency of border ice and a reduced occurrence of total ice cover. These changes in the ice regime of rivers are mainly due to climatic factors, overlaid by the operation of dam reservoirs.
Christina Marie Aragon and David F. Hill
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 781–800, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-781-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-781-2024, 2024
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A novel snow metric, snow water storage (SwS), is used to characterize the natural reservoir function of snowpacks, quantifying how much water is held in snow reservoirs and for how long. Despite covering only 16 % of US land area, mountainous regions contribute 72 % of the annual SwS. Recent decades show a 22 % decline in annual mountain SwS. Flexible snow metrics such as SwS may become more valuable for monitoring and predicting water resources amidst a future of increased climate variability.
Marit Van Tiel, Anne F. Van Loon, Jan Seibert, and Kerstin Stahl
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Glaciers can buffer streamflow during dry and warm periods, but under which circumstances can melt compensate precipitation deficits? Streamflow responses to warm and dry events were analyzed using
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Igor Pavlovskii, Masaki Hayashi, and Daniel Itenfisu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1867–1883, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1867-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1867-2019, 2019
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Midwinter melts are often an overlooked factor in hydrological processes in the cold regions. The present paper highlights the effect of melt timing on energy balance and discusses how midwinter melts affect streamflows and groundwater recharge.
Travis R. Roth and Anne W. Nolin
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Maritime snowpacks are temperature sensitive and experience disproportionate effects of climate warming and changing forest cover. We studied the combined effects of forest cover, climate variability, and elevation on snow in a maritime montane environment. The dense, relatively warm forests at Low and Mid sites impede snow accumulation through increased canopy snow interception and increased energy inputs to the snowpack. These results are needed for improved forest cover model representation.
Geir Vatne and Tristram D. L. Irvine-Fynn
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Ten years of direct observations of an englacial conduit in a cold based glacier in Svalbard document for the first time how a vertical meltwater waterfall (moulin) is formed from gradual incision of a meltwater channel. This evolution appears to be dominated by knickpoints that incise upstream at rates several times faster than the vertical incision in adjacent near horizontal channel sections.
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This paper provides a comprehensive review and up-to-date synthesis of the observed changes in air temperature, precipitation, seasonal snow cover, mountain glaciers, permafrost, freshwater ice cover, and river discharge over the interior of western Canada since the mid- or late 20th century. Important long-term observational networks and data sets are described, and qualitative linkages among the changing Earth system components are highlighted.
G. Lilbæk and J. W. Pomeroy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1365–1374, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1365-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1365-2010, 2010
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Short summary
We model the effects of glacier dynamics, climate, and plant succession on annual streamflow during glacier retreat. Streamflow initially increases as the glacier melts, but eventually decreases to below preretreat levels due to increases in evapotranspiration. Glacier dynamics largely controls early variations in streamflow, whereas plant succession plays a progressively larger roll throughout. We show that glacier dynamics and landscape evolution are equally important in predicting streamflow.
We model the effects of glacier dynamics, climate, and plant succession on annual streamflow...