the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Towards a hydrogeomorphological understanding of proglacial catchments: review of current knowledge and assessment of groundwater storage and release in an Alpine catchment
- 1Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- 2Institute of Geography (GIUB), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- 3Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- 1Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- 2Institute of Geography (GIUB), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- 3Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
Abstract. Proglacial margins form when glaciers retreat, and create zones with distinctive ecological, geomorphological and hydrological properties in Alpine environments. There is extensive literature on geomorphology and sediment transport in such areas as well as surface and glacial hydrology; but there is much less research into the specific hydrological behavior of the landforms that develop after glacier retreat in and close to proglacial margins. Recent reviews have highlighted the presence of groundwater stores even in such steep, rapidly draining environments. It remains however largely unclear where groundwater recharge and storage occurs and the limited studies of the hydrological functioning of specific landforms has not been put into the perspective of the catchment-scale storage-discharge behavior driven by proglacial margins. Here, we provide a detailed literature review of the geomorphological structure of proglacial landforms in the context of their hydrological processes, as well as a summary of the timescale of their hydrological response. We then propose a recession-analysis based framework to understand how different landforms contribute to catchment-scale discharge. We applied the proposed methods to the case of a Swiss proglacial alpine margin and summarize the insights that follow from a complete perceptual model of how such a proglacial catchments works. We identify the relative groundwater storage volumes of different superficial landforms and show how steep zones only store water on the timescale of days, while flatter areas maintain baseflow in the order of several weeks. We show that those geomorphological landforms themselves fail to explain the catchment-scale recession analyses and discuss the presence of an unidentified storage compartment of the order of 40 mm which releases water during the cold months, which we propose to attribute to deeper bedrock flowpaths. Finally, the key insights on the interplay of different landforms as well as the analysis framework is readily transferable to other similar proglacial margins and should contribute to a better understanding of the future hydrogeological behavior of such catchments.
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Tom Müller et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
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RC1: 'Comment on hess-2022-110', Anonymous Referee #1, 14 May 2022
The work from Müller and colleagues offers a meta-analysis and a research work on the hydrological dynamics of proglacial areas, with a particular focus on the role of distinct landforms. This topic is overlooked in alpine hydrological research, although the importance and pervasive role of proglacial dynamics under rapid glacier recession.
I found the outcomes of the research work interesting. Likewise, the manuscript cannot be accepted in its current version, because of some major and several minor issues. The revisions to be addressed are many, and would also result in a complete reshaping of the work. Thus, I would suggest a rejection with resubmission. As this option is absent in the referee's portal, i suggest a major revision instead of rejection. I am sure that the work will be worth of being puublished after the suggested amendments will be addressed by the authors.
Major revisions are:
- The work is too long and fair-winded. Some parts are not essential, and can be condensed, moved to supplementary or just removed (see suggestions below). I suggest to shorten the work of at least 1/3, to get it more readable
- The work has a weird structure, being a combination of a review paper (with several drawbacks as written) and a research work (which is better presented and written). I suggest to discard the review part, and shift to a research paper offering a brief meta-analysis in the discussions. Also, the review part do not offer a particularly innovative view when compared with other works (e.g., Hayashi 2020), and the text as well as the main figure could be improved. Under my suggested reshaping, I suggest discarding Figure 1, in part redundant with Figure 11, and move table 1 to discussions (because part of your meta-analysis)
- Methods and results parts can be condensed quite a lot. Also, some parts of the results belong to methods or discussion, i.e., the description and discussion of chosen models and tools in methods and data interpretation in the discussion. I highlighted only some of these parts in the pdf file but please shorten and move the text to its correct position in the manuscript
- The work has some typos. I highlighted some of these, but please carefully read the work to check these errors before sending for review
Other minor and major amendments are suggested in the annexed pdf.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Tom Müller, 27 Jun 2022
Comment on hess-2022-110 - Anonymous Referee #1
General comment
Comment #1:
The work from Müller and colleagues offers a meta-analysis and a research work on the hydrological dynamics of proglacial areas, with a particular focus on the role of distinct landforms. This topic is overlooked in alpine hydrological research, although the importance and pervasive role of proglacial dynamics under rapid glacier recession
I found the outcomes of the research work interesting. Likewise, the manuscript cannot be accepted in its current version, because of some major and several minor issues. The revisions to be addressed are many, and would also result in a complete reshaping of the work. Thus, I would suggest a rejection with resubmission. As this option is absent in the referee's portal, i suggest a major revision instead of rejection. I am sure that the work will be worth of being puublished after the suggested amendments will be addressed by the authors.
Answer #1:
We thank the referee for his careful review of our paper and his/her detailed, constructive comments. We believe that a clearer and more concise manuscript can be achieved by addressing the comments of the referee. In the next part we will discuss the major revisions points suggested by the referee. At this stage, and after an in-depth assessment of the required revisions, we believe that the modifications will not lead to a complete reshaping of the manuscript, i.e. that it would not require a resubmission as a new manuscript. As also pointed-out by the reviewer, the outcomes of the current version of the manuscript are useful for alpine research and most of the referee’s comments highlight flaws in the structure of the paper rather than the core messages and outcomes. We therefore would like to propose a new revised manuscript where some parts of the manuscript are reshaped and made clearer, a large part of the review in the introduction is discarded and chapters are better organized.
Major revisions
Comment #2:
The work is too long and fair-winded. Some parts are not essential, and can be condensed, moved to supplementary or just removed (see suggestions below). I suggest to shorten the work of at least 1/3, to get it more readable
Answer #2:
We agree that the manuscript was unusually long and some parts were redundant. We will make a large effort to be more concise, take care of better assigning the relevant information to the different sections and remove any unnecessary repetition or details. We plan to reduce the current 13043 words to about 9000.
Comment #3:
The work has a weird structure, being a combination of a review paper (with several drawbacks as written) and a research work (which is better presented and written). I suggest to discard the review part, and shift to a research paper offering a brief meta- analysis in the discussions. Also, the review part do not offer a particularly innovative view when compared with other works (e.g., Hayashi 2020), and the text as well as the main figure could be improved. Under my suggested reshaping, I suggest discarding Figure 1, in part redundant with Figure 11, and move table 1 to discussions (because part of your meta-analysis)
Answer #3:
We admit that the combination of the review and the case study may be too long. We plan to shorten the review part, in particular to discard the review part on the geomorphology. We will assess how to shorten the whole introduction but keep the main information concerning the hydrological behavior of the different landforms as this is the core topic of the paper. Concerning Figure 1, we admit that it may be discarded while we still believe that it may help a non-expert reader to better comprehend the manuscript. We will assess after reviewing the entire document if the figure should be removed. Finally, concerning the meta-analysis, we will try to move it to the discussion, without introducing to much external information to it. We propose to include the Figure 11 to the results section as it is based on this table where we calculate the recession coefficients for each landforms, which are then used in the model.
Comment #4:
Methods and results parts can be condensed quite a lot. Also, some parts of the results belong to methods or discussion, i.e., the description and discussion of chosen models and tools in methods and data interpretation in the discussion. I highlighted only some of these parts in the pdf file but please shorten and move the text to its correct position in the manuscript
Answer #4:
We agree that some parts were not ideally placed within the manuscript and we thank the reviewer for highlighting some of them in the pdf. We will reorganize these parts in a more concise version and provide a detailed overview of how the structure of the manuscript has changed. We will in particular make sure that all methods are concisely described in the methods section. Finally, we will provide some additional information concerning the field methods (in particular ERT) as we realized that the Zenodo repositories containing all the detailed field data were not referred properly in the document.
Comment #5:
The work has some typos. I highlighted some of these, but please carefully read the work to check these errors before sending for review
Answer #5:
We thank again the reviewer for going through the whole document and pointing out typos. We will make a careful check after writing the revised version of all left out errors.
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RC2: 'Comment on hess-2022-110', Anonymous Referee #2, 19 May 2022
GENERAL COMMENTS
The manuscript presents two interrelated but separate pieces of work in one large package: (1) literature review of proglacial landforms and (2) case study of storage assessments in an Alpine catchment. As such, the manuscript has an unusually large volume, approximately double the size of standard journal papers. The literature review is informative, but it does not offer much new insights. Therefore, I suggest that Section 1 (Introduction) be reduced to 10-15% of the current volume. That will still leave a much larger volume of texts compared to standard research papers, meaning that the rest of the manuscript will have to be condensed substantially to make it more concise and useful to the intended readership. The case-study part of the manuscript presents unique and interesting information, which will be of great interest to the reader of this journal. However, it has some fundamental issues that need to be addressed before the manuscript can be considered for publication. Overall, the case study needs to re-examine some of the assumptions that are central to the results. I will elaborate more in my specific comments below. Particularly important issues are indicated in my comments on Line 420, 660, 696, 698, and 718. I would recommend that the manuscript be rejected at this time, and the authors be encouraged to submit a completely new manuscript written concisely and clearly, presenting reanalysis of the data addressing the fundamental issues.
SPECIFIC COMMENTS
Figure 1. What do beige areas between bedrocks represent? Are they same as beige areas inside the lateral moraine? Please clarify that in the figure legends.
Line 271. Please include the latitude and longitude of the study site. This will allow interested readers to look up the sites easily on Google Earth and other programs.
Line 288. Please indicate the weather station in Figure 2.
Line 291. Please indicate the elevation of the weather stations and their direction (e.g., northwest) with respect to the glacier snout.
Line 305. If these devices are fully screened, they are not piezometers. Please use proper terminology, such as water-table monitoring wells.
Line 312. Please present more detailed information on the ERT methodology, for example, electrode spacing, configuration, and data inversion methods.
Line 313. How was the presence of buried ice blocks identified?
Line 396. How was B determined based on ERT results? Considering the quality of ERT data and spatial heterogeneity, the determination may not be straight forward. Please explain this more carefully.
Line 402-406. Please present this information in the section of field methods (see my comment on Line 312). In general, the manuscript suffers from a lack of organization, meaning that methods are not presented in where the reader expects them to be.
Line 416. This terminology (Smax) is misleading and inappropriate. What it represents is not the maximum amount of water that can be stored in the unit. It is the storage corresponding to the initial flow (Q0) at the beginning of recession analysis period. I suggest it to be changed to S0 instead.
Line 420 and Figure 2. I do not think that the classification approach solely based on slopes adequately captures the spatial extents and distribution of the landforms for the purpose of this study. For example, a quick examination of satellite images on Google Earth indicates that much of ’22-42 deg (talus slopes)’ on the north side of the instrumented area are likely bedrock slopes covered by a thin layer of soil and vegetation. They are clearly not talus slopes and hence, will have completely different hydrological storage functions. This applies to other landforms as well, putting the entire exercise of data analysis on a shaky foundation. I strongly recommend that the authors use an approach combining digital elevation models and satellite images to come up with more appropriate landform classification, and reanalyse the data set.
Line 437. ‘Fitted by matching the snowline limit’. How was it done? Please explain the methodology. It may not be a straightforward task in a mountain environment with frequent cloud covers obscuring satellite images.
Line 438. If the elevation of the weather station is lower than the average elevation of the catchment, the data may substantially underestimate winter precipitation. How was this issue addressed? Please explain.
Line 441. First estimate. What does this exactly mean? Please explain it more precisely and specifically.
Line 443-444. Only a small fraction was allowed to recharge. Was this observed? Or assumed? Please clarify. If it is an assumption, please present a clear justification.
Line 447. Simple model. I feel that the model may be too simple for the purpose of determining aquifer storages with sufficient rigor. Please improve the presentation of scientific rigor in various parts of Section 3.
Line 452-454. This needs to be described in the method section, where the water balance equation is introduced (Line 431). Please see my comment on Line 402.
Line 454. Figure 4. Should this be Figure 3?
Line 455-456. Which gauging station was this recorded at? GS3? Please include this information in the figure caption as well.
Line 456-457. The increases of flow during the recession period (Figure 3) do not look like ‘very small’ noises. What causes the increase of flow? Please explain.
Line 479. Please see my comment on Line 416.
Line 506. This is an unusually large value for rain. Please examine the possibility of contamination by sampling devices or sample handling. Rain sample values are expected to be similar to snow sample values.
Line 539. This statement contradicts with the caption of Figure 8, which states that the lateral gradients are directed towards the main river. Which is the correct observation?
Figure 8. Please include the unit for river discharge and specify the vertical axis for discharge. Is the ‘glacier outlet’ discharge measured at GS1? Please clarify.
Line 545. Water contribution from the hillslopes. This is a losing stream. How is it possible for it to be gaining groundwater from hillslopes? Please clarify.
Line 582-583. Please show the actual ERT data to demonstrate the results. The ERT data will be useful for demonstrating bedrock delineation as well (please see my comment on Line 396).
Line 585-587. Decagon 5TM device. This information should be presented in the method section.
Line 590. Please be mindful of the number of significant digits.
Line 617-624. Figure 9 shows the water storage per unit area for each landform, irrespective of the area coverage of landforms within the catchment. Outwash plain may have a large storage (mm), but it may contribute relatively little to total catchment storage. This need to be explained clearly in this paragraph.
Line 660. These landforms cover the entire catchment, not just the proglacial zone. Given that glacier outflow is sustained during winter months (Figure 8), the storage capacity of these landforms in the entire catchment during winter months needs to be evaluated. I see this as a fundamental issue in this study.
Line 696-697. Can you quantify the total storage provided by these landforms in the entire catchment (see my comment on Line 660)? How does it compare to the total amount (mm) of winter flow measured at GS3? This information will provide an important ‘reality check’ for the perceptual model.
Line 698. This value (40 mm) is solely based on mathematical reservoir models, which in turn are based on several assumptions, which may or may not have the physical basis validated by field data. While this approach is useful, its limitation needs to be clearly acknowledged.
Line 718-719. Please consider the areal extent of the landforms in the catchment-scale storage calculation (please see my comment on Line 660).
Line 732. Having seen the results from an objective set of eyes, I do not believe that they ‘indicate clearly’ that winter baseflow is governed by non-superficial reservoirs. Please re-evaluate the assumptions and calculation methods, and re-examine this statement.
Figurer 11. This is a confusing diagram. Fluxes (snowmelt, rain, etc.) are mixed up with storage volumes. Please use a different scheme to represent the perceptual model.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Tom Müller, 27 Jun 2022
Comment on hess-2022-110 - Anonymous Referee #2
General comments
Comment 1:
The manuscript presents two interrelated but separate pieces of work in one large package: (1) literature review of proglacial landforms and (2) case study of storage assessments in an Alpine catchment. As such, the manuscript has an unusually large volume, approximately double the size of standard journal papers. The literature review is informative, but it does not offer much new insights. Therefore, I suggest that Section 1 (Introduction) be reduced to 10-15% of the current volume.
Answer 1:
We thank the referee for his/her careful review of our paper and his/her detailed and constructive comments. We admit that the review part is rather long but our intention was to bridge the gap between existing hydrological and geomorphological reviews. The hydrological part certainly overlaps strongly with the work of Hayashi (see also Reviewer comment 1). We believe the review is useful to provide a comprehensive overview of proglacial geomorphological and hydrological processes for non-expert readers, but may be too long for others. We agree that the review can be more strongly synthesized (i.e. largely reduced in length), by removing the subsection and keeping only key information about the proglacial landforms and their hydrological dynamics. Some part of the review was also repeated in the discussion, which we will improve. We will provide a much shorter introduction in the revised document.
- Suggested changes: shorten introduction, remove/move repetitions from/to discussion
Comment 2:
That will still leave a much larger volume of texts compared to standard research papers, meaning that the rest of the manuscript will have to be condensed substantially to make it more concise and useful to the intended readership.
Answer 2:
After a careful assessment of both reviewers’ comments, we agree that some parts of the documents are not well organized, some parts need to be rearranged in the right section and some text can be reduced to be more concise.
- Suggested changes: We will reduce the introduction, reorganize the methods and be more concise in the result section. From the current manuscript containing 13043 words, we will reduce it to about 8000-9000.
Comment 3:
The case-study part of the manuscript presents unique and interesting information, which will be of great interest to the reader of this journal.
Answer 3:
We thank the referee for this appreciation. Although the paper is long, we believe that the core messages contained in the case-study will remain unchanged in the new version of the manuscript and will be useful to readers of the journal.
Comment 4:
However, it has some fundamental issues that need to be addressed before the manuscript can be considered for publication. Overall, the case study needs to re-examine some of the assumptions that are central to the results. I will elaborate more in my specific comments below. Particularly important issues are indicated in my comments on Line 420, 660, 696, 698, and 718
Answer 4:
We thank the referee for his/her helpful specific comments. Generally, we think that parts of the results were not entirely clear, especially regarding the modelling parts. We also realized that we introduced some confusion by refereeing to “proglacial” landforms, while we were actually refereeing to the entire glaciated catchment.
- Suggested changes: carefully check all instances of “proglacial landforms” and replace with more specific terminology
We will discuss the main issues in the next part of the answer, but as a general comment on our approach, we copy here our comment #10 of this answer (see below):
“While our approach is clearly simple, we believe that it is valid to represent the individual storage-release response of specific superficial landforms, and especially to compare their relative significance in terms of response time scales and overall volumes. In addition, the estimated volumes and timescales agree well with other more specific studies as presented in the discussion. Our goal here is to provide the reader with a simple approach, easily reproducible at other locations, to acquire a general understanding of the key processes of glaciated catchments, which can then be used to develop more complex models or approaches with a better representation of the groundwater processes.”
Comment 5:
I would recommend that the manuscript be rejected at this time, and the authors be encouraged to submit a completely new manuscript written concisely and clearly, presenting reanalysis of the data addressing the fundamental issues.
Answer 5:
Although the manuscript needs to be rearranged, we believe that it mostly suffers from lack of clarity and conciseness, which can be greatly improved with the help of the referee’s comments but will not lead to a complete reshaping of the manuscript. We believe that the results and main outcomes will still convey the same message so that we would prefer to promptly submit a new manuscript under major revision.
Specific comments
We thank again the referee for the detailed comments. We discuss below all the points that require an answer. The points that simply require implementation (e.g. language issues, figure captions, etc.) will be all addressed in the revised version and formal rebuttal.
Below, we also regrouped comments that belong to the same topic.
Comment 6: Comments on ERT
Line 312. Please present more detailed information on the ERT methodology, for example, electrode spacing, configuration, and data inversion methods.
Line 402-406. Please present this information in the section of field methods (see my comment on Line 312). In general, the manuscript suffers from a lack of organization, meaning that methods are not presented in where the reader expects them to be.
Answer 6:
We agree that the ERT methodology was not well organized and described. The description of the data was published on Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6342766) but this was not clearly indicated in the document (only in the Data availability section). We will bring the description of the ERT methodology together and provide the main useful information to the reader.
In a nutshell, lines had between 2 to 5 m spacing with 48 electrodes, we used both Dipole-Dipole and Wenner-Schlumberger methods and data inversion was performed using a robust inversion scheme from the Open-Source pyGIMLi python library with a set of regularization parameters to test the results sensitivity.
- Suggested changes: Rearrange ERT data in one section. Provide detailed useful description of the setup and methodology. Properly refer to Zenodo.
Comment 7: Comments on ERT
Line 313. How was the presence of buried ice blocks identified?
Line 396. How was B determined based on ERT results? Considering the quality of ERT data and spatial heterogeneity, the determination may not be straight forward. Please explain this more carefully.
Answer 7:
The presence of ice is clearly visible as very high resistive area. However, this is not really the topic of this work and we will consider to remove this sentence.
Likewise, the depth of the bedrock is relatively clearly visible with a sharp change in resistivity. This was described in the Zenodo repository but we will provide more detailed information on that topic in the result section.
- Suggested changes: Add information and inversion results on bedrock depth in Result section.
Comment 8: Comments on classification method
Line 420 and Figure 2. I do not think that the classification approach solely based on slopes adequately captures the spatial extents and distribution of the landforms for the purpose of this study. For example, a quick examination of satellite images on Google Earth indicates that much of ’22-42 deg (talus slopes)’ on the north side of the instrumented area are likely bedrock slopes covered by a thin layer of soil and vegetation. They are clearly not talus slopes and hence, will have completely different hydrological storage functions. This applies to other landforms as well, putting the entire exercise of data analysis on a shaky foundation. I strongly recommend that the authors use an approach combining digital elevation models and satellite images to come up with more appropriate landform classification, and reanalyse the data set.
Answer 8:
Thanks for pointing this out. The classification used for the analysis was purposely chosen to be simple, in order to present a method that is easily reproducible by others.Our approach aims to provide general trends using a simplified representation of the different landforms, in order to estimate the time-scales of the hydrological response. We agree that some parts of the catchment could be better classified and will attempt to use a somewhat more complex method to classify the landforms, but still keeping it easily reproducible elsewhere.
- Suggested changes: Improved classification method
Comment 9: Comments on mass-balance model
Line 437. ‘Fitted by matching the snowline limit’. How was it done? Please explain the methodology. It may not be a straightforward task in a mountain environment with frequent cloud covers obscuring satellite images.
Line 438. If the elevation of the weather station is lower than the average elevation of the catchment, the data may substantially underestimate winter precipitation. How was this issue addressed? Please explain.
Answer 9:
The snowline mapping was performed automatically using a k-means algorithm from daily 2m resolution Planet images. Only the days with <5% cloud cover were used and manually verified, leaving usually at least 1 to 2 clear image per week.
Indeed, the weather station is located at about 2500m asl, while the catchment has a mean elevation of about 3000m. The snow mass-balance model was calibrated for temperature and precipitation lapse rate by matching observed SWE measured during peak snow accumulation in spring. We will review this part to make it clearer.
Finally, we want to stress again that the precision of the analysis was not the key focus, we wanted to produce a realistic rain/snowmelt for our simplified model. Since we do not aim to simulate the measured discharge of a specific year, but rather show the general seasonal trends, we do not need a particularly well calibrated hydrological model.
- Suggested changes: Add a clearer and concise description of the mass-balance methodology.
Comment 10: Comments on simple model
Line 447. Simple model. I feel that the model may be too simple for the purpose of determining aquifer storages with sufficient rigor. Please improve the presentation of scientific rigor in various parts of Section 3.
Answer 10:
We agree that our model uses a rather simple approach. Again, this is also on purpose in order to be easily reproducible in other catchments, without the need to set up a complex hydrological model. We agree that the method and result sections can be improved. In particular, we introduced some confusion using the term “proglacial” while we were sometimes refereeing to the whole glaciated catchment.
While our approach is clearly simple, we believe that it is valid to represent the individual storage-release response of specific superficial landforms, and especially to compare their relative significance in terms of response time scales and overall volumes. In addition, the estimated volumes and timescales agree well with other more specific studies as presented in the discussion. Our goal here is to provide the reader with a simple approach, easily reproducible at other locations, to acquire a general understanding of the key processes of glaciated catchments, which can then be used to develop more complex models or approaches with a better representation of the groundwater processes.
- Suggested changes: We will better present the methodology, clearly highlight the limitation, improve the landform classification and improve the clarity of this section.
Comment 11:
Line 506. This is an unusually large value for rain (EC for rain is 31.6 μS/cm). Please examine the possibility of contamination by sampling devices or sample handling. Rain sample values are expected to be similar to snow sample values.
Answer 11:
Thanks for this point, which might indeed puzzle some readers. We can exclude contamination since the samples were cleaned with DI water. From the literature, we do not think this is a particularly high value. From a the composition of major ions in rain, it seems that rain contained more Calcium and Sulphate than snow. We can only make the hypothesis that snow underwent some biological processes leading to a loss of ions or a different precipitation composition in winter.
- Suggested changes: mention explicitly that the EC value of rain is compatible with published data and mention why EC of snow could be different
Comment 12: Comments on hydraulic gradient
Line 539. This statement (“the river stage is always 10 to 40 cm higher than the groundwater level close to the river”) contradicts with the caption of Figure 8, which states that the lateral gradients are directed towards the main river. Which is the correct observation?
Line 545. Water contribution from the hillslopes. This is a losing stream. How is it possible for it to be gaining groundwater from hillslopes? Please clarify.
Answer 12:
This will be better explained in the revised documents and detailed in the discussion section as follows:
The main longitudinal gradient is sustained by stream water infiltration into the groundwater. This is supported by the clear delayed response between stream discharge (i.e. stream level) and the slope of the hydraulic gradient. Moreover measurements show that the stream stage is 10 to 40 cm higher than groundwater, meaning that groundwater drains faster downslope than the rate of water infiltration through the streambed, where hydraulic conductivity may be limited by streambed colmation. Higher infiltration occurs when river stage is higher, which in turn increases the longitudinal gradient. There is therefore an equilibrium state between the rate of stream infiltration and the capacity of the aquifer to move the water downstream.
In addition to this process, surface and subsurface runoffs from the hillslopes locally infiltrate into the outwash plain, leading to a small increase of the lateral gradient from the hillslopes towards the stream network, but which does not increase the groundwater level close to the river channel so that the stream remains a losing stream.
- Suggested changes: improve clarity of the text
Comment 13: Comments on storage volumes
Line 660. These landforms cover the entire catchment, not just the proglacial zone. Given that glacier outflow is sustained during winter months (Figure 8), the storage capacity of these landforms in the entire catchment during winter months needs to be evaluated. I see this as a fundamental issue in this study.
Answer 13:
There is here a confusion with the term “proglacial zone” which we sometimes used while refereeing to entire glaciated catchment (that is also above/around the glacier). The storage capacity estimated in the result section (figure 9) are already provided at the entire catchment scale by dividing the total storage volume by the surface of the entire catchment and not just the proglacial zone. This confusion will need to be corrected in the future version.
Comment 14: Comments on storage volumes
Line 696-697. Can you quantify the total storage provided by these landforms in the entire catchment (see my comment on Line 660)? How does it compare to the total amount (mm) of winter flow measured at GS3? This information will provide an important ‘reality check’ for the perceptual model.
Line 718-719. Please consider the areal extent of the landforms in the catchment-scale storage calculation (please see my comment on Line 660).
Answer 14:
This is linked to the previous comment (#13). We already assess the total storage in the entire catchment and not just the proglacial zone. We are actually already doing exactly what the referee is suggesting; it was just not clearly detailed. We will also compare with the discharge at GS3 during winter (which is in the order of 0.5 to 0.2 mm/day).
- Suggested changes: Make a clear distinction between proglacial and catchment-scale analysis. Better compare estimated storage volumes with baseflow discharge.
Comment 15: Comments on recession analysis
Line 698. This value (40 mm) is solely based on mathematical reservoir models, which in turn are based on several assumptions, which may or may not have the physical basis validated by field data. While this approach is useful, its limitation needs to be clearly acknowledged.
Answer 15:
We completely agree that the limitation of such approach can be further discussed and compared with discharge data for instance.
Comment 16: Comments on storage volumes
Line 732. Having seen the results from an objective set of eyes, I do not believe that they ‘indicate clearly’ that winter baseflow is governed by non-superficial reservoirs. Please re- evaluate the assumptions and calculation methods, and re-examine this statement.
Answer 16:
Based on our previous comments, we think that there was a confusion between the proglacial-scale and the catchment-scale. While we were referring to “proglacial” storage, this was actually estimated at the catchment-scale. It is clear that if we only had estimated storage in the proglacial zone, we could not provide the statement that baseflow in not sustain by superficial reservoirs. But the numbers we have estimated are actually provided at the catchment scale which provide stronger evidence.
- Suggested changes : We will make an effort to clear any possible confusion in the new manuscript.
Comment 17:
Figurer 11. This is a confusing diagram. Fluxes (snowmelt, rain, etc.) are mixed up with storage volumes. Please use a different scheme to represent the perceptual model.
Answer 17:
We will provide an improved perceptual model version by better distinguishing between fluxes and storage in the new version.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Tom Müller, 27 Jun 2022
Tom Müller et al.
Tom Müller et al.
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