Laboratory for Climate Environment and Disasters of Western China, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou-Gansu 730000, China

Laboratory for Climate Environment and Disasters of Western China, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou-Gansu 730000, China

Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

Laboratory for Climate Environment and Disasters of Western China, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou-Gansu 730000, China

Laboratory for Climate Environment and Disasters of Western China, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou-Gansu 730000, China

Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, The Netherlands

Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Laboratory for Climate Environment and Disasters of Western China, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou-Gansu 730000, China