Articles | Volume 18, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4565-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4565-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Complex networks for streamflow dynamics
Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
F. M. Woldemeskel
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Cited
57 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Temporal dynamics of streamflow: application of complex networks X. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-018-0109-8
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- Modeling the dynamics of total suspended solids in a mountain basin using network theory J. García‐Usuga et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3828
- A network-based analysis of spatial rainfall connections B. Sivakumar & F. Woldemeskel https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.02.020
- On Complex Network Construction of Rain Gauge Stations Considering Nonlinearity of Observed Daily Rainfall Data K. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081578
- Optimal design of hydrometric station networks based on complex network analysis A. Agarwal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2235-2020
- Shortest path length for evaluating general circulation models for rainfall simulation B. Deepthi & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06713-x
- Improvement of Deep Learning Models for River Water Level Prediction Using Complex Network Method D. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030466
- Quantifying the roles of single stations within homogeneous regions using complex network analysis A. Agarwal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.06.050
- Exploring the Clustering Property and Network Structure of a Large-Scale Basin’s Precipitation Network: A Complex Network Approach Y. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061739
- Study of temporal streamflow dynamics with complex networks: network construction and clustering N. Yasmin & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01931-9
- Towards assessing the importance of individual stations in hydrometric networks: application of complex networks B. Deepthi & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-022-02340-w
- Streamflow Hydrology Estimate Using Machine Learning (SHEM) T. Petty & P. Dhingra https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12555
- Rainfall and streamflow sensor network design: a review of applications, classification, and a proposed framework J. Chacon-Hurtado et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3071-2017
- Complex network theory, streamflow, and hydrometric monitoring system design M. Halverson & S. Fleming https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3301-2015
- Complex networks for tracking extreme rainfall during typhoons U. Ozturk et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5004480
- Complex Networks Unveiling Spatial Patterns in Turbulence S. Scarsoglio et al. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127416502230
- Spatial coherence patterns of extreme winter precipitation in the U.S. A. Banerjee et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04393-5
- Analysing the Hydro-Meteorological synchronization of reference evapotranspiration across Indian Mainland using cross recurrence approach S. Adarsh et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06018-z
- Revealing joint evolutions and causal interactions in complex ecohydrological systems by a network-based framework L. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-361-2025
- Transfer entropy coupled directed–weighted complex network analysis of rainfall dynamics H. Tongal & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02091-0
- Collective dynamics analysis based on the multiplex network method to unravel the backbone of fluctuations in groundwater level data L. Naghipour et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2023.105310
- Complex network modeling of a river basin: an application to the Guadalquivir River in Southern Spain R. Rodríguez-Alarcón & S. Lozano https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2022.148
- A Canberra distance-based complex network classification framework using lumped catchment characteristics P. Istalkar et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01952-4
- Regional flood frequency analysis using complex networks T. Drissia et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02074-1
- Selection of representative indicators for flood risk assessment using marginal entropy and mutual information H. Joo et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12976
- Review of complex networks application in hydroclimatic extremes with an implementation to characterize spatio-temporal drought propagation in continental USA G. Konapala & A. Mishra https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.10.033
- A Nonlinear Local Approximation Approach for Catchment Classification S. Khan & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.3390/e26030218
- Structural characteristics and spatiotemporal changes of a reticular river network based on complex network theory S. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131577
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- Customized sea‐surface temperature indicators linking to streamflow at different timescales A. Ganapathy & A. Agarwal https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7853
- Spatial propagation of different drought types and their concurrent societal risks: A complex networks-based analysis D. Muthuvel & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131247
- Complex Networks Reveal Heatwave Patterns and Propagations Over the USA S. Mondal & A. Mishra https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090411
- Network theory and spatial rainfall connections: An interpretation S. Jha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.035
- Forecasting rainfall using transfer entropy coupled directed–weighted complex networks H. Tongal & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105531
- Streamflow prediction using LASSO-FCM-DBN approach based on hydro-meteorological condition classification H. Chu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124253
- Complex networks, community structure, and catchment classification in a large-scale river basin K. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.11.056
- Complex networks and integrated centrality measure to assess the importance of streamflow stations in a River basin H. Joo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126280
- A Network Approach for Delineating Homogeneous Regions in Regional Flood Frequency Analysis X. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025910
- Streamflow Prediction Using Complex Networks A. Farhat et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/e26070609
- Snow-influenced floods are more strongly connected in space than purely rainfall-driven floods M. Brunner & S. Fischer https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac948f
- Characterizing the spatial correlation of daily streamflows A. Betterle et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019195
- Complex High‐ and Low‐Flow Networks Differ in Their Spatial Correlation Characteristics, Drivers, and Changes M. Brunner & E. Gilleland https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030049
- A complex network analysis of Spanish river basins R. Rodríguez-Alarcón & S. Lozano https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124065
- Spatio-temporal connections in streamflow: a complex networks-based approach N. Yasmin & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02022-z
- A spatial model for coastal flood susceptibility assessment using the 2D-SPR method with complex network theory: A case study of a reclamation island in Zhoushan, China X. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106953
- Hydrologic regionalization using wavelet-based multiscale entropy method A. Agarwal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.023
- Canonical correlation and visual analytics for water resources analysis A. Bybordi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16926-1
- Stream gauge clustering and analysis for non-stationary time series through complex networks R. Rocha & F. Souza Filho https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128773
- Temporal connections in reconstructed monthly rainfall time series in different rainfall regimes of Turkey M. Ghorbani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10271-7
- Multifractal characterization of meteorological droughts in Türkiye’s mediterranean region using visibility graph approaches O. Simsek et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-026-03176-4
- Testing protocols for smoothing datasets of hydraulic variables acquired during unsteady flows Ö. Baydaroğlu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2024.2394169
- A kriging and entropy-based approach to raingauge network design P. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.038
- Entropy analysis for spatiotemporal variability of seasonal, low, and high streamflows H. Tongal & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-018-1615-0
- Identifying complex networks and operating scenarios for cascade water reservoirs for mitigating drought and flood impacts K. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125946
57 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Temporal dynamics of streamflow: application of complex networks X. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-018-0109-8
- Stream gauge network grouping analysis using community detection H. Joo et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01916-8
- A complex network analysis of groundwater wells in and around the Doñana Natural Space, Spain R. Rodríguez-Alarcón & S. Lozano https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.132079
- Influence of individual streamflow gauging stations: a hybrid approach based on complex networks and copulas D. Muthuvel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.134164
- Modeling the dynamics of total suspended solids in a mountain basin using network theory J. García‐Usuga et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3828
- A network-based analysis of spatial rainfall connections B. Sivakumar & F. Woldemeskel https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.02.020
- On Complex Network Construction of Rain Gauge Stations Considering Nonlinearity of Observed Daily Rainfall Data K. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081578
- Optimal design of hydrometric station networks based on complex network analysis A. Agarwal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2235-2020
- Shortest path length for evaluating general circulation models for rainfall simulation B. Deepthi & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06713-x
- Improvement of Deep Learning Models for River Water Level Prediction Using Complex Network Method D. Kim et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14030466
- Quantifying the roles of single stations within homogeneous regions using complex network analysis A. Agarwal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.06.050
- Exploring the Clustering Property and Network Structure of a Large-Scale Basin’s Precipitation Network: A Complex Network Approach Y. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061739
- Study of temporal streamflow dynamics with complex networks: network construction and clustering N. Yasmin & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01931-9
- Towards assessing the importance of individual stations in hydrometric networks: application of complex networks B. Deepthi & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-022-02340-w
- Streamflow Hydrology Estimate Using Machine Learning (SHEM) T. Petty & P. Dhingra https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12555
- Rainfall and streamflow sensor network design: a review of applications, classification, and a proposed framework J. Chacon-Hurtado et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3071-2017
- Complex network theory, streamflow, and hydrometric monitoring system design M. Halverson & S. Fleming https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3301-2015
- Complex networks for tracking extreme rainfall during typhoons U. Ozturk et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5004480
- Complex Networks Unveiling Spatial Patterns in Turbulence S. Scarsoglio et al. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127416502230
- Spatial coherence patterns of extreme winter precipitation in the U.S. A. Banerjee et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-023-04393-5
- Analysing the Hydro-Meteorological synchronization of reference evapotranspiration across Indian Mainland using cross recurrence approach S. Adarsh et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-026-06018-z
- Revealing joint evolutions and causal interactions in complex ecohydrological systems by a network-based framework L. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-361-2025
- Transfer entropy coupled directed–weighted complex network analysis of rainfall dynamics H. Tongal & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02091-0
- Collective dynamics analysis based on the multiplex network method to unravel the backbone of fluctuations in groundwater level data L. Naghipour et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2023.105310
- Complex network modeling of a river basin: an application to the Guadalquivir River in Southern Spain R. Rodríguez-Alarcón & S. Lozano https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2022.148
- A Canberra distance-based complex network classification framework using lumped catchment characteristics P. Istalkar et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01952-4
- Regional flood frequency analysis using complex networks T. Drissia et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02074-1
- Selection of representative indicators for flood risk assessment using marginal entropy and mutual information H. Joo et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12976
- Review of complex networks application in hydroclimatic extremes with an implementation to characterize spatio-temporal drought propagation in continental USA G. Konapala & A. Mishra https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.10.033
- A Nonlinear Local Approximation Approach for Catchment Classification S. Khan & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.3390/e26030218
- Structural characteristics and spatiotemporal changes of a reticular river network based on complex network theory S. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131577
- A complex network theory based approach to better understand the infiltration-excess runoff generation thresholds A. Nanda & S. Sen https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127038
- Customized sea‐surface temperature indicators linking to streamflow at different timescales A. Ganapathy & A. Agarwal https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7853
- Spatial propagation of different drought types and their concurrent societal risks: A complex networks-based analysis D. Muthuvel & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131247
- Complex Networks Reveal Heatwave Patterns and Propagations Over the USA S. Mondal & A. Mishra https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090411
- Network theory and spatial rainfall connections: An interpretation S. Jha et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.035
- Forecasting rainfall using transfer entropy coupled directed–weighted complex networks H. Tongal & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105531
- Streamflow prediction using LASSO-FCM-DBN approach based on hydro-meteorological condition classification H. Chu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124253
- Complex networks, community structure, and catchment classification in a large-scale river basin K. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.11.056
- Complex networks and integrated centrality measure to assess the importance of streamflow stations in a River basin H. Joo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126280
- A Network Approach for Delineating Homogeneous Regions in Regional Flood Frequency Analysis X. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025910
- Streamflow Prediction Using Complex Networks A. Farhat et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/e26070609
- Snow-influenced floods are more strongly connected in space than purely rainfall-driven floods M. Brunner & S. Fischer https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac948f
- Characterizing the spatial correlation of daily streamflows A. Betterle et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019195
- Complex High‐ and Low‐Flow Networks Differ in Their Spatial Correlation Characteristics, Drivers, and Changes M. Brunner & E. Gilleland https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030049
- A complex network analysis of Spanish river basins R. Rodríguez-Alarcón & S. Lozano https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124065
- Spatio-temporal connections in streamflow: a complex networks-based approach N. Yasmin & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02022-z
- A spatial model for coastal flood susceptibility assessment using the 2D-SPR method with complex network theory: A case study of a reclamation island in Zhoushan, China X. Fang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106953
- Hydrologic regionalization using wavelet-based multiscale entropy method A. Agarwal et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.023
- Canonical correlation and visual analytics for water resources analysis A. Bybordi et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-16926-1
- Stream gauge clustering and analysis for non-stationary time series through complex networks R. Rocha & F. Souza Filho https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128773
- Temporal connections in reconstructed monthly rainfall time series in different rainfall regimes of Turkey M. Ghorbani et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10271-7
- Multifractal characterization of meteorological droughts in Türkiye’s mediterranean region using visibility graph approaches O. Simsek et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-026-03176-4
- Testing protocols for smoothing datasets of hydraulic variables acquired during unsteady flows Ö. Baydaroğlu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2024.2394169
- A kriging and entropy-based approach to raingauge network design P. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.038
- Entropy analysis for spatiotemporal variability of seasonal, low, and high streamflows H. Tongal & B. Sivakumar https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-018-1615-0
- Identifying complex networks and operating scenarios for cascade water reservoirs for mitigating drought and flood impacts K. Ren et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125946
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 04 Jun 2026
Short summary
This study introduces the theory of networks, and in particular complex networks, to examine connections in streamflow dynamics. Monthly streamflow data from a network of 639 stations in the United States are studied. The connections are examined primarily using the concept of clustering coefficient, which quantifies the network’s tendency to cluster. The clustering coefficient analysis is performed with several different threshold levels based on correlations in streamflow between the stations.
This study introduces the theory of networks, and in particular complex networks, to examine...