Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-274
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-274
05 Dec 2023
 | 05 Dec 2023
Status: this discussion paper is a preprint. It has been under review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS). The manuscript was not accepted for further review after discussion.

Future changes in flash flood frequency and magnitude over the European Alps

Marjanne J. Zander, Pety J. Viguurs, Frederiek C. Sperna Weiland, and Albrecht H. Weerts

Abstract. Flash Floods are damaging natural hazards which often occur in the European Alps. Precipitation patterns and intensity may change in a future climate affecting their occurrence and magnitude. For impact studies, flash floods can be difficult to simulate due the complex orography and limited extent duration of the heavy rainfall events which trigger them. The new generation convection-permitting regional climate models (CP-RCMs) improve the representation of the intensity and frequency of heavy precipitation. Within CP-RCMs deep convection is resolved rather than parameterized. Therefore, this study combines such simulations with high-resolution distributed hydrological modelling to assess changes in flash flood frequency over the Alpine domain. We use output from a state-of-the-art CP-RCM to drive a high-resolution distributed hydrological wflow_sbm model covering most of the Alpine mountain range on an hourly resolution. First, the hydrological model was validated by comparing ERA5 driven simulation with streamflow observations from 130 stations (across Rhone, Rhine, Po, Adige and Danube basins). Second, a hourly wflow_sbm simulation driven by a CP-RCM downscaled ERAInterim simulation was compared to databases of past flood events to evaluate if the model can accurately simulate flash floods and to determine a suitable threshold definition for flash flooding. Finally, simulations of the future climate RCP 8.5 for the end-of-century (2096–2105) and current climate (1998–2007) are compared for which the CP-RCM is driven by a Global Climate Model. The simulations are compared to assess if there are changes in flash flood frequency and magnitude using a threshold approach. Results show a similar flash flood frequency for autumn in the future, but a decrease in summer. However, the future climate simulations indicate an increase in the flash flood severity in both summer and autumn leading to more severe flash flood impacts.

Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors.
Marjanne J. Zander, Pety J. Viguurs, Frederiek C. Sperna Weiland, and Albrecht H. Weerts

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on hess-2023-274', Anonymous Referee #1, 22 Dec 2023
    • AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Albrecht Weerts, 08 Apr 2024
  • RC2: 'Comment on hess-2023-274', Anonymous Referee #2, 29 Dec 2023
    • AC1: 'Reply on RC2', Albrecht Weerts, 08 Apr 2024
    • AC4: 'Reply on RC2', Albrecht Weerts, 08 Apr 2024
  • RC3: 'Comment on hess-2023-274', Martina Kauzlaric, 11 Jan 2024
    • AC3: 'Reply on RC3', Albrecht Weerts, 08 Apr 2024

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on hess-2023-274', Anonymous Referee #1, 22 Dec 2023
    • AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Albrecht Weerts, 08 Apr 2024
  • RC2: 'Comment on hess-2023-274', Anonymous Referee #2, 29 Dec 2023
    • AC1: 'Reply on RC2', Albrecht Weerts, 08 Apr 2024
    • AC4: 'Reply on RC2', Albrecht Weerts, 08 Apr 2024
  • RC3: 'Comment on hess-2023-274', Martina Kauzlaric, 11 Jan 2024
    • AC3: 'Reply on RC3', Albrecht Weerts, 08 Apr 2024
Marjanne J. Zander, Pety J. Viguurs, Frederiek C. Sperna Weiland, and Albrecht H. Weerts
Marjanne J. Zander, Pety J. Viguurs, Frederiek C. Sperna Weiland, and Albrecht H. Weerts

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Short summary
Flash floods are damaging natural hazard which often occur in the European Alps. High resolution climate model output is combined with high resolution distributed hydrological models to model changes in flash flood frequency and intensity. Results show a similar flash flood frequency for autumn in the future, but a decrease in summer. However, the future discharge simulations indicate an increase in the flash flood severity in both summer and autumn leading to more severe flash flood impacts.