Global water resources knowledge gaps&nbsp;

Wu, Shuanglei; Wei, Yongping; Wang, Xuemei

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137

Preprints

https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137

Preprints

24 Mar 2021

Review status: a revised version of this preprint was accepted for the journal HESS and is expected to appear here in due course.

Global water resources knowledge gaps

Shuanglei Wu¹, Yongping Wei¹, and Xuemei Wang² Shuanglei Wu et al.

Show author details

¹School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
²University Library, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China

Received: 08 Mar 2021 – Accepted for review: 21 Mar 2021 – Discussion started: 24 Mar 2021

Abstract. The stationarity of hydrological systems is dead. Has our hydrological/water resources knowledge well transformed to address this change? By using publications indexed in the Web of Science database since 1900, we aim to investigate the global development of water resources knowledge at river basin scale from a system science perspective. Water resources knowledge development in a river basin is defined as a complex system involving the co-evolutionary dynamics of scientific disciplines and management issues. It is found that: 1) centralised and legacy-inclined water resources knowledge structures dominated major river basins in the world; 2) links between water resources knowledge structure and the management issues it addressed are increasingly homogenised; and 3) cross-disciplinary collaborations have remained largely unchanged and collaborations with social sciences have been very limited. In conclusions, the stationarity of the water resources knowledge system persists. A shift of water resources knowledge development to cope with the rapidly changing hydrological systems and associated management issues is urgently needed.

Shuanglei Wu et al.

Status: closed

RC1:
'Review of "Global water resources knowledge gaps" by Wu et al.', Hubert H.G. Savenije, 22 Apr 2021

The authors have analysed papers categorised in the WoS under Water Resources and limited the analysis to articles that deal with river basins or catchments in a broad sense. They then looked for connections between disciplinary fields of WRM and analysed the connections between these fields and how they developed over time. They then classified the patterns of interconnection, or lack thereof into knowledge structures with the following names: Isolated, Innovative-inclined, Legacy-inclined and Centralised. To me, these classifications have hardly any explanatory power. I have gone through the description several times, but I fail to see what these terms actually mean or imply in relation to WRM. I can't see whether they have a positive or negative connotation. To me, Isolated and Centralised sounds rather negative; Innovative-inclined sounds positive; and Legacy-inclined may be both positive or negative, depending on one's perspective. That in recent years more basin studies are legacy-inclined may be evidenced by the data, but I have difficulty to see what it means.

I do understand that this is a data-mining exercise, and that the authors did not necessarily familiarize themselves with the field of Water Resources Management and its development over time. I recommend looking at the paper on "Evolving water science in the anthropocene" (https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/18/319/2014/) and the huge body of papers that have recently been published under the IAHS research initiative "Panta Rhei", e.g. "Global perspectives on hydrology, society and change", Hydrological Sciences Journal, 61:7, 1174-1191, (DOI:10.1080/02626667.2016.1159308).

By taking river basins as the entree point, I fear the authors have missed a huge body of conceptual and global research. Not all WR research is done at river basin level. Much happens at the global scale, national scale, policy scale or conceptually.

By choosing to analyse traditional disciplinary fields, such as: Agricultural irrigation; Erosion and sedimentation; Water pollution and treatment; Surface water and groundwater management; Ecological degradation; Droughts and floods; Climate variability and change; the results obtained are hardly pointing towards stronger societal linkages. I miss emerging new fields, such as: demand management; decentralisation; participation; international water law; .... and new technologies such as Remote Sensing, New observation technology, Global modelling, Artificial intelligence, .... If you look for traditional terms, you are bound to find traditional results.

Section 4. Discussion and Conclusion, is hardly a discussion. It is rather a set of three recommendations where certain lines of research are "encouraged": 1) investigation of “new” river basin phenomena; 2) spatial diversity of Water Resources research; and 3) strengthening collaborations with social sciences. These are rather obvious and general recommendations and hardly a discussion. The conclusion that "the stationarity of the water resources knowledge system persist" is not supported by the large body of work that is recently being produced as a result of and as part of the "Panta Rhei" initiative. This large body of work is hard to detect if one constrains oneself to the 95 most studied river basins in the world and the connections to traditional fields.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-RC1
- CC1:
  'Reply on RC1', Shuanglei Wu, 01 May 2021
  
  Dear Professor Savenije,
  Thank you very much for your insightful comments on our manuscript. We would like to take this opportunity to address your comments by clarifying those points that were not clear in our manuscript and proposing how we will improve our manuscript based on your comments.
  As our responses contain figure and extended references and formatting, please kindly refer to the Suppplement document attached.
  Once again, thank you very much for your valuable comments.
  Your sincerely,
  The authors team:
  Shuanglei Wu; Yongping Wei; Xuemei Wang.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-CC1
  - RC3: 'Reply on CC1', Hubert H.G. Savenije, 01 May 2021
    
    Thank you for your constructive reaction to my review. I think this is a good way forward.
    
    Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-RC3
    
    AC2: 'Reply on RC3', Yongping Wei, 21 May 2021
    
    Dear Professor Savenije,
    Thank you for your reply and valuable comments, which greatly improve the quality of the manuscript.
    We hope to have the opportunity to fully revise our manuscript addressing all your comments.
    Yours sincerely,
    The authors team:
    Shuanglei Wu; Yongping Wei; Xuemei Wang.
    
    Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-AC2
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Yongping Wei, 21 May 2021
  
  Dear Professor Savenije,
  Thank you very much for your insightful comments on our manuscript.
  To close the open discussion, we have attached the responses to your comments again as initially posted by the first author Shuanglei Wu.
  Once again, thank you very much for your valuable comments.
  Yours sincerely,
  The authors team:
  Shuanglei Wu; Yongping Wei; Xuemei Wang.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on hess-2021-137', Li Xu, 29 Apr 2021
General comments

This work aimed to discover knowledge gaps in water resources research at the river basin scale through looking into the knowledge structure and disciplinary connections over time. The starting point of this paper is very interesting and the topic is important as river management and governance are highly fragmented. Generalizing knowledge patterns for research and management practices at the basin scale is challenging but should be done. Identification of knowledge gaps through investigating the knowledge structure is an innovative approach. Tracing the knowledge development patterns could also help identify gaps between science and policy, which is critical for the knowledge mobilization that promotes science-based decision-making for water systems. The synthesis of such fragmented knowledge would be benefited from large data analytics such as text mining approaches and content analysis. Text mining is an efficient way for the synthesis of knowledge which otherwise will be buried in the large number of texts.

This paper used academic literature obtained from the Web of Science as the main source and made use of a text-mining approach to extract key terms from the literature. The authors then used two indicators (degree and closeness) to measure connections among knowledge domains defined in this study. Overall, the methodology is designed in a reasonable manner and discussions are fair. However, some revisions are required to make it more readable and informative.

Knowledge structure is a keyword of the paper and it is a cognitive concept/science which needs to be carefully defined. It has been well defined in many other disciplines such as education, psychology, etc. What does it mean in water science at the basin scale?

It will be beneficial for the paper to list definitions of terms in a table (i.e., limited development, isolated development, innovative-inclined development, legacy-inclined development, centralised development). As these terms are not commonly used in the context of water sciences, nor is it in knowledge evolution, one might need to go back to read definitions a few times before he/she could understand and remember them. If they are new to the field, the authors should make them clearer to be understood. A diagram that distinguishes them from each other would be helpful as they are now ambiguous. Alternatively, the authors may need to rephrase them into terms that are more common (e.g., “lack of knowledge”, “disciplinary”, “multidisciplinary”, “interdisciplinary”, “transdisciplinary”, etc. Tress et al., 2005. Clarifying integrative research concepts in landscape ecology. Landscape Ecology, 20, 247-493).

Reorganizing the methodology section is needed to make it easier to follow. In its current state, the section starts with definitions, which is fine, but the rest is discussed all around how the data was processed with methods inserted in the text. It will be better to split up section 2 into three sub-sections “definition”, “data” and “methods”.

The discussion section would be valuable if some thoughts were put in ways to make water research more interdisciplinary than “isolated/centralised knowledge” as defined, for example how gaps identified could contribute to the framings of socio-hydrology, eco-hydrology, etc.

The limitation of the paper should be acknowledged in some aspects. To be specific, the data for the knowledge synthesis does not cover grey literature which usually has reported management efforts that are not covered in academic papers. Papers that are not indexed in WoS could have also contributed to the field and be worth acknowledging. The absence of studies is not evidence of the absence of issues/development.

Specific comments

The authors may want to rename the title of the paper as it now does not cover the whole water resources system.

Section 2.1: using the availability of studies to define the knowledge status/gaps, in particular management of rivers, may not be appropriate as management practices could have been implemented to some river basins that have not drawn much academic attention. The absence of studies does not necessarily mean the absence of knowledge development for the basins. The authors should acknowledge its limitations.

The authors used network indicators to measure knowledge connections. However, how the network was built is not well explained. What are nodes and links in the network are not clearly defined in the main text.

Section 2.2: First, using the keywords-based approach to retrieve records sometimes is controversial, because the results are significantly affected by the words selected for data collection. Some justifications of words selection should be added. Second, how groups of concerns were defined (i.e., agricultural irrigation, climate variability, etc.) and how each publication was classified into a specific group will need more explanations. For example, how studies on water policy were distinguished from management, how the overlaps were treated? What about studies of groundwater depletion and agricultural irrigation, were they included in agricultural irrigation or groundwater management? Some examples given may be helpful.

Section 2.2: Which 5 basins, except for St Lawrence River basin, were removed? Justifications should be added to improve the robustness of data. St Lawrence River is a large river basin in North America which connects to the Great Lakes Basin draining all the way up to the Atlantic Ocean. The drainage basin of ST Lawrence River has been ranked 13th largest in the world, providing millions of population and wildlife with water resources. A series of management strategies and actions have been planned since the 1980s, which have made significant progress on the protection of the ecohydrological systems of the basin. https://www.planstlaurent.qc.ca/en/our-history

Section 3: the total number of publications retrieved was not given in the text. Were all those publications included for the analysis or if any criteria were applied to clean the dataset?

Section 3, line 150: This would indicate that scientists started to focus on/realized synergistic impacts from water quality issues to ecosystems. Less previous studies do not mean that the impacts were not important.

Section 4: It would be good to separate discussion and conclusion sections.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-RC2
- CC2:
  'Reply on RC2', Shuanglei Wu, 09 May 2021
  
  Dear Dr. Xu,
  
  Thank you very much for your insightful comments on our manuscript. We would like to take this opportunity to address your comments by clarifying the unclear points and proposing how we will improve our manuscript.
  
  As our response contains figure and extended references, please kindly refer to the Supplement document for the full response.
  
  Thank you again for your comments.
  
  Yours sincerely,
  
  The authors team: Shuanglei Wu, Yongping Wei, Xuemei Wang
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-CC2
  - RC4: 'Reply on CC2 by Wu et al.', Li Xu, 10 May 2021
    
    Thank you very much for your responses. The proposed strategies sound great. Look forward to the revised paper.
    
    Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-RC4
    
    AC4: 'Reply on RC4', Yongping Wei, 21 May 2021
    
    Dear Dr. Xu,
    
    Thank you for your reply and valuable comments, which greatly improve the quality of the manuscript.
    
    We hope to have the opportunity to fully revise our manuscript addressing all your comments.
    
    Yours sincerely,
    
    The authors team:
    
    Shuanglei Wu; Yongping Wei; Xuemei Wang.
    
    Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-AC4
- AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Yongping Wei, 21 May 2021
  
  Dear Dr. Xu,
  Thank you very much for your insightful comments on our manuscript.
  To close the open discussion, we have attached the responses to your comments again as initially posted by the first author Shuanglei Wu.
  Once again, thank you very much for your valuable comments.
  Yours sincerely,
  The authors team:
  Shuanglei Wu; Yongping Wei; Xuemei Wang.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-AC3

Status: closed

RC1:
'Review of "Global water resources knowledge gaps" by Wu et al.', Hubert H.G. Savenije, 22 Apr 2021

The authors have analysed papers categorised in the WoS under Water Resources and limited the analysis to articles that deal with river basins or catchments in a broad sense. They then looked for connections between disciplinary fields of WRM and analysed the connections between these fields and how they developed over time. They then classified the patterns of interconnection, or lack thereof into knowledge structures with the following names: Isolated, Innovative-inclined, Legacy-inclined and Centralised. To me, these classifications have hardly any explanatory power. I have gone through the description several times, but I fail to see what these terms actually mean or imply in relation to WRM. I can't see whether they have a positive or negative connotation. To me, Isolated and Centralised sounds rather negative; Innovative-inclined sounds positive; and Legacy-inclined may be both positive or negative, depending on one's perspective. That in recent years more basin studies are legacy-inclined may be evidenced by the data, but I have difficulty to see what it means.

I do understand that this is a data-mining exercise, and that the authors did not necessarily familiarize themselves with the field of Water Resources Management and its development over time. I recommend looking at the paper on "Evolving water science in the anthropocene" (https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/18/319/2014/) and the huge body of papers that have recently been published under the IAHS research initiative "Panta Rhei", e.g. "Global perspectives on hydrology, society and change", Hydrological Sciences Journal, 61:7, 1174-1191, (DOI:10.1080/02626667.2016.1159308).

By taking river basins as the entree point, I fear the authors have missed a huge body of conceptual and global research. Not all WR research is done at river basin level. Much happens at the global scale, national scale, policy scale or conceptually.

By choosing to analyse traditional disciplinary fields, such as: Agricultural irrigation; Erosion and sedimentation; Water pollution and treatment; Surface water and groundwater management; Ecological degradation; Droughts and floods; Climate variability and change; the results obtained are hardly pointing towards stronger societal linkages. I miss emerging new fields, such as: demand management; decentralisation; participation; international water law; .... and new technologies such as Remote Sensing, New observation technology, Global modelling, Artificial intelligence, .... If you look for traditional terms, you are bound to find traditional results.

Section 4. Discussion and Conclusion, is hardly a discussion. It is rather a set of three recommendations where certain lines of research are "encouraged": 1) investigation of “new” river basin phenomena; 2) spatial diversity of Water Resources research; and 3) strengthening collaborations with social sciences. These are rather obvious and general recommendations and hardly a discussion. The conclusion that "the stationarity of the water resources knowledge system persist" is not supported by the large body of work that is recently being produced as a result of and as part of the "Panta Rhei" initiative. This large body of work is hard to detect if one constrains oneself to the 95 most studied river basins in the world and the connections to traditional fields.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-RC1
- CC1:
  'Reply on RC1', Shuanglei Wu, 01 May 2021
  
  Dear Professor Savenije,
  Thank you very much for your insightful comments on our manuscript. We would like to take this opportunity to address your comments by clarifying those points that were not clear in our manuscript and proposing how we will improve our manuscript based on your comments.
  As our responses contain figure and extended references and formatting, please kindly refer to the Suppplement document attached.
  Once again, thank you very much for your valuable comments.
  Your sincerely,
  The authors team:
  Shuanglei Wu; Yongping Wei; Xuemei Wang.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-CC1
  - RC3: 'Reply on CC1', Hubert H.G. Savenije, 01 May 2021
    
    Thank you for your constructive reaction to my review. I think this is a good way forward.
    
    Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-RC3
    
    AC2: 'Reply on RC3', Yongping Wei, 21 May 2021
    
    Dear Professor Savenije,
    Thank you for your reply and valuable comments, which greatly improve the quality of the manuscript.
    We hope to have the opportunity to fully revise our manuscript addressing all your comments.
    Yours sincerely,
    The authors team:
    Shuanglei Wu; Yongping Wei; Xuemei Wang.
    
    Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-AC2
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Yongping Wei, 21 May 2021
  
  Dear Professor Savenije,
  Thank you very much for your insightful comments on our manuscript.
  To close the open discussion, we have attached the responses to your comments again as initially posted by the first author Shuanglei Wu.
  Once again, thank you very much for your valuable comments.
  Yours sincerely,
  The authors team:
  Shuanglei Wu; Yongping Wei; Xuemei Wang.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on hess-2021-137', Li Xu, 29 Apr 2021
General comments

This work aimed to discover knowledge gaps in water resources research at the river basin scale through looking into the knowledge structure and disciplinary connections over time. The starting point of this paper is very interesting and the topic is important as river management and governance are highly fragmented. Generalizing knowledge patterns for research and management practices at the basin scale is challenging but should be done. Identification of knowledge gaps through investigating the knowledge structure is an innovative approach. Tracing the knowledge development patterns could also help identify gaps between science and policy, which is critical for the knowledge mobilization that promotes science-based decision-making for water systems. The synthesis of such fragmented knowledge would be benefited from large data analytics such as text mining approaches and content analysis. Text mining is an efficient way for the synthesis of knowledge which otherwise will be buried in the large number of texts.

This paper used academic literature obtained from the Web of Science as the main source and made use of a text-mining approach to extract key terms from the literature. The authors then used two indicators (degree and closeness) to measure connections among knowledge domains defined in this study. Overall, the methodology is designed in a reasonable manner and discussions are fair. However, some revisions are required to make it more readable and informative.

Knowledge structure is a keyword of the paper and it is a cognitive concept/science which needs to be carefully defined. It has been well defined in many other disciplines such as education, psychology, etc. What does it mean in water science at the basin scale?

It will be beneficial for the paper to list definitions of terms in a table (i.e., limited development, isolated development, innovative-inclined development, legacy-inclined development, centralised development). As these terms are not commonly used in the context of water sciences, nor is it in knowledge evolution, one might need to go back to read definitions a few times before he/she could understand and remember them. If they are new to the field, the authors should make them clearer to be understood. A diagram that distinguishes them from each other would be helpful as they are now ambiguous. Alternatively, the authors may need to rephrase them into terms that are more common (e.g., “lack of knowledge”, “disciplinary”, “multidisciplinary”, “interdisciplinary”, “transdisciplinary”, etc. Tress et al., 2005. Clarifying integrative research concepts in landscape ecology. Landscape Ecology, 20, 247-493).

Reorganizing the methodology section is needed to make it easier to follow. In its current state, the section starts with definitions, which is fine, but the rest is discussed all around how the data was processed with methods inserted in the text. It will be better to split up section 2 into three sub-sections “definition”, “data” and “methods”.

The discussion section would be valuable if some thoughts were put in ways to make water research more interdisciplinary than “isolated/centralised knowledge” as defined, for example how gaps identified could contribute to the framings of socio-hydrology, eco-hydrology, etc.

The limitation of the paper should be acknowledged in some aspects. To be specific, the data for the knowledge synthesis does not cover grey literature which usually has reported management efforts that are not covered in academic papers. Papers that are not indexed in WoS could have also contributed to the field and be worth acknowledging. The absence of studies is not evidence of the absence of issues/development.

Specific comments

The authors may want to rename the title of the paper as it now does not cover the whole water resources system.

Section 2.1: using the availability of studies to define the knowledge status/gaps, in particular management of rivers, may not be appropriate as management practices could have been implemented to some river basins that have not drawn much academic attention. The absence of studies does not necessarily mean the absence of knowledge development for the basins. The authors should acknowledge its limitations.

The authors used network indicators to measure knowledge connections. However, how the network was built is not well explained. What are nodes and links in the network are not clearly defined in the main text.

Section 2.2: First, using the keywords-based approach to retrieve records sometimes is controversial, because the results are significantly affected by the words selected for data collection. Some justifications of words selection should be added. Second, how groups of concerns were defined (i.e., agricultural irrigation, climate variability, etc.) and how each publication was classified into a specific group will need more explanations. For example, how studies on water policy were distinguished from management, how the overlaps were treated? What about studies of groundwater depletion and agricultural irrigation, were they included in agricultural irrigation or groundwater management? Some examples given may be helpful.

Section 2.2: Which 5 basins, except for St Lawrence River basin, were removed? Justifications should be added to improve the robustness of data. St Lawrence River is a large river basin in North America which connects to the Great Lakes Basin draining all the way up to the Atlantic Ocean. The drainage basin of ST Lawrence River has been ranked 13th largest in the world, providing millions of population and wildlife with water resources. A series of management strategies and actions have been planned since the 1980s, which have made significant progress on the protection of the ecohydrological systems of the basin. https://www.planstlaurent.qc.ca/en/our-history

Section 3: the total number of publications retrieved was not given in the text. Were all those publications included for the analysis or if any criteria were applied to clean the dataset?

Section 3, line 150: This would indicate that scientists started to focus on/realized synergistic impacts from water quality issues to ecosystems. Less previous studies do not mean that the impacts were not important.

Section 4: It would be good to separate discussion and conclusion sections.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-RC2
- CC2:
  'Reply on RC2', Shuanglei Wu, 09 May 2021
  
  Dear Dr. Xu,
  
  Thank you very much for your insightful comments on our manuscript. We would like to take this opportunity to address your comments by clarifying the unclear points and proposing how we will improve our manuscript.
  
  As our response contains figure and extended references, please kindly refer to the Supplement document for the full response.
  
  Thank you again for your comments.
  
  Yours sincerely,
  
  The authors team: Shuanglei Wu, Yongping Wei, Xuemei Wang
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-CC2
  - RC4: 'Reply on CC2 by Wu et al.', Li Xu, 10 May 2021
    
    Thank you very much for your responses. The proposed strategies sound great. Look forward to the revised paper.
    
    Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-RC4
    
    AC4: 'Reply on RC4', Yongping Wei, 21 May 2021
    
    Dear Dr. Xu,
    
    Thank you for your reply and valuable comments, which greatly improve the quality of the manuscript.
    
    We hope to have the opportunity to fully revise our manuscript addressing all your comments.
    
    Yours sincerely,
    
    The authors team:
    
    Shuanglei Wu; Yongping Wei; Xuemei Wang.
    
    Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-AC4
- AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Yongping Wei, 21 May 2021
  
  Dear Dr. Xu,
  Thank you very much for your insightful comments on our manuscript.
  To close the open discussion, we have attached the responses to your comments again as initially posted by the first author Shuanglei Wu.
  Once again, thank you very much for your valuable comments.
  Yours sincerely,
  The authors team:
  Shuanglei Wu; Yongping Wei; Xuemei Wang.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-137-AC3

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Short summary

Using publications indexed in the Web of Science, we investigated water resources knowledge development at river basin scale since 1900 and found centralised knowledge structures dominated several large river basins, increasingly homogenised links between knowledge structure and management issues, and largely static cross-disciplinary collaborations. There is urgent need to shift knowledge development to cope with the rapidly changing hydrological systems and management issues arising from it.


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