the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
23 Feb 2021
23 Feb 2021
Patterns and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon exports from a riparian zone of a temperate, forested catchment
- 1Department of Hydrogeology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- 2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research group BioGeoOmics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- 3Department of Soil System Sciences, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 06120 Halle, Germany
- 4Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- 1Department of Hydrogeology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- 2Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research group BioGeoOmics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- 3Department of Soil System Sciences, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 06120 Halle, Germany
- 4Department of Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Abstract. Export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from riparian zones (RZs) is an important, but poorly understood component of temperate catchment carbon budgets. This paper delineates explicit DOC source zones within the RZ of a small forested catchment in central Germany, and identifies and quantifies their dominant DOC export mechanism at high spatio-temporal resolution. Stream water DOC samples from differing hydrological situations were compared to riparian DOC groundwater and surface water samples and classified chemically (via Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry) and spatially via a small-scale topographic analysis of the RZ at a resolution of 1 m. Explicit water fluxes from the resulting riparian DOC source zones were then simulated by a physically-based, fully-integrated numerical flow model (HydroGeoSphere).
Chemical classification revealed two distinct DOC pools (DOCI and DOCII) in the RZ. The comparison of stream and riparian water samples indicated a predominant export of DOCI during wet conditions and high groundwater levels. The two DOC pools were spatially separated and mapped using a threshold value in high-resolution topographical wetness index (TWIHR). Hydrological modelling revealed that surface runoff from DOCI source zones with high TWIHR values dominated overall discharge generation and therefore DOC export. Although corresponding to only 15 % of the area in the studied RZ, the high TWIHR zones provided in total 1.5 times the load of DOC from the remaining 85 % of the area associated with the DOCII pool. Our results suggest that surface DOC export can play a dominant role for DOC export in RZs with overall low topographic relief and should be considered in DOC export models. We propose that proxies of spatial heterogeneity (here: TWIHR) can delineate the most active riparian source zones and provide a meaningful basis for improved model conceptualization of surficial DOC export.
- Preprint
(3657 KB) -
Supplement
(2540 KB) - BibTeX
- EndNote
Benedikt J. Werner et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
-
RC1: 'Review of “Patterns and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon exports from a riparian zone of a temperate, forested catchment” by Werner et al. in HESSD', Anonymous Referee #1, 23 Mar 2021
This study is an impressive assemblage of field, laboratory and modelling techniques to determine the spatio-temporal variability in DOC export (concentration and molecular composition) in a riparian zone. The abundance of different techniques make the manuscript quite dense and it is sometimes difficult to follow the details of the Material and methods, but I would not recommend providing more technicalities (see some exceptions in the detailed suggestions below).
My main suggestion to improve the paper is to rework the introduction and the discussion to 1) identify a clear research question or hypothesis, the introduction is lacking a “problem to solve”. It was not clear to me why such a detailed study would improve management, because the resolution is far higher than any management action, or large scale modelling; 2) develop a discussion that put the results into perspective, while the current discussion is still very similar to the result section and does not contain implications for future research or management.
I also found that the authors made too little use of the different sampling dates, especially those during storm events. I did not understand why several analyses in the manuscript only consider April and December dates, while many other dates are available (I may have missed something here…). Similarly, a high-temporal resolution sampling was performed during selected storm event but the infra-storm events dynamics is not described.
Some work would be necessary to improve the clarity of the text: shorter sentence, less and better use of conjunctions, correct some poor phrasing. I have identified a few examples of sentences to improve but note that English is not my native language either.
Detailed comments:
Title : “from a riparian zone of a” -> “from the riparian zone of a”?
L12 “but poorly understood component”: what specifically is not understood. Identify a “problem to solve”, a research question or hypothesis in the abstract.
L15 “high spatio temporal resolution”: what is the resolution of the DEM?
L15 “Stream water DOC samples from differing hydrological situations”: describe these situations, number of sampling dates, study period, etc in the abstract.
L18 “were then simulated”: avoid passive voice throughout the manuscript
L20 “two distinct DOC pools (DOCI and DOCII)”: describe what make them different in the abstract
L22 “high-resolution topographical wetness index (TWIHR)”: specify resolution in abstract.
L27 “should be considered in DOC export models”: any implications for management? Should large-scale models really consider this fine-resolution heterogeneity?
L33 “But despite”: don’t start a sentence with “but”
L36 “but could” second but in this long sentence
L41 “Especially riparian zones (RZs) of lower order streams are potential targets for…” poor phrasing
L46 “Here, DOC …” add reference
L49 “This leads to a stronger accumulation of DOC close to the soil surface…” I did not understand the link with the previous sentence
L52 “led to concepts like variable source zone activation (Dick et al., 2015; Werner et al., 2019), the dominant source layer (Ledesma et al., 2015) and transmissivity feedback (Bishop et al., 2004)” explain these concepts and their limits. Listing them is not enough in an introduction
L55 “a strong focus on vertical heterogeneity” I my understanding the variable source area concept is more about horizontal heterogeneity.
L57 “Moreover RZs are highly dynamic and heterogeneous with micro-topography” the role of micro topography is central to the hypothesis of this work and should be better highlighted.
L65 “Model conceptualizations that are able to bridge those scales” with this sentence it seems that the paper will deal with this question of scales, but it is not the case.
L80 “We argue that a smaller-scale, dynamic assessment of the TWI…” should be the hypothesis of the paper. Please give a response to his hypothesis/question in the discussion/conclusion.
L97 “In this paper we…” intro long enough, no need for a summary of the methods here. Develop problem to solve instead.
L100 “More specifically, (1)…” it would be better to list specific research questions than summary of the methods.
L128 “Electric resistivity tomography (Resecs DC resistivity meter system, Kiel, Germany) was applied at two transects” show the transects in figure 1?
L134 “Two PCM4 portable flow meters (Nivus, Germany) measured discharge in the Rappbode stream at a chosen inlet…” show inlet and outlet in figure 1?
L151 “To have maximum ability in capturing the magnitude and direction of this slope…” poor phrasing
L156 “In addition 3 more wells were installed at 0.3 m depth inside the rectangular grid for surface near sampling.” I did not understand this sentence.
2.2.3. I found it difficult understand the maximum depth and the screening height of the different piezometers and wells. Please rework this section to improve clarity.
L166 “Biweekly routine samples…” it is never clear whether biweekly means twice a week or every second week. Please use a less ambiguous term. Please also add the number of sampling dates and the number of dates when FT-ICR mass spectrometry was used. Is it only two dates?
L181 “samples were filtered using 0.45 μm membrane filters” did you filter the samples in the field or back in the lab?
L280 “2.4.3 Calibration” is it possible to provide the objective function of the calibration? I understood that the model aimed to simulate both the stream discharge and groundwater depth in several wells, with a weighting scheme giving a high importance to the groundwater, but it would be interesting to see the equation of this objective function.
L322 “The DInf algorithm was used” please explain what it is.
L335 “Discharge shows event-type, erratic variability” poor phrasing
L360 “DOC in riparian water samples was in general of highly unsaturated and phenolic composition, typically found in lignin and biomass type compounds” can we see this in a table or a figure?
L395 “Note that wells, sampled during different occasions throughout the year occur in both DOC clusters and according TWIHR values can thus occur in both clusters” it is unclear to me to what extend a given piezometer belonged to the same cluster throughout time. This sentence suggests that the cluster can change, but a quantitative assessment of how many piezometer remain in the same cluster or change clusters would be interesting here.
L415 “The significant difference in TWIHR median values of DOCI and DOCII wells” I did not understand how you could classify wells as DOCI-well or DOCII-well if a given well could change clusters in different dates.
L416 “using the median TWIHR value of the DOCI group (9.66) as a threshold.” I did not understand this choice; please explain the rationale behind this.
L418 “Also note that different samples of one well can appear in both DOC groups” please give numbers.
L435 “Fig. S7, Table S4 for according water fluxes” -> “corresponding water fluxes”?
l454 “During the model period, DOCI source wells had a median DOC concentration of 5.8 mg L-1 which was 2.3 times higher than for the DOCII source wells” it would be interesting to remind the mean+/- sd of the two types of wells. Do deeper wells match with the DOCI cluster?
L487 “as typically found in deeper soil layers” what influences the difference between DOC I and DOC II more: the TWI or the sampling depth? (or both are related?).
L491 “indicating a replete DOC pool with constant contribution to the overall DOC quality in the stream” unclear sentence
L493 “indicating the influence of seasonality on this pool.” It is difficult to make such a conclusion with only two dates.
General comment on “4 Discussion”: this discussion is too similar to the result section, many conclusions are specific to the study site while readers would expect to see the results put into perspective, with more implications for management and research, more key messages and more references to the literature.
-
RC2: 'Comment on hess-2021-82', Anonymous Referee #2, 01 Apr 2021
Werner et al. examines export patterns and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon from the riparian zone in a temperate, forested catchment. The paper used an array of different approaches to relate DOC source zones within the RZ to their dominant DOC export mechanisms. Stream DOC samples from different hydrological conditions were compared to riparian DOC groundwater and surface water chemistry. They also characterized DOC chemically (via Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry) and used topographic analysis (at a resolution of 1m). Water fluxes were simulated using the code HydroGeoSphere. The paper concluded that surface runoff from zones of high TWIHR values, which occupied about 15% of the total area, exported about 1.5 times the load of DOC from the remaining 85 % of the area, and that “this study highlights that surface DOC export from the riparian zone plays an important role for lateral DOC export from hydromorphic soils with overall low topographic relief.”
The work is interesting and collated an array of approaches from chemical analysis to modeling at high spatial resolution. The current manuscript is phrased from the angle of horizontal heterogeneity / landscape topography, which I think is actually already well studied [Herndon et al., 2015; Jencso et al., 2009; Ledesma et al., 2018; McGuire and McDonnell, 2010; Pacific et al., 2010]. But I find the conclusion is not particularly surprising. On the other hand, It seems to me that this work presents a rare opportunity to dig deeper to think about the relative influence of vertical versus horizontal heterogeneity. the relative importance of vertical versus horizontal heterogeneity in doc export is poorly understood. In particular, there has been quite some interests in understanding the solute export from different subsurface depths, for example, [Seibert et al., 2009; Zhi and Li, 2020; Zhi et al., 2019]
The data from this work have depth profile (top 100 cm) of doc, and flow calcination from different depths. These two can be combined to calculate at what depth most doc was exported, and how the export varied with depth in high flow events. At a minimum, it would be nice to see some discussion along this line of vertical heterogeneity.
I also find “Surface export” is a confusing term. Is this really surface runoff, or does the water mostly flow through top soil? Unless in extremely large events, most forests do not see significant amount of surface runoff. in many places, stream water comes from “old” water from the subsurface, not surface runoff “new” water [Klaus and McDonnell, 2013].
Line 52-54, “a strong focus on vertical heterogeneity”. Interesting thoughts but maybe not accurate. My impressions is that existing literature has focused much more on landscape hillslope - riparian heterogeneity. As I mentioned earlier, papers in hydrology and ecology have emphasized a lot on hydrological connectivity from hill to streams. In fact, the management practices related to riparian zones originated from our understanding of differences between hill and riparian and their connectivity.
Figure 3: also draw doc in this figure to help viewing when doc coming out most?
Figure 4: this figure is busy. What is ns, hc, oc, … pleas explain in caption or provide legend.
Why not show doc vs depth data. It would be cool to see that data. We rarely have subsurface solute depth profile. Also, these depth data, together with the modeling work for subsurface flow, provide rare opportunity to assess the relative importance of vertical heterogeneity vs horizontal landscape heterogeneity, as I I mentioned earlier
Figure 7: can the discharge data be added here? Would it be easier to understand the time series of doc export?
Line 525-530: it seems that there is some mis-understanding about “lateral export”. Lateral export means doc export via surface water (streams and rivers). Stream water can come from the surface runoff and subsurface (soil + gw). In fact, in many places, stream water comes from “old” water from the subsurface, not surface runoff “new” water (Klaus+McDonnell 2013). While I agree that surface runoff can be important during events, it may be misleading to present these numbers without mentioning the temporal scale (event scale). At the annual scale, these numbers might be quite different.
References:
Herndon, E.M., Dere, A.L., Sullivan, P.L., Norris, D., Reynolds, B. and Brantley, S.L. (2015), Landscape heterogeneity drives contrasting concentration-discharge relationships in shale headwater catchments, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 19(8), 3333-3347.
Jencso, K.G., McGlynn, B.L., Gooseff, M.N., Wondzell, S.M., Bencala, K.E. and Marshall, L.A. (2009), Hydrologic connectivity between landscapes and streams: Transferring reach- and plot-scale understanding to the catchment scale, Water Resour. Res., 45(4), W04428.
Klaus, J. and McDonnell, J.J. (2013), Hydrograph separation using stable isotopes: Review and evaluation, Journal of Hydrology, 505, 47-64.
Ledesma, J.L.J., Kothawala, D.N., Bastviken, P., Maehder, S., Grabs, T. and Futter, M.N. (2018), Stream Dissolved Organic Matter Composition Reflects the Riparian Zone, Not Upslope Soils in Boreal Forest Headwaters, Water Resour. Res., 54(6), 3896-3912.
McGuire, K.J. and McDonnell, J.J. (2010), Hydrological connectivity of hillslopes and streams: Characteristic time scales and nonlinearities, Water Resour. Res., 46(10).
Pacific, V.J., Jencso, K.G. and McGlynn, B.L. (2010), Variable flushing mechanisms and landscape structure control stream DOC export during snowmelt in a set of nested catchments, Biogeochemistry, 99(1-3), 193-211.
Seibert, J., Grabs, T., Köhler, S., Laudon, H., Winterdahl, M. and Bishop, K. (2009), Linking soil- and stream-water chemistry based on a Riparian Flow-Concentration Integration Model, Hydrology and earth system sciences, 13(12), 2287-2297.
Zhi, W. and Li, L. (2020), The Shallow and Deep Hypothesis: Subsurface Vertical Chemical Contrasts Shape Nitrate Export Patterns from Different Land Uses, Environmental Science & Technology, 54(19), 11915-11928.
Zhi, W., Li, L., Dong, W., Brown, W., Kaye, J., Steefel, C. and Williams, K.H. (2019), Distinct Source Water Chemistry Shapes Contrasting Concentration-Discharge Patterns, Water Resour. Res., 55(5), 4233-4251.
Benedikt J. Werner et al.
Data sets
High resolution spatial, chemical (dissolved organic carbon) and hydrological dataset of the upper Rappbode Catchment in the temperate Harz Mountains, Germany Benedikt J. Werner https://doi.org/10.4211/hs.b32ba184414e475ba36a0bb193866ef1
Benedikt J. Werner et al.
Viewed
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 283 | 149 | 9 | 441 | 24 | 2 | 9 |
- HTML: 283
- PDF: 149
- XML: 9
- Total: 441
- Supplement: 24
- BibTeX: 2
- EndNote: 9
Viewed (geographical distribution)
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1