the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Hydroclimate and bedrock permeability determine young water fractions in streamflow across the tropical Andes mountains and Amazon floodplain
Daxs Herson Coayla Rimachi
Adan Julian Ccahuana Quispe
Abstract. The role of topography on water transit times and pathways through catchments is unclear, especially in mountainous environments – yet these environments play central roles in global water, sediment, and biogeochemical fluxes. Moreover, the vast majority of intensively monitored catchments are located in northern latitudes. As a result, the interplay between water transit, topography and other landscape characteristics is particularly underexplored in tropical environments. Here we present the results of a multi-year hydrologic sampling campaign (twice-monthly and storm sampling) to quantify water transit in seven small catchments (< 3 km2) across the transition from the Andes mountains to Amazon floodplain in southern Peru. We use the stable isotope composition of water (δ18OH2O) to calculate the fraction of streamflow comprised of recent precipitation (“young water fraction”) for each of the seven small catchments. Mean unweighted young water fractions (Fyw) are 3–10 % in the Andes, 15–23 % at mid-elevation and 3–4 % in the foreland floodplain. Weighting the Fyw calculation by volume of streamflow and precipitation yield Fyw of 7–47 %. Across these catchments, topography does not exert a clear control on water transit; instead stream Fyw is controlled by a combination of hydroclimate and bedrock permeability. Mid-elevation sites are posited to have the highest Fyw due to less permeable bedrock, poorly developed soils and more frequent and intense rainfall. The data presented here allow us to explore relationships between topography, bedrock permeability, hydroclimate and stream baseflow Fyw – particularly highlighting the role of bedrock permeability and hydroclimate in determining water transit times in a tropical mountain setting.
Emily Burt et al.
Status: closed (peer review stopped)
-
RC1: 'Comment on hess-2022-188', Francesc Gallart, 14 Jun 2022
The manuscript “Hydroclimate and bedrock permeability determine young water fractions in streamflow across the tropical Andes mountains and Amazon floodplain” by E.I. Burt et al. proposes an analysis of the young water fractions in a set of small and mesoscale catchments in an area without or with scarce previous information.
The subject is timely and the area is poorly known, the paper is well structured and written and the figures and tables are adequate .
Nevertheless, the methods are rather outdated because the authors follow the approaches used in the early works when relevant aspects such as the importance of the sampling rate and the dependence of young water fraction on stream discharge were not yet sufficiently described. Some of the more significant papers in this aspect are cited by the authors in the discussion but not taken into account in the methods.
This means that the results obtained in this work are largely suspect to be dependent on the flow regime of the streams and on the moments when the samples were taken respect to the flow regime. The relationships obtained between the young water fractions and the characteristics of the catchments, stated from the title, may therefore be spurious.
In my opinion, the manuscript could be accepted for publication in HESS if the following recommendations are followed.
1) Given the scarce sampling rate and the lack of comparison with the flow regimes, the conclusions of the work should be removed from the title, which should be less conclusive.
2) The sampling scheme did not follow strict time intervals so the ‘unweighted’ young water fractions are not time-weighted but of uncertain significance. Therefore, I strongly recommend to use only the ‘volume-weighted’ (the usual term is flow-weighted) young water fractions in the text, discussion and conclusions while the unweighted water fractions can be shown in a table just for comparison.
3) The dependence of young water fraction on discharge (discharge sensitivity) should be analysed. This dependence has been scarcely investigated but may inform on the behaviour of the catchments and be more robust for catchment comparison, because it might be less dependent on the sampling scheme and more appropriate than the young water fraction in this work. This dependence may be stated for every catchment using the equation (6) in the Gallart et al (2020) paper already cited in the manuscript.
A more detailed explanation of the resampling approach used is recommended
Finally, the current knowledge shows that “it has been difficult to identify a simple topographic control on young water fractions at the global scale” because of the inadequate and variable sampling schemes and the lack of consideration of flow regimes. Different sampling schemes and periods can give different results (Stockinger et al. 2016 and 2019, Gallart et al., 2020). The authors should propose a final conclusion more adequate to the limited sampling schemes used in their work.
Suggested paper not cited in the manuscript:
Stockinger et al. (2019). Time variability and uncertainty in the fraction of young water in a small headwater catchment. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4333–4347
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-188-RC1 -
RC2: 'Comment on hess-2022-188', Anonymous Referee #2, 24 Oct 2022
The paper uses a unique isotope dataset for seven tropical catchments, spanning a range in elevation and particularly slope characteristics to determine the effects of topography and geology on the young water fraction. Although the analyses are relatively straightforward (and perhaps somewhat limited), the study contributes to the still limited literature on the effects of topography, geology, and catchment wetness on transit times or young water fractions and the results are certainly of interest to the readers of HESS. Furthermore, it provides important information on a poorly studied region. The manuscript is well written and nicely illustrated (although the color scheme is not immediately clear and not explained).
However, I also have several concerns. One major comment is that the most interesting parts of the results are given in the discussion section. These should be part of the results section. The other main comment is that the methods for the derivation of the topographic indices are not explained (what data source and algorithm were used?). In particular, I wonder if in this terrain a 30 m DEM is sufficient to calculate hillslope lengths or average flow path length to the stream. Finally, the introduction and the discussion sections could be strengthened by comparing the results more to the existing literature. I therefore recommend major revisions.
In addition to the main comments stated above and the more detailed list given below, I have also added some minor comments to the annotated pdf. Note that the editorial suggestions included in the annotated pdf are just suggestions.
- The introduction is relatively general and could be stronger. One way to do this is to provide a bit more information on what the papers mentioned on L90-93 say about the effects of topography and geology (or soil type) on transit times or young water fractions.
- Provide more details on the Clark (2014) study, so that it is clearer how this study differs from that study.
- L134: Do you mean total area instead of mean area? Also, provide information on what algorithm and what data set were used to determine the topographic characteristics. I assume that you used a 30 m DEM. How dissected is the landscape and what are typical hillslope lengths? Can a 30 m DEM represent the hillslopes well or is it too coarse to calculate the distance to the nearest streams, i.e., are the hilsllopes and small streams smoothed out too much in this DEM? How was the location of the streams determined? What accumulated area threshold did you use for this? This affects all the distance to stream calculations – and probably also the hillslope length calculations. The stream network dataset shown in Figure 1 c-d seems to be insufficient for this job. I would also recommend to calculate a few other characteristics (e.g., those used by McGuire et al., Lutz et al., or McHale et al.,) and to show the relation (or lack thereof) with the young water fractions.
- L144-147: What method did you use to get a catchment-average rainfall rate?
- Section 2.1: Provide some information on the vegetation and soil type as well. I see that the vegetation in included in Table 1 but the difference between UPRF and TRF is not clear enough for a reader who is unfamiliar with this region.
- L191-194: I would recommend to rewrite the equations and to use symbols with super- or subscripts in the equation, rather than words. Also is the double sin or cos in equation 1 is a typo.
- L197: For the resampling, what fraction of the data was excluded? Just one data point or more, like 20%?
- L198-201: This part is not very clear. It would be good to rewrite it so that someone can repeat exactly what you did.
- L213: How much is slightly greater and is this a statistically significant difference?
- Figure 2: The figures in the manuscript are all very nice but perhaps you can explain the color-scale in the caption or add a legend to this figure.
- L231-233: Describe the amplitudes and whether or not these are different for the different streams. It would make sense to describe Figure 5 here and to give some information on the goodness of fits here. Are the fitted curves reasonable representations of the data? They are not great but look reasonable – but the goodness of fit is not quantified here. This makes it difficult to compare this with the fits in other studies on the young water fractions.
- Table 2: Are the amplitudes mentioned here the difference between the min and max values or the amplitudes of the fitted curves? Add some goodness of fit measure (see comment above).
- Section 3.2: Discuss figures 7 and 8 here.
- Discussion section 4.1: This section contains too many new results. Move these results into the results section (3.2). Move the rainfall and streamflow data (Figure 6) to either the study site description or create a new first results section for this. Then focus the discussion section more on the results. This includes more comparisons with other studies who have shown the relations between topographic characteristics and transit times or young water fractions (e.g., Lutz et al., McGuire et al., von Freyberg et al., etc.). Similarly add more discussion on papers that have looked at the effects of geology or soil types on mean transit times or young water fractions (e.g., Hale et al.; Soulsby and Tetzlaff, 2008).
- L307: How wide is this range compared to those found in other studies? Add some comparison.
- L307-308: This fits much better in the results section. It would strengthen the paper if this section was expanded.
- L312-314: How do these young water fractions compare to those in other studies or the global study by Jascheko? Add some comparison to the existing literature here.
- L336-341: The flashier hydrographs and differences in rainfall characteristics should already have been mentioned in the site description, but at the latest as the first section of the results section.
- Figure 6b: It is clear that these streams are very flashy. It is not clear over what range of the observed streamflow, you took the samples. Can you give some statistics for this, e.g., what part of the flow-duration curve cover your samples cover? Or split the figure so that it is possible to plot the d18O in this figure as well to see when samples were taken?
- L386: Add some comparisons to the existing literature here. Suggested refs are provided in the annotated pdf.
- Figures 7 and 8 should be part of the results section, not the discussion section
- L469: It is unclear from the discussion section (nor the study site description!) that the lowland sites have clay soils as well. Shouldn’t this mean that the flow is fast as well? This should be discussed more clearly on L 357 where you discuss the fast flow and therefore higher young water fraction for the mid-elevation sites. Following the same logic, shouldn’t the low elevation sites then not have higher young water fractions as well? This could use some discussion.
Status: closed (peer review stopped)
-
RC1: 'Comment on hess-2022-188', Francesc Gallart, 14 Jun 2022
The manuscript “Hydroclimate and bedrock permeability determine young water fractions in streamflow across the tropical Andes mountains and Amazon floodplain” by E.I. Burt et al. proposes an analysis of the young water fractions in a set of small and mesoscale catchments in an area without or with scarce previous information.
The subject is timely and the area is poorly known, the paper is well structured and written and the figures and tables are adequate .
Nevertheless, the methods are rather outdated because the authors follow the approaches used in the early works when relevant aspects such as the importance of the sampling rate and the dependence of young water fraction on stream discharge were not yet sufficiently described. Some of the more significant papers in this aspect are cited by the authors in the discussion but not taken into account in the methods.
This means that the results obtained in this work are largely suspect to be dependent on the flow regime of the streams and on the moments when the samples were taken respect to the flow regime. The relationships obtained between the young water fractions and the characteristics of the catchments, stated from the title, may therefore be spurious.
In my opinion, the manuscript could be accepted for publication in HESS if the following recommendations are followed.
1) Given the scarce sampling rate and the lack of comparison with the flow regimes, the conclusions of the work should be removed from the title, which should be less conclusive.
2) The sampling scheme did not follow strict time intervals so the ‘unweighted’ young water fractions are not time-weighted but of uncertain significance. Therefore, I strongly recommend to use only the ‘volume-weighted’ (the usual term is flow-weighted) young water fractions in the text, discussion and conclusions while the unweighted water fractions can be shown in a table just for comparison.
3) The dependence of young water fraction on discharge (discharge sensitivity) should be analysed. This dependence has been scarcely investigated but may inform on the behaviour of the catchments and be more robust for catchment comparison, because it might be less dependent on the sampling scheme and more appropriate than the young water fraction in this work. This dependence may be stated for every catchment using the equation (6) in the Gallart et al (2020) paper already cited in the manuscript.
A more detailed explanation of the resampling approach used is recommended
Finally, the current knowledge shows that “it has been difficult to identify a simple topographic control on young water fractions at the global scale” because of the inadequate and variable sampling schemes and the lack of consideration of flow regimes. Different sampling schemes and periods can give different results (Stockinger et al. 2016 and 2019, Gallart et al., 2020). The authors should propose a final conclusion more adequate to the limited sampling schemes used in their work.
Suggested paper not cited in the manuscript:
Stockinger et al. (2019). Time variability and uncertainty in the fraction of young water in a small headwater catchment. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4333–4347
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-188-RC1 -
RC2: 'Comment on hess-2022-188', Anonymous Referee #2, 24 Oct 2022
The paper uses a unique isotope dataset for seven tropical catchments, spanning a range in elevation and particularly slope characteristics to determine the effects of topography and geology on the young water fraction. Although the analyses are relatively straightforward (and perhaps somewhat limited), the study contributes to the still limited literature on the effects of topography, geology, and catchment wetness on transit times or young water fractions and the results are certainly of interest to the readers of HESS. Furthermore, it provides important information on a poorly studied region. The manuscript is well written and nicely illustrated (although the color scheme is not immediately clear and not explained).
However, I also have several concerns. One major comment is that the most interesting parts of the results are given in the discussion section. These should be part of the results section. The other main comment is that the methods for the derivation of the topographic indices are not explained (what data source and algorithm were used?). In particular, I wonder if in this terrain a 30 m DEM is sufficient to calculate hillslope lengths or average flow path length to the stream. Finally, the introduction and the discussion sections could be strengthened by comparing the results more to the existing literature. I therefore recommend major revisions.
In addition to the main comments stated above and the more detailed list given below, I have also added some minor comments to the annotated pdf. Note that the editorial suggestions included in the annotated pdf are just suggestions.
- The introduction is relatively general and could be stronger. One way to do this is to provide a bit more information on what the papers mentioned on L90-93 say about the effects of topography and geology (or soil type) on transit times or young water fractions.
- Provide more details on the Clark (2014) study, so that it is clearer how this study differs from that study.
- L134: Do you mean total area instead of mean area? Also, provide information on what algorithm and what data set were used to determine the topographic characteristics. I assume that you used a 30 m DEM. How dissected is the landscape and what are typical hillslope lengths? Can a 30 m DEM represent the hillslopes well or is it too coarse to calculate the distance to the nearest streams, i.e., are the hilsllopes and small streams smoothed out too much in this DEM? How was the location of the streams determined? What accumulated area threshold did you use for this? This affects all the distance to stream calculations – and probably also the hillslope length calculations. The stream network dataset shown in Figure 1 c-d seems to be insufficient for this job. I would also recommend to calculate a few other characteristics (e.g., those used by McGuire et al., Lutz et al., or McHale et al.,) and to show the relation (or lack thereof) with the young water fractions.
- L144-147: What method did you use to get a catchment-average rainfall rate?
- Section 2.1: Provide some information on the vegetation and soil type as well. I see that the vegetation in included in Table 1 but the difference between UPRF and TRF is not clear enough for a reader who is unfamiliar with this region.
- L191-194: I would recommend to rewrite the equations and to use symbols with super- or subscripts in the equation, rather than words. Also is the double sin or cos in equation 1 is a typo.
- L197: For the resampling, what fraction of the data was excluded? Just one data point or more, like 20%?
- L198-201: This part is not very clear. It would be good to rewrite it so that someone can repeat exactly what you did.
- L213: How much is slightly greater and is this a statistically significant difference?
- Figure 2: The figures in the manuscript are all very nice but perhaps you can explain the color-scale in the caption or add a legend to this figure.
- L231-233: Describe the amplitudes and whether or not these are different for the different streams. It would make sense to describe Figure 5 here and to give some information on the goodness of fits here. Are the fitted curves reasonable representations of the data? They are not great but look reasonable – but the goodness of fit is not quantified here. This makes it difficult to compare this with the fits in other studies on the young water fractions.
- Table 2: Are the amplitudes mentioned here the difference between the min and max values or the amplitudes of the fitted curves? Add some goodness of fit measure (see comment above).
- Section 3.2: Discuss figures 7 and 8 here.
- Discussion section 4.1: This section contains too many new results. Move these results into the results section (3.2). Move the rainfall and streamflow data (Figure 6) to either the study site description or create a new first results section for this. Then focus the discussion section more on the results. This includes more comparisons with other studies who have shown the relations between topographic characteristics and transit times or young water fractions (e.g., Lutz et al., McGuire et al., von Freyberg et al., etc.). Similarly add more discussion on papers that have looked at the effects of geology or soil types on mean transit times or young water fractions (e.g., Hale et al.; Soulsby and Tetzlaff, 2008).
- L307: How wide is this range compared to those found in other studies? Add some comparison.
- L307-308: This fits much better in the results section. It would strengthen the paper if this section was expanded.
- L312-314: How do these young water fractions compare to those in other studies or the global study by Jascheko? Add some comparison to the existing literature here.
- L336-341: The flashier hydrographs and differences in rainfall characteristics should already have been mentioned in the site description, but at the latest as the first section of the results section.
- Figure 6b: It is clear that these streams are very flashy. It is not clear over what range of the observed streamflow, you took the samples. Can you give some statistics for this, e.g., what part of the flow-duration curve cover your samples cover? Or split the figure so that it is possible to plot the d18O in this figure as well to see when samples were taken?
- L386: Add some comparisons to the existing literature here. Suggested refs are provided in the annotated pdf.
- Figures 7 and 8 should be part of the results section, not the discussion section
- L469: It is unclear from the discussion section (nor the study site description!) that the lowland sites have clay soils as well. Shouldn’t this mean that the flow is fast as well? This should be discussed more clearly on L 357 where you discuss the fast flow and therefore higher young water fraction for the mid-elevation sites. Following the same logic, shouldn’t the low elevation sites then not have higher young water fractions as well? This could use some discussion.
Emily Burt et al.
Emily Burt et al.
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