the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The effect of rainfall amount and timing on annual transpiration in a grazed savanna grassland
- 1Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
- 2Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- 3Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, Chemical Resource Beneficiation, North‐West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- 4Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North‐West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- 5Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sweden
- 6Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- 7Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
- 8Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- 1Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
- 2Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- 3Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group, Chemical Resource Beneficiation, North‐West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- 4Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North‐West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- 5Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sweden
- 6Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- 7Department of Forest Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
- 8Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Abstract. The role of precipitation (P) variability on evapotranspiration (ET) and its two components, transpiration (T) and evaporation (E) from savannas, continues to draw significant research interest given its relevance to a number of eco-hydrological applications. Our study reports on six years of measured ET and estimated T and E from a grazed savanna grassland in Welgegund, South Africa. Annual P varied significantly in amount (508 to 672 mm yr−1), with dry years characterized by infrequent early-season rainfall. T was determined using annual water-use efficiency and gross primary production estimates derived from eddy covariance measurements of latent heat flux and net ecosystem CO2 exchange rates. The computed annual T was nearly constant, 331 ± 11 mm yr−1 (T/ET = 0.52), for the four wet years with frequent early wet-season rainfall, whereas annual T was 268 and 175 mm yr−1 during the dry years. Annual T/ET was linearly related to the early wet-season storm frequency. The constancy of annual T during wet years is explained by the moderate water stress of C4 grass and constant annual tree transpiration covering 15 % of the landscape. However, grass transpiration declines during dry spells. Moreover, grasses respond to water availability with a dieback-regrowth pattern, reducing leaf area and transpiration during drought. These changes lead to an anomalous monthly T/ET relation to leaf-area index (LAI). The results highlight the role of the C4 grass layer in the hydrological balance and suggest that the grass response to dry spells and drought is reasonably described by precipitation timing.
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Matti Räsänen et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
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RC1: 'Comment on hess-2021-292', Russell Scott, 17 Sep 2021
In this paper, the authors examine the transpiration of a grazed savanna in Africa to determine what are the controls on annual ET partitioning. They do this by using 6 yrs of eddy covariance data and three different partitioning techniques. They conclude that early season rainfall timing strongly controlled annual T/ET by affecting the growing season dynamics primarily of grasses rather than the trees.
I found this study very interesting and generally, sound. I think it will be potentially of great interest to the readers of this journal. However, I found the presentation of the results confusing at times and would recommend a thorough restructuring of them. Many of the authors’ conclusions are conjectures about the grass functioning with little to back them (i.e., you’ve got T and ET but not Tgrass and Ttree).
Here are a few suggestions and comments that hopefully may guide a restructuring of the paper:
- The paper needs a deeper look into the controls on the total T and T/ET. Ultimately, this has got to be about water availability, right? Rain event frequency is really an indirect way of looking at it. It says nothing about the total amount of water and where it is located (shallow or deep). Certainly, storm depth must be a critical factor in how frequency is translated into water availability. Since you’ve got the data to do it (E, T, GPP, LAI, soil moisture) can you better unpack the seasonal pattern, showing in greater detail how summed T and E and soil moisture evolve through the early to middle part of a growing season contrasting a normal year with a dry one? You could look at the monthly level data, but you should be able to do this on a daily scale for the TEA or Berkelhammer results if you wanted to show the finer dynamics. Also, what about the E dynamics? Does storm frequency have an influence in the amount of E?
- There are lots of inferences about grass and tree functioning, but little data about this is shown in the results. Is there a way you can use the remote sensing and the monthly data to make your case more strong? E.g., you write that there aren’t many LAI changes for the trees so LAI is really indicative of the grass LAI. You’re also saying that the C4 grasses control their water use by dying back or growing new leaves. If so, is there a way to use T/ET (or maybe better, just T) and LAI to show this more clearly?
- The introduction is underdeveloped. What is missing are the previous results that lead to expectations of what you might find here. There are quite a few studies cited for semi-arid systems but what have you learned from them that help guide this analysis?
Text specific suggestions and questions:
Title: Is it a savanna or grassland or both?
P1.
L 27-29. Is there data to support these claims about grass and tree functioning?
L30. What is an anomalous monthly T/ET relation?
L31. How can drought be reasonably described by P timing alone? Storm depth has got to play a role as it ultimately is about water availability and its timing.
P.2
L12. You might also consider this paper which also talks about monthly T/ET dynamics in semiarid systems: Scott, R. L., & Biederman, J. A. (2017). Geophysical Research Letters, 44(13), 6833-6840.
L23. Maybe say "partially decoupling" as 37% isn't huge.
P.3
L5. These papers that compared approaches could be cited here: Berkelhamer et al. 2016, Scott et al. 2021, Nelson et al. 2020. Global change biology, 26(12), 6916-6930.
L11-L13. I don’t understand how using both LAI and EVI allowed you to quantify the dynamics of the grasses and trees.
L19. “farm” or “ranch”?
P.5
L20. “verified” or “computed”? Verified with what?
P.6
L10. averaged over what time period?
P.9
L11. You need to sum 1/2 hr T's and ET separately and then take their ratio. You can't just take the average T/ET.
L25. I'm wondering why this was done across all years. I would think that the same reasons that you fit the Berkelhamer approach yearly should apply equally here. Yearly changes in ecosystem structure/lai should warrant a yearly fit.
L27. “…of each month.” This is confusing. I thought uWUEp was computed for the 6 yrs and uWUEa was computed monthly?
P10.
Table 1. As you’ve already described the methods in the text. This table is superfluous. Suggest omitting.
L14-16. Was there a reason for using both EVI and LAI? I've always found the essentially the same information content in each signal. For simplicity in the presentation of the results, you might consider using only LAI.
Table 2. For the T and E columns. What method is this or is this an average between the three? Also, see Fig. 5b…no method given.
P16.
L7-9. This is a possibility but isn’t it also possible that T/ET in the late rainy season goes up as the soil dries and E becomes negligible?
L16. “due to a higher early-season precipitation frequency”. Sorry to beleaguer the point, but the higher frequency may be a symptom rather than the cause of higher water availability.
L29. It gets awkward to use the inverse. Why not present the usual WUE metric instead, making these numbers readily comparable to previous studies?
P18.
L2-3. As this section jumps back into the site water balance shown in 3.1, I found it confusing. You might change the organization of the results to one being about the water balance (talking P, ET, T, interception, Esoil, deltaS etc. and their variability) and the other being ET partitioning. Also, maybe adding a section that talks about the grass/tree dynamics separately to better support your claims.
L11. See comment L16 above.
P19.
L10-13. In this summary of the results where is the evidence for this? I think this paper would really be improved if you could organize your results to better show this.
L22, Not clear what this sentence is here to address. On the surface, it says rainfall frequency is not important.
L25. Where is this dieback - regrowth shown? Can you use EVI or LAI to show this?
P21.
L5. I would delete this comparison. Using a BR from a higher annual PPT site isn't appropriate. Also, in order to use the BR to estimate ET you need to rely on H which may or may not be subject to commensurate errors.
L4-18. I'd suggest also considering, Scott, R. L., & Biederman, J. A. (2019). Water Resources Research, 55(1), 574-588 here. To me, the fact that ET ~= P is really solid evidence for the validity of your ET measurements so long as runoff (surface or deep) is negligible. Having an ET = P seems quite appropriate especially if you have those deep-rooted trees to capture any deeper infiltration.
P22.
L 9-16. The Scott and Biederman 2017 paper using an entirely different method suggests a peak of T/ET ~= 0.60 -0.70 for a drier savanna site, similar to the results you have here.
L20. This is a discussion point, not a conclusion that comes from this paper.
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Matti Räsänen, 10 Feb 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on hess-2021-292', Anonymous Referee #2, 03 Jan 2022
The manuscript "The effect of rainfall amount and timing on annual transpiration in a grazed savanna grassland" looks at the ecohydrolocal flux dynamics from a semiarid tree grass system. The study utilises a six year dataset of eddy covariance data which has obviously been well maintained, quality controlled, and is of high quality, as well as additional meteorological and remote sensing data. The study focuses on evapotranspiration (ET), as well as the partitioned plant transpiration, soil evaporation, and interception over the six year period, with one particularly dry year with significantly reduced ET and gross primary productivity (GPP).
I found study particularly interesting in the scientific set up, however, the comparison of ET partitioning methods and the conclusions drawn from the T/ET dynamics seemed to dismiss the discrepancies between the methods and instead assume that one particular method was most accurate without given much substantial evidence as to why. Given the high uncertainty in partitioning methods (Nelson et al. 2020, Scott et al. 2020), it would be more rigorous to apply multiple methods and base the conclusions on patters which agree, or an independent evaluation as to why particular methods are likely to fail in certain situations. Given that the uWUE and Berkelhammer methods are methodologically very similar, a better analysis would be to use method with very different assumptions, such as one that avoids the T=ET assumption (e.g. Scott and Biederman 2017 or Perez-Priego et al. 2018).
For example, one particular issue with the uWUE/Berlkelhammer methods is that the GPP*VPD^(1/2) to ET relationship is static throughout a year. In the case of a tree grass system, particularly when the grass is inactive for part of the year, the assumption that the ecosystem GPP*VPD^(1/2) to ET holds for the entire year may not be valid as the ecosystem fluxes shift from more tree to more grass dominated, which would then impact the inferred T/ET as the minGPP||ET|| could correspond to a period not consistent to the current state of the ecosystem. This is not to say the the uWUE or TEA estimates would be more correct either, but the low T/ET patterns seen in 2015 may also be underestimated by the Berkelhammer method. Indeed, the T/ET values from uWUE and Berkelhammer are significantly lower overall than the mean T/ET pattern from Wei et al. 2017 in Figure 6a and would be on the low end of what is reported from site level studies in Schlesinger and Jasechko 2014.
While this paper does not set out to be an inter-comparison of ET partitioning methods from eddy covariance, I would recommend that at least all analyses utilise all three partitioning methods presented to determine if patterns are robust across methods, and possibly the addition of a fourth method which does not make the T=ET assumption. This would make the conclusions more robust and make the work much more useful to the wider community.
Nelson, J.A. et al. (2020) ‘Ecosystem transpiration and evaporation: Insights from three water flux partitioning methods across FLUXNET sites’, Global Change Biology. doi:10.1111/gcb.15314.
Perez-Priego, O. et al. (2018) ‘Partitioning Eddy Covariance Water Flux Components Using Physiological and Micrometeorological Approaches’, Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. doi:10.1029/2018JG004637.
Schlesinger, W.H. and Jasechko, S. (2014) ‘Transpiration in the global water cycle’, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 189–190, pp. 115–117. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.01.011.
Scott, R.L. et al. (2020) ‘Water Availability Impacts on Evapotranspiration Partitioning’, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, p. 108251. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108251.
Scott, R.L. and Biederman, J.A. (2017) ‘Partitioning evapotranspiration using long-term carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes: New Approach to ET Partitioning’, Geophysical Research Letters. doi:10.1002/2017GL074324.- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Matti Räsänen, 10 Feb 2022
Matti Räsänen et al.
Data sets
Dataset for "The effect of rainfall amount and timing on annual transpiration in grazed savanna grassland" M. Räsänen, M. Aurela, V. Vakkari, P. Beukes, J.-P. Tuovinen, S. Siebert, P. Van Zyl, M. Josipovic, T. Laurila, M. Kulmala, L. Laakso, J. Rinne, R. Oren, G. G. Katul https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.11322464
Matti Räsänen et al.
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