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@article{Wu1995a,
author = {Wu, Weimin and Sidle, Roy C.},
doi = {10.1029/95WR01136},
issn = {1944-7973},
journal = {Water Resources},
number = {8},
pages = {2097--2110},
title = {{and Number Values Agreed Closely With}},
volume = {31},
year = {1995}
}


@article{poveda2000,
author = {Poveda, G. and Mesa, O. J.},
title = {On the existence of Lloró (the rainiest locality on Earth): Enhanced ocean-land-atmosphere interaction by a low-level jet},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
volume = {27},
year = {2000},
number = {11},
pages = {1675-1678},
doi = {10.1029/1999GL006091},
url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/1999GL006091},
eprint = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/1999GL006091},
abstract = {The department of Chocó, on the Colombian Pacific coast experiences 8,000 to 13,000 mm of average annual precipitation. Lloró (5°30′N, 76°32′W, 120m) has received above 12,700 mm (1952–1960). Using the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data, we show that the ocean-land-atmosphere interaction over the easternmost fringe of the tropical Pacific, enhanced by the dynamics of a low-level westerly jet (“CHOCO”), contributes to explain the existence of such record-breaking hydrological region. Deep convection develops from low-level moisture convergence by the CHOCO jet, combined with high-level easterly trade winds, orographic lifting on the western Andes, low surface pressures and warm air. Precipitation is organized in mesoscale convective complexes, in turn dynamically linked to the jet. The strength of the CHOCO jet (centered at 5°N) is associated with the gradient of surface air temperatures between western Colombia and the Niño 1+2 region, thereby exhibiting strong annual and interannual variability, which contributes to explaining Colombia's hydro-climatology and its anomalies during ENSO.}

}



@article{Mapes2003,
author = {Mapes, B.E. and Warner, T.T. and Xu, M. and Negri, A. J.},
title = {Diurnal Patterns of Rainfall in Northwestern South America. Part I: Observations and Context},
journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
volume = {131},
number = {5},
pages = {799-812},
year = {2003},
doi = {10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0799:DPORIN>2.0.CO;2},

URL = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0799:DPORIN>2.0.CO;2
    
},
eprint = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0799:DPORIN>2.0.CO;2
    
}
,
    abstract = { Abstract One of the rainiest areas on earth, the Panama Bight and Pacific (western) littoral of Colombia, is the focal point for a regional modeling study utilizing the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) with nested grids. In this first of three parts, the observed climatology of the region is presented. The seasonal march of rainfall has a northwest–southeast axis, with western Colombia near the center, receiving rain throughout the year. This study focuses on the August–September season. The diurnal cycle of rainfall over land exhibits an afternoon maximum over most of South and Central America, typically composed of relatively small convective cloud systems. Over some large valleys in the Andes, and over Lake Maracaibo, a nocturnal maximum of rainfall is observed. A strong night/morning maximum of rainfall prevails over the coastal ocean, propagating offshore and westward with time. This offshore convection often takes the form of mesoscale convective systems with sizes comparable to the region's coastal concavities and other geographical features. The 10-day period of these model studies (28 August–7 September 1998) is shown to be a period of unusually active weather, but with a time-mean rainfall pattern similar to longer-term climatology. It is concluded that the rain-producing processes during this time period are likely to be typical of those that shape the seasonal climatology. }
}





@article{HouzeMCS2004,
author = {Houze, R.A.},
title = {Mesoscale convective systems},
journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
volume = {42},
number = {4},
pages = {},
year = {2004},
keywords = {convective processes, mesoscale meteorology, precipitation},
doi = {10.1029/2004RG000150},
url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2004RG000150},
eprint = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2004RG000150},
abstract = {Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) have regions of both convective and stratiform precipitation, and they develop mesoscale circulations as they mature. The upward motion takes the form of a deep-layer ascent drawn into the MCS in response to the latent heating and cooling in the convective region. The ascending layer overturns as it rises but overall retains a coherent layer structure. A middle level layer of inflow enters the stratiform region of the MCS from a direction determined by the large-scale flow and descends in response to diabatic cooling at middle-to-low levels. A middle level mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) develops in the stratiform region, prolongs the MCS, and may contribute to tropical cyclone development. The propagation of an MCS may have a discrete component but may further be influenced by waves and disturbances generated both in response to the MCS and external to the MCS. Waves of a larger scale may affect the propagation velocity by phase locking with the MCS in a cooperative mode. The horizontal scale of an MCS may be limited either by a balance between the formation rate of convective precipitation and dissipation of stratiform precipitation or by the Rossby radius of the MCV. The vertical redistribution of momentum by an MCS depends on the size of the stratiform region, while the net vertical profile of heating of the large-scale environment depends on the amount of stratiform rain. Regional variability of the stratiform rain from MCSs affects the large-scale circulation's response to MCS heating.}
}



@masterthesis{Uran2016,
title={Cambios en los valores extremos de variables climáticas en Colombia asociados a cambio climático},
author={Uran J.},
year={2016},
school={Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellin},
}

@article{Poveda2007,
author = {Poveda, Germ{\'{a}}n and V{\'{e}}lez, Jaime I. and Mesa, Oscar J. and Cuartas, Adriana and Barco, Janet and Mantilla, Ricardo I. and Mej{\'{i}}a, John F. and Hoyos, Carlos D. and Ram{\'{i}}rez, Jorge M. and Ceballos, Lina I. and Zuluaga, Manuel D. and Arias, Paola a. and Botero, Blanca a. and Montoya, Mar{\'{i}}a I. and Giraldo, Juan D. and Quevedo, Diana I.},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2007)12:1(4)},
isbn = {1084-0699},
issn = {1084-0699},
journal = {Journal of Hydrologic Engineering},
number = {1},
pages = {4--13},
title = {{Linking Long-Term Water Balances and Statistical Scaling to Estimate River Flows along the Drainage Network of Colombia}},
volume = {12},
year = {2007}
}


@book{Poveda2000,
	title ={{Balances Hídricos de Colombia}},
    author = {J.I. Vélez., G. Poveda, O. Mesa},
    publisher ={Universidad Nacional de Colombia},
    year = {2000},
}

@book{Doswell2001,
   title =     {Severe Convective Storms},
   author =    {Dr. Charles A. Doswell III (eds.)},
   publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
   isbn =      {978-1-935704-06-5},
   year =      {2001},
   series =    {Meteorological Monographs},
   edition =   {},
   volume =    {},
   url =       {http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=7AEF0E8299AB41644901046180BED4FC}}
   
@book{AMS2001,
	author = {AMS},
    title = {{Glossary of Meteorology, Second Edition}},
    year = {2001},
}

@book{Osorio2008,
	author = {Osorio, H.G., A, Salamanca},
    title = {{Unidades de suelo representativas de la zona cafetera de Colombia}},
    year = {2008},
    publisher = {Federación de Cafeteros de Colombia},
}

@book{Chow1959,
	author = {Chow, V.T},
    title = {{Open-Channel Hydraulics}},
    year = {1959},
    publisher = {University of Illinois},
}

@article{Foster1984,
author = {Foster G.R., Huggins L.F., Meyer L.D.},
doi = {10.13031/2013.32873},
journal = {American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers},
number = {27},
pages = {0790-0796},
title = {{A Laboratory Study of Rill Hydraulics: I. Velocity Relationships}},
volume = {3},
year = {1984}
}

@article{ALOS,
author = {ASF, JAXA},
title = {Dataset: ASF DAAC 2015, ALOS PALSAR Radiometric Terrain Corrected high res; Includes Material JAXA/METI 2007},
year = {2011},
url = {https://vertex.daac.asf.alaska.edu/},
doi = {10.5067/Z97HFCNKR6VA}
}


@article{Creutin2003b,
abstract = {Implementation of flood warning systems and community self-help programs is one of the most effective ways to mitigate the flash-flood risk. Inmany instances, these are the only affordable and sustainable mitigation approaches. Unfortunately, flash-flood warning is still hampered by changes in societal needs and by our limited knowledge of atmospheric and hydrologic generating mechanisms of this type of flood. On the one hand, flood warning has traditionally focused on localized targets for the protection of communities and for the management of hydraulic reservoirs. Given the general development of dispersed urbanization and transportation, and the expansion of green tourism and water sports in mountainous regions, human lives and property are increasingly exposed to flash-flood hazard in a scatteredmanner. This means that every river section of a monitored region can be considered as a potential target for flood warning. On the other hand, our poor knowledge of this phenomenon comes from the fact that, in most flash-flood cases, the rain accumulations and the discharges are simply unknown over most of the watersheds of concern. Flash floods develop at space and time scales that conventional observation systems of rain and discharge in rivers are not able to monitor. As these events are locally rare, they also escape the realm of field-based experimentation. Consequently, the atmospheric and hydrologic generating mechanisms of flash floods are poorly understood. Progress in flash-flood research is hampered by three main prob- lems: (i) the downscaling problem due to the incoherent space and time scales between atmospheric models and the flash-flood trigger- ing processes; (ii) the ungauged basin problem due to the fact that the small basins prone to flash-floods are seldom gauged and must be modelled without calibration; and (iii) the problem of knowing the limits of the soil retention control of runoff under the range of rain accumulations considered. Our view is that weather radar net- works deeply modify the flash flood monitoring problem. Combin- ing radar detection of rain and distributed hydrological modelling shows considerable potential for improving both the understanding of fundamental scientific questions, including extreme storms and runoff production mechanisms, and the ‘distributed' monitoring of the flash-flood hazard. This short commentary addresses some of these developments and identifies some new research needs in radar hydrology.},
author = {Creutin, Jean Dominique and Borga, Marco},
doi = {10.1002/hyp.5122},
isbn = {1099-1085},
issn = {08856087},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
number = {7},
pages = {1453--1456},
title = {{Radar hydrology modifies the monitoring of flash-flood hazard}},
volume = {17},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Renno2008,
author = {Renn{\'{o}}, Camilo Daleles and Nobre, Antonio Donato and Cuartas, Luz Adriana and Soares, Jo{\~{a}}o Vianei and Hodnett, Martin G. and Tomasella, Javier and Waterloo, Maarten J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2008.03.018},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {3469--3481},
title = {{HAND, a new terrain descriptor using SRTM-DEM: Mapping terra-firme rainforest environments in Amazonia}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003442570800120X},
volume = {112},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Wu1995a,
abstract = {A distributedp, hysicallyb aseds lopes tabilitym odel (dSLAM), basedo n an infinite slopem odel, a kinematicw ave groundwaterm odel, and a continuousc hange vegetation root strength model, is presented. It is integrated with a contour line-based topographica nalysisa nd a geographicin formations ystem( GIS) for spatiald ata extraction and display. The model can be run with either individual rainfall events or long-term sequenceosf storms.T hesei nputsc an be either actuals tormr ecordso r synthesized random events based on Monte Carlo simulation. The model is designed to analyze rapid, shallowl andslidesa nd the spatiald istributiono f safetyf actor (FS) in steep,f oresteda reas. It can investigateth e slopes tabilityp roblemi n both temporal and spatiald imensionsf,o r example,t he impacto f timber harvestingo n slopes tabilitye ither at a givent ime or througha n extendedm anagementp eriod, the probabilityo f landslideo ccurrencef or a given year, and the delivery of landslide sediments to headwater streams. The dSLAM model was applied in a steep, forested drainage of Cedar Creek in the Oregon Coast Ranges using actual spatial patterns of timber harvesting and measured rainfall during a major stormw hich triggeredw idespreadla ndslidesin that area in 1975. Simulatedv olume andn umbeor f failuresw ere7 33m 3 and4 , respectiveTlyh. esev aluesa greedc loselwy ith field measurementsf ollowing the 1975 storm. However, the effect of parameter uncertaintym ay complicatet his comparisonF. or example,w hen soil cohesionv alueso f 2.0 and 3.0 kPa were used, the failure volume changed by factors of 2.04 and 0.41, respectivelyc, omparedw ith the averagec onditiono f 2.5 kPa usedi n the simulation.F or soil depths 30{\%} higher and lower than the standard condition, the failure volume changed by factorso f 2.0 and 0.27, respectivelyW. hen maximumr oot cohesionc hangedf rom 12.5 kPa (average condition) to 10 kPa, the failure volume increased 1.73-fold; for the case of 15 kPa, the failure volume changed by a factor of 0.55. The simulated failures caused by the stormw ere mostlyi n hollows.T he simulationss howt hat the spatiald istributiono f FS is controlledm ainly by topographya nd timber-harvestingp atternsa nd is greatly affected by groundwaterf low patternsd uring major rainstorms.M ost areasw ith FS {\textless} 3.0 correspondedw ith the distributiono f blocksc lear-cuti n 1968, and all elementsw ith FS {\textless} 2.0 were in areas clear-cut in 1968. Areas with low FS (1.0-1.6) expanded dramatically during the rainstorm and decreased at a slow rate after the storm. Factors of safety in hollows declined sharply during the storm.},
author = {Wu, Weimin and Sidle, Roy C.},
doi = {10.1029/95WR01136},
issn = {1944-7973},
journal = {Water Resources},
number = {8},
pages = {2097--2110},
title = {{and Number Values Agreed Closely With}},
volume = {31},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Kubota1995,
abstract = {Methodologies for developing a macro-scale model of subsurface stormflow generation on a steep forested catchment in Japan are addressed. Field studies on this catchment have indicated that subsurface flow, consisting mainly of 'old' water displaced by 'new' rain water, dominates the storm response. Detailed field measurements on the catchment allowed simple, catchment-scale relationships to be developed between the volume of saturated groundwater, on the one hand, and discharge, and surface and subsurface saturated areas, on the other. Attempts are made to find linkages between these empirical relationships and physically-based descriptions of hydrological processes operating at smaller scales. A distributed model based on the saturated-unsaturated groundwater flow on steep catchments was developed and tested with field data collected on this catchment. Derivation of catchment-scale relationships can be carried out by a straightforward integration of the distributed model output. An alternative disaggregation-aggregation approach is presented, whereby the catchment is divided into a number of hillslope flow strips. By applying the distributed model on each flow strip, under steady-state conditions, it is possible to infer the spatial variability of groundwater volume in the various flow strips. This variability is related to a measure of hillslope topography and geometry. Knowing the catch-ment topography and geometry for any catchment, it is then possible to derive useful catchment-scale relationships which are applicable under quasi-steady-state conditions, Hydrological relationships derived in this manner are compared with corresponding empirical relationships. The methodologies presented are effective for understanding the linkages between catchment scale response and small-scale flow processes.},
author = {Kubota, Jumpei and Sivapalan, Murugesu},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kubota, Sivapalan - 1995 - Towards a Catchment-Scale Model of Subsurface Small-Scale Process-Based Modelling and Runoff Generation Ba(2).pdf:pdf},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
keywords = {Aggregation,Disaggregation INTRODUCTION,Field studies,Macro-scale modelling,Process-based models,Subsurface flow},
number = {May 1994},
pages = {541--554},
title = {{Towards a Catchment-Scale Model of Subsurface Small-Scale Process-Based Modelling and Runoff Generation Based on Synthesis of Field Studies}},
volume = {9},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Borga2011,
abstract = {The management of flash flood hazards and risks is a critical component of public safety and quality of life. Flash-floods develop at space and time scales that conventional observation systems are not able to monitor for rainfall and river discharge. Consequently, the atmospheric and hydrological generating mechanisms of flash-floods are poorly understood, leading to highly uncertain forecasts of these events. The objective of the HYDRATE project has been to improve the scientific basis of flash flood forecasting by advancing and harmonising a European-wide innovative flash flood observation strategy and developing a coherent set of technologies and tools for effective early warning systems. To this end, the project included actions on the organization of the existing flash flood data patrimony across Europe. The final aim of HYDRATE was to enhance the capability of flash flood forecasting in ungauged basins by exploiting the extended availability of flash flood data and the improved process understanding. This paper provides a review of the work conducted in HYDRATE with a special emphasis on how this body of research can contribute to guide the policy-life cycle concerning flash flood risk management. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Borga, M. and Anagnostou, E. N. and Bl{\"{o}}schl, G. and Creutin, J. D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2011.05.017},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/borga2011.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1462-9011},
issn = {14629011},
journal = {Environmental Science and Policy},
keywords = {Climate change,Flash flood,Flood forecasting,Flood risk},
number = {7},
pages = {834--844},
title = {{Flash flood forecasting, warning and risk management: The HYDRATE project}},
volume = {14},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Aronica2012,
abstract = {This paper concerns the analysis of the 1 October 2009 flash flood and debris flow event caused by a very intense rainfall concentrated over the Messina area. The storm caused severe flash floods in many villages around the city of Messina, such as Giampilieri, Scaletta Zanclea, Altolia Superiore and Molino, with 38 casualties and significant damages to property, buildings, roads and bridges estimated close to 550 million Euro. The main focus of this work is to perform a post event analysis, putting together available meteorological and hydrological data in order to get better insight into temporal and spatial variability of the rain storm, the soil moisture conditions and the consequent flash flood in the Giampilieri catchment. The event was investigated using observed data from a raingauge network. Statistical analysis using GEV distribution was performed and rainfall return period (storm severity) was estimated. Further, measured rainfall data and rainfall-runoff modelling were used to estimate soil moisture conditions, to analyse the hydrological behaviour and to reconstruct flood hydrograph. With the help of GIS technology and particularly spatial analysis, the volume of debris which has gone down into the Giampilieri village was also calculated. GIS maps with landslide and material deposit areas were produced and analysed.},
author = {Aronica, G. T. and Brigand{\'{i}}, G. and Morey, N.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-12-1295-2012},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Aronica, Brigand{\'{i}}, Morey - 2012 - Flash floods and debris flow in the city area of Messina, north-east part of Sicily, Italy in October.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15618633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
number = {5},
pages = {1295--1309},
title = {{Flash floods and debris flow in the city area of Messina, north-east part of Sicily, Italy in October 2009: The case of the Giampilieri catchment}},
volume = {12},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Contributions1970,
author = {{Thomas, D.}, Richard D. Black},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Thomas, D. - 1970 - NeW, England Watershed(2).pdf:pdf},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
number = {5},
pages = {1296--1311},
title = {{NeW, England Watershed}},
volume = {6},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Peterson2009,
abstract = {In this paper we tackle the problem of connecting low-level Fortran programs to high-level Python programs. The difficulties of mixed language programming between Fortran and C are resolved in an almost compiler and platform independent way. We provide a polished software tool F2PY that can (semi-)automatically build interfaces between the Python and Fortran languages and hence almost completely hide the difficulties from the target user: a research scientist who develops a computer model using a high-performance scripting approach.},
author = {Peterson, Pearu},
doi = {10.1504/IJCSE.2009.029165},
issn = {1742-7185},
journal = {International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering},
keywords = {2009,296,305,4,a tool for,code generation,computational science and engineering,connecting fortran and python,f2py,follows,fortran,high-performance scripting,int,j,no,p,peterson,pp,programs,python,reference to this paper,should be made as,vol},
number = {4},
pages = {296},
title = {{F2PY: a tool for connecting Fortran and Python programs}},
url = {http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=29165},
volume = {4},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Africa1997,
author = {Africa, South},
doi = {10.5194/hess-2017-19},
journal = {Africa},
number = {January},
pages = {0--5},
title = {{1. Introduction}},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Cea2015a,
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {10.1002/2014WR016527},
author = {Cea, L. and Blade, E.},
doi = {10.1002/2014WR016259},
eprint = {2014WR016527},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
pages = {5464--5486},
primaryClass = {10.1002},
title = {{A simple and efficient unstructured finite volume scheme for solving the shallow water equations in overland flow applications}},
volume = {51},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Beven1981,
abstract = {The analysis of Henderson and Wooding, 1964, is expanded in comparing simplified models of subsurface stormflow for the case of a sloping soil mantle in which the hydraulic conductivity is constant throughout. Reviewing studies both in the field and theoretical in nature, the process of subsurface stormflow apparently will be the dominant mode of hydrological response of a hillslope or catchment under the following conditions: soils of high permeability, whether inherent in the soil matrix or due to structural or biotic macropores; and a steep hydraulic gradient, whether due to the slope of hillslopes or to the buildup of groundwater mounds on shallow slopes. The magnitude and timing of the subsurface flow response will depend on the depth and hydraulic conditions of the unsaturated zone at the time of the storm. In this paper only the simplest possible conditions have been studied, with the unsaturated zone being neglected, and constant input to a soil of constant hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity throughout its depth being assumed. It has been shown using data from field and numerical studies of subsurface stormflow that the kinematic approximation may be appropriate for combinations of slope conditions and input rates of practical interest. (Baker-FRC)},
author = {Beven, Keith},
doi = {10.1029/WR017i005p01419},
isbn = {0043-1397},
issn = {19447973},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
number = {5},
pages = {1419--1424},
title = {{Kinematic subsurface stormflow}},
volume = {17},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Saber2016,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}This study investigates the utility of gauge-corrected satellite-based rainfall estimates in simulating flash floods at Karpuz River - a semi-arid basin in Turkey. Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) product was evaluated with the rain gauge network at monthly and daily time-scales considering various time periods and rainfall rate thresholds. Statistical analysis indicated that GSMaP shows acceptable linear correlation coefficient with rain gauges however suffers from significant underestimation bias. A rainfall rate threshold of 1 mm/month was the best choice to improve the match between GSMaP and rain gauges implying that appropriate threshold selection is critically important for the bias correction. Multiplicative bias correction was applied to GSMaP data using the bias factors calculated between GSMaP and observed rainfall. Hydrological River Basin Environmental Assessment Model (Hydro-BEAM) was used to simulate flash floods at the hourly time scale driven by the corrected GSMaP rainfall data. The model parameters were calibrated for flash flood events during October-December 2007 and then validated for flash flood events during October-December 2009. The results show that the simulated surface runoff hydrographs reasonably coincide with the observed hydrographs.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {Saber, Mohamed and Yilmaz, Koray},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-2016-339},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Mohamed2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2195-9269},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions},
number = {November},
pages = {1--35},
title = {{Bias Correction of Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimates for Modeling Flash Floods in Semi-Arid regions: Application to Karpuz River, Turkey}},
url = {http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/nhess-2016-339/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Saber2016,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}This study investigates the utility of gauge-corrected satellite-based rainfall estimates in simulating flash floods at Karpuz River - a semi-arid basin in Turkey. Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) product was evaluated with the rain gauge network at monthly and daily time-scales considering various time periods and rainfall rate thresholds. Statistical analysis indicated that GSMaP shows acceptable linear correlation coefficient with rain gauges however suffers from significant underestimation bias. A rainfall rate threshold of 1 mm/month was the best choice to improve the match between GSMaP and rain gauges implying that appropriate threshold selection is critically important for the bias correction. Multiplicative bias correction was applied to GSMaP data using the bias factors calculated between GSMaP and observed rainfall. Hydrological River Basin Environmental Assessment Model (Hydro-BEAM) was used to simulate flash floods at the hourly time scale driven by the corrected GSMaP rainfall data. The model parameters were calibrated for flash flood events during October-December 2007 and then validated for flash flood events during October-December 2009. The results show that the simulated surface runoff hydrographs reasonably coincide with the observed hydrographs.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {Saber, Mohamed and Yilmaz, Koray},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-2016-339},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Mohamed2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2195-9269},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions},
number = {November},
pages = {1--35},
title = {{Bias Correction of Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimates for Modeling Flash Floods in Semi-Arid regions: Application to Karpuz River, Turkey}},
url = {http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/nhess-2016-339/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Zehe2010,
abstract = {This study presents an application of an inno- vative sampling strategy to assess soil moisture dynamics in a headwater of the Wei{\ss}eritz in the German eastern Ore Mountains. A grassland site and a forested site were in- strumented with two Spatial TDR clusters (STDR) that con- sist of 39 and 32 coated TDR probes of 60cm length. Dis- tributed time series of vertically averaged soil moisture data from both sites/ensembles were analyzed by statistical and geostatistical methods. Spatial variability and the spatial mean at the forested site were larger than at the grassland site. Furthermore, clustering of TDR probes in combination with long-term monitoring allowed identification of average spatial covariance structures at the small field scale for dif- ferent wetness states. The correlation length of soil water content as well as the sill to nugget ratio at the grassland site increased with increasing average wetness and but, in contrast, were constant at the forested site. As soil proper- ties at both the forested and grassland sites are extremely variable, this suggests that the correlation structure at the forested site is dominated by the pattern of throughfall and interception. We also found a very strong correlation be- tween antecedent soil moisture at the forested site and runoff coefficients of rainfall-runoff events observed at gauge Rehe- feld. Antecedent soil moisture at the forest site explains 92{\%} of the variability in the runoff coefficients. By combining these results with a recession analysis we derived a first con- ceptual model of the dominant runoff mechanisms operating in this catchment. Finally, we employed a physically based hydrological model to shed light on the controls of soil- and plant morphological parameters on soil average soil moisture at the forested site and the grassland site, respectively. A homogeneous soil setup allowed, after fine tuning of plant morphological parameters, most of the time unbiased predic- tions of the observed average soil conditions observed at both field sites. We conclude that the proposed sampling strategy of clustering TDR probes is suitable to assess unbiased aver- age soil moisture dynamics in critical functional units, in this case the forested site, which is a much better predictor for event scale runoff formation than pre-event discharge. Long term monitoring of such critical landscape elements could maybe yield valuable information for flood warning in head- waters. We thus think that STDR provides a good intersect of the advantages of permanent sampling and spatially highly resolved soil moisture sampling using mobile rods.},
author = {Zehe, E. and Graeff, T. and Morgner, M. and Bauer, A. and Bronstert, A.},
doi = {10.5194/hess-14-873-2010},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zehe et al. - 2010 - Plot and field scale soil moisture dynamics and subsurface wetness control on runoff generation in a headwater i(3).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1027-5606},
issn = {10275606},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
number = {6},
pages = {873--889},
title = {{Plot and field scale soil moisture dynamics and subsurface wetness control on runoff generation in a headwater in the Ore Mountains}},
volume = {14},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Braud2016,
author = {Braud, Isabelle and Borga, Marco and Gourley, Jonathan and H??rlimann, Marcel and Zappa, Massimilano and Gallart, Francesc},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.005},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/braud2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
pages = {1--5},
title = {{Flash floods, hydro-geomorphic response and risk management}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.005},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Garrote2016a,
abstract = {The village of Pajares de Pedraza (Segovia, Spain) is located in the floodplain of the Cega River, a left bank tributary of the Douro River. Repeated flash flood events occur in this small village because of its upstream catchment area, mountainous character and impermeable lithology, which reduce concentration time to just a few hours. River overbank flow has frequently caused flooding and property damage to homes and rural properties, most notably in 1927, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2013 and 2014. Consequently, a detailed analysis was carried out to quantify the economic risk of flash floods in peri-urban and rural areas. Magnitudes and exceedance probabilities were obtained from a flood frequency analysis of maximum discharges. To determine the extent and characteristics of the flooded area, we performed 2D hydraulic modeling (Iber 2.0 software) based on LIDAR (1 m) topography and considering three different scenarios associated with the initial construction (1997) and subsequent extension (2013) of a linear defense structure (rockfill dike or levee) to protect the population. Specific stage–damage functions were expressly developed using in situ data collection for exposed elements, with special emphasis on urban-type categories. The average number of elements and their unit value were established. The relationship between water depth and the height at which electric outlets, furniture, household goods, etc. were located was analyzed; due to its effect on the form of the function. Other nonspecific magnitude–damage functions were used in order to compare both economic estimates. The results indicate that the use of non-specific magnitude–damage functions leads to a significant overestimation of economic losses, partly linked to the use of general economic cost data. Furthermore, a detailed classification and financial assessment of exposed assets is the most important step to ensure a correct estimate of financial losses. In both cases, this should include a consideration of the socio-economic and cultural conditions prevailing in the area, as well as the types of flood that affect it.},
author = {Garrote, J. and Alvarenga, F. M. and D{\'{i}}ez-Herrero, A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.006},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {2D hydraulic models,Direct economic losses,Flash floods,Magnitude–damage functions,Mountain villages,Natural hazards},
pages = {611--625},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Quantification of flash flood economic risk using ultra-detailed stage–damage functions and 2-D hydraulic models}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.006},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Adamovic2016,
abstract = {Flash floods represent one of the most destructive natural hazards in the Mediterranean region. These floods result from very intense and spatially heterogeneous rainfall events. Distributed hydrological models are valuable tools to study these phenomena and increase our knowledge on the main processes governing the generation and propagation of floods over large spatial scales. They are generally built using a bottom???up approach that generalizes small-physics representations of processes. However, top???down or data-driven approach is increasingly shown to provide also valuable knowledge. A simplified semi-distributed continuous hydrological model, named SIMPLEFLOOD, was developed, based on the simple dynamical system approach (SDSA) proposed by Kirchner (WRR, 2009, 45, W02429), and applied to the Ard??che catchment in France (2388 km2). This data-driven method assumes that discharge at the outlet of a given catchment can be expressed as a function only of catchment storage. It leads to a 3-parameter nonlinear model according to rainfall and runoff observations. This model was distributed over sub-catchments and coupled with a kinematic wave based flow propagation module. The parameters were estimated by discharge recession analyses at several gauged stations. Parameter regionalization was conducted using a Factorial Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) and Hierarchical Classification on Principal Component (HCPC) in order to find relationships between the SDSA approach and catchments characteristics. Geology was found to be the main predictor of hydrological response variability and model parameters were regionalized according to the dominant geology. The SIMPLEFLOOD model was applied for a 12-year continuous simulation over the Ard??che catchment. Four flash flood events were also selected for further analysis. The simulated hydrographs were compared with the observations at 11 gauging stations with catchment size ranging from 17 to 2300 km2. The results show a good performance of the model for the continuous and flash flood events occurring under wet conditions, whereas the model underestimates discharge for events occurring after a long dry period. The simple modeling approach provided interesting insight into the Ard??che catchment functioning and offers perspective for a better simulation of flash floods, mainly under wet conditions.},
author = {Adamovic, M. and Branger, F. and Braud, I. and Kralisch, S.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.032},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/adamovic2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Data-driven distributed hydrological model,Flash floods,Mediterranean region,Simple dynamical systems approach},
pages = {173--189},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Development of a data-driven semi-distributed hydrological model for regional scale catchments prone to Mediterranean flash floods}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.032},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Peterson2009a,
abstract = {In this paper we tackle the problem of connecting low-level Fortran programs to high-level Python programs. The difficulties of mixed language programming between Fortran and C are resolved in an almost compiler and platform independent way. We provide a polished software tool F2PY that can (semi-)automatically build interfaces between the Python and Fortran languages and hence almost completely hide the difficulties from the target user: a research scientist who develops a computer model using a high-performance scripting approach.},
author = {Peterson, Pearu},
doi = {10.1504/IJCSE.2009.029165},
issn = {1742-7185},
journal = {International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering},
keywords = {2009,296,305,4,a tool for,code generation,computational science and engineering,connecting fortran and python,f2py,follows,fortran,high-performance scripting,int,j,no,p,peterson,pp,programs,python,reference to this paper,should be made as,vol},
number = {4},
pages = {296},
title = {{F2PY: a tool for connecting Fortran and Python programs}},
url = {http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=29165},
volume = {4},
year = {2009}
}
@book{Doswell2001,
author = {Doswell, Charles A},
isbn = {1878220411},
title = {{Severe convective storms}},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Ruiz-Villanueva2012,
abstract = {The 2 June 2008 flood-producing storm on the Starzel river basin in South-West Germany is examined as a prototype for organized convective systems that dominate the upper tail of the precipitation frequency distribution and are likely responsible for the flash flood peaks in Central Europe. The availability of high-resolution rainfall estimates from radar observations and a rain gauge network, together with indirect peak discharge estimates from a detailed post-event survey, provided the opportunity to study in detail the hydrometeorological and hydrological mechanisms associated with this extreme storm and the ensuing flood. Radar-derived rainfall, streamgauge data and indirect estimates of peak discharges are used along with a distributed hydrologic model to reconstruct hydrographs at multiple locations. Observations and model results are combined to examine two main questions, (i) assessment of the distribution of the runoff ratio for the 2008 flash flood and how it compares with other less severe floods; and (ii) analysis of how the spatial and temporal distribution of the extreme rainfall, and more specifically storm motion, controls the flood response. It is shown that small runoff ratios (less than 20{\%}) characterized the runoff response and that these values are in the range of other, less extreme, flood events. The influence of storm structure, evolution and motion on the modeled flood hydrograph is examined by using the "spatial moments of catchment rainfall". It is shown that downbasin storm motion (in the range of 0.7-0.9 m s(-1)) had a noticeable impact on flood response by increasing the modeled flood peak by 13 {\%}.},
author = {Ruiz-Villanueva, V. and Borga, M. and Zoccatelli, D. and Marchi, L. and Gaume, E. and Ehret, U.},
doi = {10.5194/hess-16-1543-2012},
issn = {10275606},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
number = {5},
pages = {1543--1559},
title = {{Extreme flood response to short-duration convective rainfall in South-West Germany}},
volume = {16},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Balasch2011a,
abstract = {Flash floods in the Ondara River have caused many fatalities and damages in the town of T{\`{a}}rrega in the last 400 yr. Unfortunately, no flow records are available. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} However, floods can sometimes be reconstructed thanks to available historical information: limnimarks, written accounts and archaeological surveys. Indeed, from these data and using the retromodelling method on three different scenarios to take into account morphology changes, the peak flows of the seven greatest floods occurred in T{\`{a}}rrega since the 17th century were estimated. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} The results showed that the heaviest flood's specific peak flow (10.7 m{\textless}sup{\textgreater}3{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} s{\textless}sup{\textgreater}−1{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} km{\textless}sup{\textgreater}{\&}minus;2{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}) ranks among the highest ever modelled or measured in similar-sized catchments in the Western Mediterranean region. The results pointed out, as well, that the changes in channel's morphology (mainly, the disappearance of a mediaeval bridge under sediment) caused by one of the floods increased the hydraulic capacity of a crucial cross-section. All this resulted in modest floods invading the town less often, but with much faster and, thus, more destructive flows. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} A preliminary estimation of the results' uncertainty was 4{\%} for great floods and 18{\%} for modest floods. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} The reconstructed peak flows will be introduced in a database for a future use in climatic and hydrological studies.},
author = {Balasch, J. C. and Ruiz-Bellet, J. L. and Tuset, J.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-11-3359-2011},
issn = {15618633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences},
number = {12},
pages = {3359--3371},
title = {{Historical flash floods retromodelling in the Ondara River in T??rrega (NE Iberian Peninsula)}},
volume = {11},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Borga2014a,
abstract = {Flash floods and debris flows develop at space and time scales that conventional observation systems for rainfall, streamflow and sediment discharge are not able to monitor. Consequently, the atmospheric, hydrological and geomorphic controls on these hydrogeomorphic processes are poorly understood, leading to highly uncertain warning and risk management. On the other hand, remote sensing of precipitation and numerical weather predictions have become the basis of several flood forecasting systems, enabling increasingly accurate detection of hazardous events. The objective of this paper is to provide a review on current European and international research on early warning systems for flash floods and debris flows. We expand upon these themes by identifying: (a) the state of the art; (b) knowledge gaps; and (c) suggested research directions to advance warning capabilities for extreme hydrogeomorphic processes. We also suggest three areas in which advancements in science will have immediate and important practical consequence, namely development of rainfall estimation and nowcasting schemes suited to the specific space-time scales, consolidating physical, engineering and social datasets of flash floods and debris-flows, integration of methods for multiple hydrogeomorphic hazard warning.},
author = {Borga, Marco and Stoffel, Markus and Marchi, Lorenzo and Marra, Francesco and Jakob, Matthias},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.022},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Marco2014.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Climate change,Debris flows,Early warning systems,Flash flood,Flood risk management,Hydrogeomorphology},
number = {PB},
pages = {194--205},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Hydrogeomorphic response to extreme rainfall in headwater systems: Flash floods and debris flows}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.022},
volume = {518},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Salek2006,
abstract = {Flash flood induced by severe convection is the hydrometeorological$\backslash$nphenomenon that is very difficult to forecast. However, the$\backslash$nimplementation of radar measurements, especially radar-based$\backslash$nQuantitative Precipitation Estimate (QPE) and/or radar-based$\backslash$nquantitative Precipitation Nowcast (QPN) can improve this situation. If$\backslash$nthe radar is able to capture the development of severe convection and$\backslash$ncan produce reasonably accurate QPE in short time intervals (e.g. 10$\backslash$nmin), then it can be used also with hydrological model.$\backslash$nA hydrological model named Hydrog was used for investigation of$\backslash$nsimulation and possible forecasts of two flash floods that took place in$\backslash$nthe Czech Republic in 2002 and 2003. The precipitation input consisted$\backslash$nof mean-field-bias-adjusted or original radar 10-min estimates along$\backslash$nwith quantitative precipitation nowcasts up to 2 h based on COTREC$\backslash$nmethod (extrapolation). Taking into account all the limited$\backslash$npredictability of the severe convection development and the errors of$\backslash$nthe radar-based precipitation estimates, the aim of the simulations was$\backslash$nto find out to what extend the hydrometeorological prediction system,$\backslash$nspecifically tuned for these events, was able to forecast a the flash$\backslash$nfloods. As assumed, the hydrometeorological simulations of the$\backslash$nstreamflow forecasts lagged behind the actual development but there is$\backslash$nstill some potential for successful warning, especially for areas where$\backslash$nthe flood hits lately.},
author = {{\v{S}}{\'{a}}lek, M. and Brezkov{\'{a}}, L. and Nov{\'{a}}k, P.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-6-229-2006},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/{\v{S}}{\'{a}}lek, Brezkov{\'{a}}, Nov{\'{a}}k - 2006 - The use of radar in hydrological modeling in the Czech Republic – case studies of flash floods.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1561-8633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
number = {2},
pages = {229--236},
title = {{The use of radar in hydrological modeling in the Czech Republic – case studies of flash floods}},
volume = {6},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Hardy2016,
abstract = {Flash flooding is one of the most costly and deadly natural hazards in the United States and across the globe. This study advances the use of high-resolution quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) for flash flood forecasting. The QPFs are derived from a stormscale ensemble prediction system, and used within a distributed hydrological model framework to yield basin-specific, probabilistic flash flood forecasts (PFFFs). Before creating the PFFFs, it is important to characterize QPF uncertainty, particularly in terms of location which is the most problematic for hydrological use of QPFs. The SAL methodology (Wernli et al., 2008), which stands for structure, amplitude, and location, is used for this error quantification, with a focus on location. Finally, the PFFF methodology is proposed that produces probabilistic hydrological forecasts. The main advantages of this method are: (1) identifying specific basin scales that are forecast to be impacted by flash flooding; (2) yielding probabilistic information about the forecast hydrologic response that accounts for the locational uncertainties of the QPFs; (3) improving lead time by using stormscale NWP ensemble forecasts; and (4) not requiring multiple simulations, which are computationally demanding.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Hardy, Jill and Gourley, Jonathan J. and Kirstetter, Pierre Emmanuel and Hong, Yang and Kong, Fanyou and Flamig, Zachary L.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.007},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {0030-8870},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Distributed modeling,Flash flood,NWP,Probabilistic},
pages = {480--494},
pmid = {24439530},
title = {{A method for probabilistic flash flood forecasting}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.007},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Braud2016,
author = {Braud, Isabelle and Borga, Marco and Gourley, Jonathan and H??rlimann, Marcel and Zappa, Massimilano and Gallart, Francesc},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.005},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/braud2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
pages = {1--5},
title = {{Flash floods, hydro-geomorphic response and risk management}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.005},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Bezak2016,
abstract = {Floods, landslides and debris flows are natural events that occur all over the world and are often induced by extreme rainfall conditions. Several extreme events occurred in Slovenia (Europe) in the last 25. years that caused 18 casualties and approximately 500. million Euros of economic loss. The intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship was constructed using the Frank copula function for several rainfall stations using high-resolution rainfall data with an average subsample length of 34. years. The empirical rainfall threshold curves were also evaluated for selected extreme events. Post-event analyses showed that rainfall characteristics triggering flash floods and landslides are different. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that the inter-event time definition (IETD) and subsample definition methodology can have a significant influence on the position of rainfall events in the intensity-duration space, the constructed IDF curves and on the relationship between the empirical rainfall threshold curves and the IDF curves constructed using the copula approach. Furthermore, a combination of several empirical rainfall thresholds with an appropriate high-density rainfall measurement network can be used as part of the early warning system of the initiation of landslides and debris flows. However, different rainfall threshold curves should be used for lowland and mountainous areas in Slovenia.},
author = {Bezak, Nejc and {\v{S}}raj, Mojca and Miko{\v{s}}, Matja{\v{z}}},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.058},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/bezak2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Copula,Flash flood,IDF,Rainfall-threshold,Sensitivity analysis,Shallow landslide},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Copula-based IDF curves and empirical rainfall thresholds for flash floods and rainfall-induced landslides}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.058},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Wen2013,
abstract = {The RNA-guided nuclease CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated nuclease 9) and its variants such as nickase Cas9, dead Cas9, guide RNA scaffolds and RNA-targeting Cas9 are convenient and versatile platforms for site-specific genome editing and epigenome modulation. They are easy-to-use, simple-to-design, and capable of targeting multiple loci simultaneously. Given that cancer develops from cumulative genetic and epigenetic alterations, CRISPR-Cas9 and its variants (hereafter referred to as CRISPR-Cas9 systems) hold extensive application potentials in cancer modeling and therapy. To date, they have already been applied to model oncogenic mutations in cell lines1 and in adult animals2 , as well as to combat cancer by disabling oncogenic viruses3 or by manipulating cancer genome4 . Given the importance of epigenome and transcriptome in tumorigenesis, manipulation of cancer epigenome and transcriptome for cancer modeling and therapy is a promising area in the future. Whereas (epi)genetic modifications of cancer microenvironment with CRISPR-Cas9 systems for therapeutic purposes represent another promising area in cancer research. Herein, we introduce the functions and mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas9 systems in genome editing and epigenome modulation, retrospect their applications in cancer modelling and therapy, discuss limitations and possible solutions, and propose future directions, in hope of providing concise and enlightening information for readers interested in this area. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Wen, Wan-Shun and Yuan, Zhi-Min and Ma, Shi-Jie and Xu, Jiang and Yuan, Dong-Tang and Sciences, Life},
doi = {10.1002/elsc.201200179},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wen et al. - 2013 - This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {8222123270},
issn = {1097-0215 (Electronic)},
journal = {International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer},
keywords = {acknowledgments,apri,by a tobacco grant,conflict of interest,from the pennsylvania,hbv,hcc,none declared,the work was supported},
pages = {1--23},
pmid = {26044706},
title = {{This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Tallaksen1995,
abstract = {Recession analysis is a well-known tool in hydrological analysis. Its application, however, poses many methodical questions, and throughout the literature numerous solutions have been sought. The quantification of the recession curve involves the selection of an analytical expression, derivation of a characteristic recession and optimization of the recession parameters. A major problem is the high variability encountered in the recession behaviour of individual segments. The segments represent different stages in the outflow process, and a physically based short-term or seasonal influence on the recession rate adds to the problem of deriving a characteristic recession. This paper discusses these elements of recession analysis and reviews different ways of characterizing the baseflow recession rate. ?? 1995.},
author = {Tallaksen, L. M.},
doi = {10.1016/0022-1694(94)02540-R},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tallaksen - 1995 - A review of baseflow recession analysis(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
number = {1-4},
pages = {349--370},
pmid = {21175697},
title = {{A review of baseflow recession analysis}},
volume = {165},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Sivapalan2013,
abstract = {ISSN: 0262-6667 (Print) 2150-3435 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/thsj20 Climate change impacts on groundwater hydrology – where are the main uncertainties and can they be reduced?},
author = {Sivapalan, M. and Takeuchi, K. and FRANKS, S. W. and GUPTA, V. K. and KARAMBIRI, H. and LAKSHMI, V. and LIANG, X. and McDONNELL, J. J. and MENDIONDO, E. M. and J, P. E. O'CONNELL and OKI, T. and POMEROY, J. W. and SCHERTZER, D. and UHLENBROOK, S. and {E. ZEHE}},
doi = {10.1080/02626667.2015.1131899},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/sivapalan2003.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Hydrological Sciences Journal},
number = {June 2013},
pages = {857--880},
title = {{IAHS Decade on Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB), 2003–2012: Shaping an exciting future for the hydrological sciences}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=thsj20{\%}5Cnhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2015.1131899},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Zuluaga2015,
abstract = {This study documents the preferred location and diurnal cycle of extreme convective storms that occur in the tropical band containing the east Pacific Ocean, Central and South America, the Atlantic Ocean, and northern Africa. Data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar show three types of convective-stratiform structures that constitute extreme convective events: deep convective cores (DCCs), wide convective cores (WCCs), and broad stratiform regions (BSRs). Interim ECMWF Re- Analysis (ERA-Interim) data show the associated synoptic environmental factors associated with the oc- currence of extreme convective features. The DCC, WCC, and BSRechoes are associated with early, middle, and late stages of convective system development, respectively, and the statistics and timing of their occur- rence are related to topography and life cycle behavior of the convection. Storms containing DCC occur primarily over the Sudanian savannas of Africa and near the mountains in northern South America, being diurnally controlled. Storms with WCC manifest over land, in the same regions as the DCC, but also over oceanic regions. They appear around the clock but with maximum frequency at night. They are favored in regions of midlevel synoptic-scale low pressure systems, which over the sub-Sahara are the troughs of easterly waves. Storms containing BSR maximize over oceanic regions west of Africa and South America, where they exhibit a weak diurnal cycle with a slight midmorning maximum. Off the west coast of South America, the storms withWCCand BSR have longer lifetimes enhanced by orographic lifting over the Andes. The storms with BSR in the east Pacific Ocean often develop into tropical cyclones. 1.},
author = {Zuluaga, Manuel D. and Houze, Robert A.},
doi = {10.1175/MWR-D-14-00109.1},
issn = {0027-0644},
journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
number = {1},
pages = {298--316},
title = {{Extreme Convection of the Near-Equatorial Americas, Africa, and Adjoining Oceans as seen by TRMM}},
url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/MWR-D-14-00109.1},
volume = {143},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Balasch2011,
abstract = {Flash floods in the Ondara River have caused many fatalities and damages in the town of T{\`{a}}rrega in the last 400 yr. Unfortunately, no flow records are available. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} However, floods can sometimes be reconstructed thanks to available historical information: limnimarks, written accounts and archaeological surveys. Indeed, from these data and using the retromodelling method on three different scenarios to take into account morphology changes, the peak flows of the seven greatest floods occurred in T{\`{a}}rrega since the 17th century were estimated. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} The results showed that the heaviest flood's specific peak flow (10.7 m{\textless}sup{\textgreater}3{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} s{\textless}sup{\textgreater}−1{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} km{\textless}sup{\textgreater}{\&}minus;2{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}) ranks among the highest ever modelled or measured in similar-sized catchments in the Western Mediterranean region. The results pointed out, as well, that the changes in channel's morphology (mainly, the disappearance of a mediaeval bridge under sediment) caused by one of the floods increased the hydraulic capacity of a crucial cross-section. All this resulted in modest floods invading the town less often, but with much faster and, thus, more destructive flows. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} A preliminary estimation of the results' uncertainty was 4{\%} for great floods and 18{\%} for modest floods. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} The reconstructed peak flows will be introduced in a database for a future use in climatic and hydrological studies.},
author = {Balasch, J. C. and Ruiz-Bellet, J. L. and Tuset, J.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-11-3359-2011},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Balasch2011.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15618633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences},
number = {12},
pages = {3359--3371},
title = {{Historical flash floods retromodelling in the Ondara River in T??rrega (NE Iberian Peninsula)}},
volume = {11},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Marra2017,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}The systematic underestimation observed in debris flow early warning thresholds has been associated with the use of sparse rain gauge networks to represent highly non-stationary rainfall fields. Remote sensing products permit concurrent estimates of debris-flow-triggering rainfall for areas poorly covered by rain gauges, but the impact of using coarse spatial resolutions to represent such rainfall fields is still to be assessed. This study uses fine-resolution radar data for ∼ {\&}thinsp;100 debris flows in the eastern Italian Alps to (i) quantify the effect of spatial aggregation (1{\&}ndash;20 km grid size) on the estimation of debris-flow-triggering rainfall and on the identification of early warning thresholds and (ii) compare thresholds derived from aggregated estimates and rain gauge networks of different densities. The impact of spatial aggregation is influenced by the spatial organization of rainfall and by its dependence on the severity of the triggering rainfall. Thresholds from aggregated estimates show 8{\&}ndash;21 {\%} variation in the parameters whereas 10{\&}ndash;25 {\%} systematic variation results from the use of rain gauge networks, even for densities as high as 1∕10 km{\textless}sup{\textgreater}−2{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {Marra, Francesco and Destro, Elisa and Nikolopoulos, Efthymios I. and Zoccatelli, Davide and {Dominique Creutin}, Jean and Guzzetti, Fausto and Borga, Marco},
doi = {10.5194/hess-21-4525-2017},
issn = {16077938},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
number = {9},
pages = {4525--4532},
title = {{Impact of rainfall spatial aggregation on the identification of debris flow occurrence thresholds}},
volume = {21},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Piper2016,
author = {Piper, D. and Kunz, M. and Ehmele, F. and Mohr, S. and M{\"{u}}hr, B. and Kron, A. and Daniell, J.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-2016-275},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Piper2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2195-9269},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions},
pages = {1--30},
title = {{Exceptional sequence of severe thunderstorms and related flash floods in May and June 2016 in Germany. Part I: Meteorological background}},
url = {http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/nhess-2016-275/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Seibert2009,
abstract = {Runoff estimation in ungauged catchments is probably one of the most basic and oldest tasks of hydrologists. This long-standing issue has received increased attention recently due to the PUB (Prediction in Ungauged Basins) initiative. Given the challenges of predicting runoff for ungauged catchments one might argue that the best course of action is to take a few runoff measurements. In this study we explored how implementing such a procedure might support predictions in an ungauged basin. We used a number of monitored Swedish catchments as hypothetical ungauged basins where we pretended to start with no runoff data and then added different sub-sets of the available data to constrain a simple catchment model. These sub-sets consisted of a limited number of single runoff measurements; in other words these data represent what could be measured with limited efforts in an ungauged basin. We used a Monte Carlo approach and predicted runoff as a weighted ensemble mean of simulations using acceptable parameter sets. We found that the ensemble prediction clearly outperformed the predictions using single parameter sets and that surprisingly little runoff data was necessary to identify model parameterizations that provided good results for the "ungauged" test periods. These results indicated that a few runoff measurements can contain much of the information content of continuous runoff time series. However, the study also indicated that results may differ significantly between catchments and also depend on the days chosen for taking the measurements.},
author = {Seibert, J. and Beven, Keith J.},
doi = {10.5194/hessd-6-2275-2009},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/seibert2009.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1027-5606},
issn = {1027-5606},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
keywords = {GE Environmental Sciences},
pages = {883--892},
title = {{Gauging the ungauged basin : how many discharge measurements are needed?}},
url = {http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/13/883/2009/},
volume = {13},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Piper2016,
author = {Piper, D. and Kunz, M. and Ehmele, F. and Mohr, S. and M{\"{u}}hr, B. and Kron, A. and Daniell, J.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-2016-275},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Piper2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2195-9269},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions},
pages = {1--30},
title = {{Exceptional sequence of severe thunderstorms and related flash floods in May and June 2016 in Germany. Part I: Meteorological background}},
url = {http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/nhess-2016-275/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Ruiz-Villanueva2013,
abstract = {One of the main problems of flood hazard assessment in ungauged or poorly gauged basins is the lack of runoff data. In an attempt to overcome this problem we have combined archival records, dendrogeomorphic time series and instrumental data (daily rainfall and discharge) from four ungauged and poorly gauged mountain basins in Central Spain with the aim of reconstructing and compiling information on 41 flash flood events since the end of the 19th century. Estimation of historical discharge and the incorporation of uncertainty for the at-site and regional flood frequency analysis were performed with an empirical rainfall-runoff assessment as well as stochastic and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approaches. Results for each of the ungauged basins include flood frequency, severity, seasonality and triggers (synoptic meteorological situations). The reconstructed data series clearly demonstrates how uncertainty can be reduced by including historical information, but also points to the considerable influence of different approaches on quantile estimation. This uncertainty should be taken into account when these data are used for flood risk management. ?? 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Ruiz-Villanueva, V. and D{\'{i}}ez-Herrero, A. and Bodoque, J. M. and {Ballesteros C{\'{a}}novas}, J. A. and Stoffel, M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2013.06.015},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/ruizvillanueva2013.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03418162},
journal = {Catena},
keywords = {Dendrogeomorphology,Flood frequency analysis,Historical floods,Palaeohydrology,Ungauged basins},
pages = {32--43},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Characterisation of flash floods in small ungauged mountain basins of Central Spain using an integrated approach}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.06.015},
volume = {110},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Bonell2006a,
abstract = {Programmes to promote water-related research are expanding rapidly around the globe. Whereas many have unique mission and objectives, several share common and overlapping goals and have areas of potential intersection. Identifying overlap between initia- tives allows recognition of potential linkages and areas where the programmes complement each other. This allows each programme to retain its focus while ensuring that the combined programmes cover all the important issues concerning sustainable drainage-basin man- agement. The objective of this commentary is to describe the areas of intersection between three international water research efforts and to explore synergies between them. We start by describing the evolution of the two UNESCO activities (FRIEND and HELP) and the new initiative of the International Association of Hydrologi- cal Sciences (IAHS) called PUB. We then explore possible areas of intersection among FRIEND, HELP and PUB and list the hitherto unrealized opportunities for research that would add value to each programme and, consequently, hydrological sciences and integrated drainage-basin management. We end by defining tangible activities that can be accomplished in the next 1–5 years.},
author = {Bonell, Mike and McDonnell, Jeffrey J. and Scatena, F. N. and Seibert, Jan and Uhlenbrook, Stefan and van Lanen, Henny A J},
doi = {10.1002/hyp.6196},
isbn = {0885-6087},
issn = {08856087},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
number = {8},
pages = {1867--1874},
title = {{HELPing FRIENDs in PUBs: Charting a course for synergies within international water research programmes in gauged and ungauged basins}},
volume = {20},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Cea2015,
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {10.1002/2014WR016527},
author = {Cea, L. and Blade, E.},
doi = {10.1002/2014WR016259},
eprint = {2014WR016527},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
pages = {5464--5486},
primaryClass = {10.1002},
title = {{A simple and efficient unstructured finite volume scheme for solving the shallow water equations in overland flow applications}},
volume = {51},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Borga2014,
abstract = {Flash floods and debris flows develop at space and time scales that conventional observation systems for rainfall, streamflow and sediment discharge are not able to monitor. Consequently, the atmospheric, hydrological and geomorphic controls on these hydrogeomorphic processes are poorly understood, leading to highly uncertain warning and risk management. On the other hand, remote sensing of precipitation and numerical weather predictions have become the basis of several flood forecasting systems, enabling increasingly accurate detection of hazardous events. The objective of this paper is to provide a review on current European and international research on early warning systems for flash floods and debris flows. We expand upon these themes by identifying: (a) the state of the art; (b) knowledge gaps; and (c) suggested research directions to advance warning capabilities for extreme hydrogeomorphic processes. We also suggest three areas in which advancements in science will have immediate and important practical consequence, namely development of rainfall estimation and nowcasting schemes suited to the specific space-time scales, consolidating physical, engineering and social datasets of flash floods and debris-flows, integration of methods for multiple hydrogeomorphic hazard warning.},
author = {Borga, Marco and Stoffel, Markus and Marchi, Lorenzo and Marra, Francesco and Jakob, Matthias},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.022},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/borga2014.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Climate change,Debris flows,Early warning systems,Flash flood,Flood risk management,Hydrogeomorphology},
number = {PB},
pages = {194--205},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Hydrogeomorphic response to extreme rainfall in headwater systems: Flash floods and debris flows}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.022},
volume = {518},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Terranova2014,
abstract = {Heavy rainstorms often induce flash flooding, one of the natural disasters most responsible for damage to man-made infrastructure and loss of lives, adversely affecting also the opportunities for socio-economic development of Mediterranean Countries. The frequently dramatic damage of flash floods are often detected with sufficient accuracy by post-event surveys, but rainfall causing them are still only roughly characterized. With the aim of improving the understanding of the temporal structure and spatial distribution of heavy rainstorms in the Mediterranean context, a statistical analysis was carried out in Calabria (southern Italy) concerning rainstorms that mainly induced flash floods, but also shallow landslides and debris-flows. Thus a method is proposed – based on the overcoming of heuristically predetermined threshold values of cumulated rainfall, maximum intensity, and kinetic energy of the rainfall event – to select and characterize the rainstorms able to induce flash floods in the Mediterranean-climate Countries. Therefore the obtained (heavy) rainstorms were automatically classified and studied according to their structure in time, localization and extension. Rainfall-runoff watershed models can consequently benefit from the enhanced identification of design storms, with a realistic time structure integrated with the results of the spatial analysis. A survey of flash flood events recorded in the last decades provides a preliminary validation of the method proposed to identify the heavy rainstorms and synthetically describe their characteristics. The notable size of the employed sample, including data with a very detailed resolution in time, that relate to several rain gauges well-distributed throughout the region, give robustness to the obtained results.},
author = {Terranova, O. G. and Gariano, S. L.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-14-2423-2014},
file = {::},
issn = {16849981},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences},
number = {9},
pages = {2423--2434},
title = {{Rainstorms able to induce flash floods in a Mediterranean-climate region (Calabria, southern Italy)}},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Refsgaard2016,
abstract = {ISSN: 0262-6667 (Print) 2150-3435 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/thsj20 Climate change impacts on groundwater hydrology – where are the main uncertainties and can they be reduced?},
author = {Refsgaard, JC and Sonnenborg, To and Butts, MB and Christensen, JH and Christensen, S and Drews, M and Jensen, KH and J{\o}rgensen, F and J{\o}rgensen, LF and Larsen, Mad and Rasmussen, SH and Seaby, LP and Seifert, D and Vilhelmsen, TN},
doi = {10.1080/02626667.2015.1131899},
number = {June 2013},
pages = {857--880},
title = {{Hydrological Sciences Journal}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=thsj20{\%}5Cnhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2015.1131899},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Roux2011,
abstract = {A spatially distributed hydrological model, dedicated to flood simulation, is developed on the basis of physical process representation (infiltration, overland flow, channel routing). Estimation of model parameters requires data concerning topography, soil properties, vegetation and land use. Four parameters are calibrated for the entire catchment using one flood event. Model sensitivity to individual parameters is assessed using Monte-Carlo simulations. Results of this sensitivity analysis with a criterion based on the Nash efficiency coefficient and the error of peak time and runoff are used to calibrate the model. This procedure is tested on the Gardon d'Anduze catchment, located in the Mediterranean zone of southern France. A first validation is conducted using three flood events with different hydrometeorological characteristics. This sensitivity analysis along with validation tests illustrates the predictive capability of the model and points out the possible improvements on the model's structure and parameterization for flash flood forecasting, especially in ungauged basins. Concerning the model structure, results show that water transfer through the subsurface zone also contributes to the hydrograph response to an extreme event, especially during the recession period. Maps of soil saturation emphasize the impact of rainfall and soil properties variability on these dynamics. Adding a subsurface flow component in the simulation also greatly impacts the spatial distribution of soil saturation and shows the importance of the drainage network. Measures of such distributed variables would help discriminating between different possible model structures.},
author = {Roux, H. and Labat, D. and Garambois, P. A. and Maubourguet, M. M. and Chorda, J. and Dartus, D.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-11-2567-2011},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Roux2011.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1561-8633},
issn = {15618633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
number = {9},
pages = {2567--2582},
title = {{A physically-based parsimonious hydrological model for flash floods in Mediterranean catchments}},
volume = {11},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Cooper2010,
abstract = {This document is both a tutorial and a reference on shell scripting with Bash. It assumes no previous knowledge of scripting or programming, but progresses rapidly toward an intermediate/advanced level of instruction. The exercises and heavily-commented examples invite active reader participation. Still, it is a work in progress. The intention is to add much supplementary material in future updates to this HOWTO, so that it will gradually evolve into an LDP "guide", i.e., a complete book.},
author = {Cooper, Mendel},
doi = {10.1002/hyp},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cooper et al. - 2010 - Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scripting Table of Contents(3).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1066800790},
journal = {Okt 2005 Abrufbar uber httpwww tldp orgLDPabsabsguide pdf Zugriff 1112 2005},
keywords = {accepted 15 december 2007,mediterranean intermittent stream,perceptual modelling,received 22 june 2007,riparian zone},
number = {November 2008},
pages = {2267--2274},
title = {{Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scripting Table of Contents}},
url = {http://jamsb.austms.org.au/courses/CSC2408/semester3/resources/ldp/abs-guide.pdf},
volume = {2274},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Garrote2016,
abstract = {The village of Pajares de Pedraza (Segovia, Spain) is located in the floodplain of the Cega River, a left bank tributary of the Douro River. Repeated flash flood events occur in this small village because of its upstream catchment area, mountainous character and impermeable lithology, which reduce concentration time to just a few hours. River overbank flow has frequently caused flooding and property damage to homes and rural properties, most notably in 1927, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2013 and 2014. Consequently, a detailed analysis was carried out to quantify the economic risk of flash floods in peri-urban and rural areas. Magnitudes and exceedance probabilities were obtained from a flood frequency analysis of maximum discharges. To determine the extent and characteristics of the flooded area, we performed 2D hydraulic modeling (Iber 2.0 software) based on LIDAR (1 m) topography and considering three different scenarios associated with the initial construction (1997) and subsequent extension (2013) of a linear defense structure (rockfill dike or levee) to protect the population. Specific stage???damage functions were expressly developed using in situ data collection for exposed elements, with special emphasis on urban-type categories. The average number of elements and their unit value were established. The relationship between water depth and the height at which electric outlets, furniture, household goods, etc. were located was analyzed; due to its effect on the form of the function. Other nonspecific magnitude???damage functions were used in order to compare both economic estimates. The results indicate that the use of non-specific magnitude???damage functions leads to a significant overestimation of economic losses, partly linked to the use of general economic cost data. Furthermore, a detailed classification and financial assessment of exposed assets is the most important step to ensure a correct estimate of financial losses. In both cases, this should include a consideration of the socio-economic and cultural conditions prevailing in the area, as well as the types of flood that affect it.},
author = {Garrote, J. and Alvarenga, F. M. and D??ez-Herrero, A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.006},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/garrote2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {2D hydraulic models,Direct economic losses,Flash floods,Magnitude???damage functions,Mountain villages,Natural hazards},
pages = {611--625},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Quantification of flash flood economic risk using ultra-detailed stage???damage functions and 2-D hydraulic models}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.006},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Yamanaka2017,
abstract = {Predictions in ungauged basins have been a major challenge in hydrologic sciences, and there is still much work needed to achieve robust and reliable predictions for such basins. Here, we propose and test a novel approach for predicting runoff from poorly gauged basins using a minimum complex model calibrated with isotope data alone (i.e., without observed discharge data). The model is composed of two water-stores (soil water and groundwater) and considers their connectivity to runoff in terms of both water and isotope budgets. In a meso-scale basin in which riverbed deformations frequently occur, making automatic observation of river discharge difficult, we measured hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition ($\delta$2H and $\delta$18O) of precipitation and river water twice-weekly for one year. Runoff predicted by the model agreed well with that observed monthly or bimonthly. Monte Carlo simulation revealed a strong coherence between model performance in isotope simulation and runoff prediction, demonstrating that the use of isotopes as dynamic proxies of calibration targets helps reliably constrain model parameters. Our results indicate that this approach can serve as a powerful tool for prediction of runoff hydrographs, particularly for basins in which the stage-discharge relationship is highly variable.},
author = {Yamanaka, Tsutomu and Ma, Wenchao},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.005},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Yamanaka, Ma - 2017 - Runoff prediction in a poorly gauged basin using isotope-calibrated models(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
number = {December},
pages = {567--574},
title = {{Runoff prediction in a poorly gauged basin using isotope-calibrated models}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.005},
volume = {544},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Houze1989a,
abstract = {Mesoscale convective cloud systems that produce large amounts of rain in mid-latitudes and most of the rain in the tropics consist of a combination of convective and stratiform cloud. The convective regions contain numerous deep cells that are often but not always arranged in Lines. The stratiform region is an outgrowth of the convective ensemble; it lies adjacent to the convective region and is seeded by ice particles detrained from convective towers. Sometimes it lies to the rear of a propagating convective line, while on other occasions it surrounds the convection. The heating of the large-scale environment by a mesoscale convective system is affected by both the convective and stratiform regions. Although processes such as melting and radiation are important, the net heating by a system is dominated by condensation and evaporation associated with vertical air motions. This paper reviews recent observational evidence regarding the mean vertical motion profiles in the convective and stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems and the implications of these mean motions for the vertical distribution of heating of the large-scale environment. In both the convective and the stratiform regions, vertical motions have been determined by various techniques, including composites of rawinsonde and aircraft wind data, single- and dual-Doppler precipitation radar analyses, and wind-profiler observations. In stratiform regions, these data consistently show mean vertical velocity that is upward in the upper troposphere and downward in the lower troposphere. The level separating upward from downward motion is located from 0 to 2 km above the 0°C level, depending on location within the stratiform region. Diagnostic calculations show that these vertical motion profiles imply heating of the upper troposphere and cooling of lower levels by stratiform-region processes. Data on vertical motions in the convective regions are less consistent from case to case. These data sometimes indicate that the mean vertical velocity in convective regions is maximum in the lower troposphere. In other cases, the data indicate a maximum in the high troposphere. Diagnostic calculations show that heating profiles diagnosed from these two types of profile are quite different, the first having a maximum of heating in the lower troposphere, while the second has a maximum in the middle troposphere. Although it is difficult to determine whether or not the differences in estimates arise from different types of observations, analysis methods or sampling strategies, it seems likely that they stem from differences in the large-scale environment of the different mesoscale systems. The ubiquitous occurrence of stratiform regions in mesoscale convective systems and hurricanes together with their consistent heating profiles, which systematically concentrate heating in upper levels while cooling lower levels, are a major consideration in evaluating the interaction of mesoscale systems with the large-scale environment. However, the consistency of the stratiform profiles from case to case indicates that the variability of net (convective plus stratiform) heating profiles from case to case ties primarily in the variation of the convective-region profiles from one case to another. It is suggested that future work should focus on the convective-region vertical profiles of vertical motion and heating and on the large-scale environmental factors that may control the variation of these profiles from case to case. 1.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Houze, Robert A.},
doi = {10.1002/qj.49711548702},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {1477-870X},
issn = {1477870X},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
number = {487},
pages = {425--461},
pmid = {22352717},
title = {{Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large‐scale heating}},
volume = {115},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Krajewski2002,
abstract = {Radar observations of rainfall and their use in hydrologic research provide the focus for the paper. Radar-rainfall products are crucial for input to runoff and flood prediction models, validation of satellite remote sensing algorithms, and for statistical characterization of extreme rainfall frequency. In this context we discuss the issues of radar-rainfall product development, and the theoretical and practical requirements of validating radar-rainfall maps and new radar technologies. We discuss a framework for relfectivity based rainfall estimation, including estimation of uncertainty of radar-rainfall estimates. Validation of radar-rainfall products is a major challenge for broad utilization of these products in hydrologic applications. In the discussion of radar-rainfall prediction we focus on orographically induced extreme rainfall and flooding, discuss the issues of detection, statistical sample size, and scale effects. We conclude the paper with a set of recommendations for research priorities and experimental requirements to address them. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
author = {Krajewski, W. F. and Smith, J. A.},
doi = {10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00062-3},
isbn = {0309-1708},
issn = {03091708},
journal = {Advances in Water Resources},
number = {8-12},
pages = {1387--1394},
title = {{Radar hydrology: Rainfall estimation}},
volume = {25},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Borga2014,
abstract = {Flash floods and debris flows develop at space and time scales that conventional observation systems for rainfall, streamflow and sediment discharge are not able to monitor. Consequently, the atmospheric, hydrological and geomorphic controls on these hydrogeomorphic processes are poorly understood, leading to highly uncertain warning and risk management. On the other hand, remote sensing of precipitation and numerical weather predictions have become the basis of several flood forecasting systems, enabling increasingly accurate detection of hazardous events. The objective of this paper is to provide a review on current European and international research on early warning systems for flash floods and debris flows. We expand upon these themes by identifying: (a) the state of the art; (b) knowledge gaps; and (c) suggested research directions to advance warning capabilities for extreme hydrogeomorphic processes. We also suggest three areas in which advancements in science will have immediate and important practical consequence, namely development of rainfall estimation and nowcasting schemes suited to the specific space-time scales, consolidating physical, engineering and social datasets of flash floods and debris-flows, integration of methods for multiple hydrogeomorphic hazard warning.},
author = {Borga, Marco and Stoffel, Markus and Marchi, Lorenzo and Marra, Francesco and Jakob, Matthias},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.022},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/borga2014.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Climate change,Debris flows,Early warning systems,Flash flood,Flood risk management,Hydrogeomorphology},
number = {PB},
pages = {194--205},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Hydrogeomorphic response to extreme rainfall in headwater systems: Flash floods and debris flows}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.022},
volume = {518},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Brocca2012,
abstract = {The characterization of the spatial-temporal variability of soil moisture is of paramount importance in many scientific fields and operational applications. However, due to the high variability of soil moisture, its monitoring over large areas and for extended periods through in situ point measurements is not straightforward. Usually, in the scientific literature, soil moisture variability has been investigated over short periods and in large areas or over long periods but in small areas. In this study, an effort to understanding soil moisture variability at catchment scale ({\textgreater}100km 
                        2), which is the size needed for some hydrological applications and for remote sensing validation analysis, is done. Specifically, measurements were carried out in two adjacent areas located in central Italy with extension of 178 and 242km 
                        2 and over a period of 1year (35 sampling days) with almost weekly frequency except for the summer period because of soil hardness. For each area, 46 sites were monitored and, for each site, 3 measurements were performed to obtain reliable soil moisture estimates. Soil moisture was measured with a portable Time Domain Reflectometer for a layer depth of 0-15cm. A statistical and temporal stability analysis is employed to assess the space-time variability of soil moisture at local and catchment scale. Moreover, by comparing the results with those obtained in previous studies conducted in the same study area, a synthesis of soil moisture variability for a range of spatial scales, from few square meters to several square kilometers, is attempted. For the investigated area, the two main findings inferred are: (1) the spatial variability of soil moisture increases with the area up to {\~{}}10km 
                        2 and then remains quite constant with an average coefficient of variation equal to {\~{}}0.20; (2) regardless of the areal extension, the soil moisture exhibits temporal stability features and, hence, few measurements can be used to infer areal mean values with a good accuracy (determination coefficient higher than 0.88). These insights based on in situ soil moisture observations corroborate the opportunity to use point information for the validation of coarse resolution satellite images. Moreover, the feasibility to use coarse resolution data for hydrological applications in small to medium sized catchments is confirmed. ?? 2012 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Brocca, L. and Tullo, T. and Melone, F. and Moramarco, T. and Morbidelli, R.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.12.039},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Brocca et al. - 2012 - Catchment scale soil moisture spatial-temporal variability(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Catchment scale,In situ measurements,Soil moisture,Spatial variability},
pages = {63--75},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Catchment scale soil moisture spatial-temporal variability}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.12.039},
volume = {422-423},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Boudou2016,
abstract = {Flash flood events are responsible for large economic losses and lead to fatalities every year in France. This is especially the case in the Mediterranean and oversea territories/departments of France, characterized by extreme hydro-climatological features and with a large part of the population exposed to flood risks. The recurrence of remarkable flash flood events, associated with high hazard intensity, significant damage and socio-political consequences, therefore raises several issues for authorities and risk management policies. This study aims to improve our understanding of the hazard analysis process in the case of four remarkable flood events: March 1930, October 1940, January 1980 and November 1999. Firstly, we present the methodology used to define the remarkability score of a flood event. Then, to identify the factors leading to a remarkable flood event, we explore the main parameters of the hazard analysis process, such as the meteorological triggering conditions, the return period of the rainfall and peak discharge, as well as some additional factors (initial catchment state, flood chronology, cascade effects, etc.). The results contribute to understanding the complexity of the processes leading to flood hazard and highlight the importance for risk managers of taking additional factors into account.},
author = {Boudou, M. and Lang, M. and Vinet, F. and C??ur, D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.032},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/boudou2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Cascade effect,Comparative analysis,Flash flood,Historical hydrology,Multidisciplinary approach,Remarkable flood},
pages = {533--552},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Comparative hazard analysis of processes leading to remarkable flash floods (France, 1930???1999)}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.032},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Creutin2003,
abstract = {Implementation of flood warning systems and community self-help programs is one of the most effective ways to mitigate the flash-flood risk. Inmany instances, these are the only affordable and sustainable mitigation approaches. Unfortunately, flash-flood warning is still hampered by changes in societal needs and by our limited knowledge of atmospheric and hydrologic generating mechanisms of this type of flood. On the one hand, flood warning has traditionally focused on localized targets for the protection of communities and for the management of hydraulic reservoirs. Given the general development of dispersed urbanization and transportation, and the expansion of green tourism and water sports in mountainous regions, human lives and property are increasingly exposed to flash-flood hazard in a scatteredmanner. This means that every river section of a monitored region can be considered as a potential target for flood warning. On the other hand, our poor knowledge of this phenomenon comes from the fact that, in most flash-flood cases, the rain accumulations and the discharges are simply unknown over most of the watersheds of concern. Flash floods develop at space and time scales that conventional observation systems of rain and discharge in rivers are not able to monitor. As these events are locally rare, they also escape the realm of field-based experimentation. Consequently, the atmospheric and hydrologic generating mechanisms of flash floods are poorly understood. Progress in flash-flood research is hampered by three main prob- lems: (i) the downscaling problem due to the incoherent space and time scales between atmospheric models and the flash-flood trigger- ing processes; (ii) the ungauged basin problem due to the fact that the small basins prone to flash-floods are seldom gauged and must be modelled without calibration; and (iii) the problem of knowing the limits of the soil retention control of runoff under the range of rain accumulations considered. Our view is that weather radar net- works deeply modify the flash flood monitoring problem. Combin- ing radar detection of rain and distributed hydrological modelling shows considerable potential for improving both the understanding of fundamental scientific questions, including extreme storms and runoff production mechanisms, and the ‘distributed' monitoring of the flash-flood hazard. This short commentary addresses some of these developments and identifies some new research needs in radar hydrology.},
author = {Creutin, Jean Dominique and Borga, Marco},
doi = {10.1002/hyp.5122},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/creutin2003.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1099-1085},
issn = {08856087},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
number = {7},
pages = {1453--1456},
title = {{Radar hydrology modifies the monitoring of flash-flood hazard}},
volume = {17},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Llasat2016,
abstract = {The aim of this paper is to analyse the potential relationship between flash flood events and convective precipitation in Catalonia, as well as any related trends. The paper starts with an overview of flash floods and their trends in the Mediterranean region, along with their associated factors, followed by the definition of, identification of, and trends in convective precipitation. After this introduction the paper focuses on the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula, for which there is a long-term precipitation series (since 1928) of 1-min precipitation from the Fabra Observatory, as well as a shorter (1996???2011) but more extensive precipitation series (43 rain gauges) of 5-min precipitation. Both series have been used to characterise the degree of convective contribution to rainfall, introducing the ?? parameter as the ratio between convective precipitation versus total precipitation in any period. Information about flood events was obtained from the INUNGAMA database (a flood database created by the GAMA team), with the aim of finding any potential links to convective precipitation. These flood data were gathered using information on damage where flood is treated as a multifactorial risk, and where any trend or anomaly might have been caused by one or more factors affecting hazard, vulnerability or exposure. Trend analysis has shown an increase in flash flood events. The fact that no trends were detected in terms of extreme values of precipitation on a daily scale, nor on the associated ETCCDI (Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices) extreme index, could point to an increase in vulnerability, an increase in exposure, or changes in land use. However, the summer increase in convective precipitation was concentrated in less torrential events, which could partially explain this positive trend in flash flood events. The ?? parameter has been also used to characterise the type of flood event according to the features of the precipitation. The highest values correspond to short and local events, usually with daily ?? values above 0.5, while the minimum threshold of daily ?? for catastrophic flash floods is 0.31.},
author = {Llasat, Maria Carmen and Marcos, Raul and Turco, Marco and Gilabert, Joan and Llasat-Botija, Montserrat},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.040},
file = {::},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {?? parameter,Convective precipitation,Flash floods,Mediterranean,Trend analysis},
number = {June 2000},
pages = {24--37},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Trends in flash flood events versus convective precipitation in the Mediterranean region: The case of Catalonia}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.040},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Nikolopoulos2014a,
abstract = {Estimation of rainfall intensity-duration thresholds, used for the identification of debris flow/landslide triggering rainfall events, has been traditionally based on raingauge observations. The main drawback of using information from gauges is that the measurement stations are usually located far away from the debris flow initiation areas. In complex terrain where debris flows take place, the spatial variability of rainfall can be very high and this translates in large uncertainty of raingauge-based estimates of debris flow triggering rainfall. This work focuses on the assessment of the impact of rainfall estimation uncertainty on identification and use of rainfall thresholds for debris flow occurrence. The Upper Adige River basin, Northern Italy, is the area of study. A detailed database of more than 400 identified debris flow initiation points during the period 2000-2010 and a raingauge network of 100 stations comprise the database used for this work. The methodology examines the intensity-duration thresholds derived from a set of raingauges that are assumed to be located at debris flow initiation points (DFRs) and an equivalent set of raingauges assumed to have the role of the closest (to debris flow) available measurement (MRs). A set of reference rainfall thresholds is used to identify the rainfall events at DFRs that "triggered" debris flows (i.e. exceed the threshold). For these same events, the corresponding rainfall thresholds are derived from MR observations. Comparison between the rainfall thresholds derived from DFRs and MRs revealed that uncertainty in rainfall estimation has a major impact on estimated intensity-duration thresholds. Specifically, the results showed that thresholds estimated from MR observations are consistently underestimated. Evaluation of the estimated thresholds for warning procedures showed that while detection is high, the main issue is the high false alarm ratio, which limits the overall accuracy of the procedure. Overall performance on debris flow prediction was shown to be good for low rainfall thresholds and poor for high rainfall thresholds examined. Lastly, it was found that filtering out rainfall events with duration {\textless}. 12. h may improve bias in estimated thresholds and performance for high rainfall thresholds. ?? 2014 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Nikolopoulos, Efthymios I. and Crema, Stefano and Marchi, Lorenzo and Marra, Francesco and Guzzetti, Fausto and Borga, Marco},
doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.06.015},
issn = {0169555X},
journal = {Geomorphology},
keywords = {Debris flow,Precipitation threshold,Rainfall estimation,Raingauge network design},
pages = {286--297},
title = {{Impact of uncertainty in rainfall estimation on the identification of rainfall thresholds for debris flow occurrence}},
volume = {221},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Terranova2014,
abstract = {Heavy rainstorms often induce flash flooding, one of the natural disasters most responsible for damage to man-made infrastructure and loss of lives, adversely affecting also the opportunities for socio-economic development of Mediterranean Countries. The frequently dramatic damage of flash floods are often detected with sufficient accuracy by post-event surveys, but rainfall causing them are still only roughly characterized. With the aim of improving the understanding of the temporal structure and spatial distribution of heavy rainstorms in the Mediterranean context, a statistical analysis was carried out in Calabria (southern Italy) concerning rainstorms that mainly induced flash floods, but also shallow landslides and debris-flows. Thus a method is proposed – based on the overcoming of heuristically predetermined threshold values of cumulated rainfall, maximum intensity, and kinetic energy of the rainfall event – to select and characterize the rainstorms able to induce flash floods in the Mediterranean-climate Countries. Therefore the obtained (heavy) rainstorms were automatically classified and studied according to their structure in time, localization and extension. Rainfall-runoff watershed models can consequently benefit from the enhanced identification of design storms, with a realistic time structure integrated with the results of the spatial analysis. A survey of flash flood events recorded in the last decades provides a preliminary validation of the method proposed to identify the heavy rainstorms and synthetically describe their characteristics. The notable size of the employed sample, including data with a very detailed resolution in time, that relate to several rain gauges well-distributed throughout the region, give robustness to the obtained results.},
author = {Terranova, O. G. and Gariano, S. L.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-14-2423-2014},
file = {::},
issn = {16849981},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences},
number = {9},
pages = {2423--2434},
title = {{Rainstorms able to induce flash floods in a Mediterranean-climate region (Calabria, southern Italy)}},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Nathan2013,
abstract = {Field studies in watershed hydrology continue to characterize and catalogue the enormous heterogeneity and complexity of rainfall runoff processes in more and more watersheds, in different hydroclimatic regimes, and at different scales. Nevertheless, the ability to generalize these findings to ungauged regions remains out of reach. In spite of their apparent physical basis and complexity, the current generation of detailed models is process weak. Their representations of the internal states and process dynamics are still at odds with many experimental findings. In order to make continued progress in watershed hydrology and to bring greater coherence to the science, we need to move beyond the status quo of having to explicitly characterize or prescribe landscape heterogeneity in our (highly calibrated) models and in this way reproduce process complexity and instead explore the set of organizing principles that might underlie the heterogeneity and complexity. This commentary addresses a number of related new avenues for research in watershed science, including the use of comparative analysis, classification, optimality principles, and network theory, all with the intent of defining, understanding, and predicting watershed function and enunciating important watershed functional traits.},
author = {Nathan, R. J. and McMahan, T. A. and McDonnell, J. J. and Sivapalan, M. and Vach??, K. and Dunn, S. and Grant, G. and Haggerty, R. and Hinz, C. and Hooper, R. and Kirchner, J. and Roderick, M. L. and Selker, J. and Weiler, M. and Sivakumar, Bellie and Singh, Vijay P. and Berndtsson, Ronny and Khan, Shakera K.},
doi = {10.1029/2006WR005467},
isbn = {1944-7973},
issn = {00431397},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
keywords = {Catchments,Hydrologic models,Streamflow},
number = {7},
pages = {130426211354007},
pmid = {99974377},
title = {{Evaluation of automated techniques for baseflow and recession analyses}},
url = {http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000837},
volume = {26},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Hardy2016,
abstract = {Flash flooding is one of the most costly and deadly natural hazards in the United States and across the globe. This study advances the use of high-resolution quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) for flash flood forecasting. The QPFs are derived from a stormscale ensemble prediction system, and used within a distributed hydrological model framework to yield basin-specific, probabilistic flash flood forecasts (PFFFs). Before creating the PFFFs, it is important to characterize QPF uncertainty, particularly in terms of location which is the most problematic for hydrological use of QPFs. The SAL methodology (Wernli et al., 2008), which stands for structure, amplitude, and location, is used for this error quantification, with a focus on location. Finally, the PFFF methodology is proposed that produces probabilistic hydrological forecasts. The main advantages of this method are: (1) identifying specific basin scales that are forecast to be impacted by flash flooding; (2) yielding probabilistic information about the forecast hydrologic response that accounts for the locational uncertainties of the QPFs; (3) improving lead time by using stormscale NWP ensemble forecasts; and (4) not requiring multiple simulations, which are computationally demanding.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Hardy, Jill and Gourley, Jonathan J. and Kirstetter, Pierre Emmanuel and Hong, Yang and Kong, Fanyou and Flamig, Zachary L.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.007},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/hardy2016.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0030-8870},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Distributed modeling,Flash flood,NWP,Probabilistic},
pages = {480--494},
pmid = {24439530},
title = {{A method for probabilistic flash flood forecasting}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.007},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Penna2011,
abstract = {This study investigates the role of soil moisture on the threshold$\backslash$nrunoff response in a small headwater catchment in the Italian Alps that$\backslash$nis characterised by steep hillslopes and a distinct riparian zone. This$\backslash$nstudy focuses on: (i) the threshold soil moisture-runoff relationship$\backslash$nand the influence of catchment topography on this relation; (ii) the$\backslash$ntemporal dynamics of soil moisture, streamflow and groundwater that$\backslash$ncharacterize the catchment's response to rainfall during dry and wet$\backslash$nperiods; and (iii) the combined effect of antecedent wetness conditions$\backslash$nand rainfall amount on hillslope and riparian runoff. Our results$\backslash$nhighlight the strong control exerted by soil moisture on runoff in this$\backslash$ncatchment: a sharp threshold exists in the relationship between soil$\backslash$nwater content and runoff coefficient, streamflow, and hillslope-averaged$\backslash$ndepth to water table. Low runoff ratios were likely related to the$\backslash$nresponse of the riparian zone, which was almost always close to$\backslash$nsaturation. High runoff ratios occurred during wet antecedent$\backslash$nconditions, when the soil moisture threshold was exceeded. In these$\backslash$ncases, subsurface flow was activated on hillslopes, which became a major$\backslash$ncontributor to runoff. Antecedent wetness conditions also controlled the$\backslash$ncatchment's response time: during dry periods, streamflow reacted and$\backslash$npeaked prior to hillslope soil moisture whereas during wet conditions$\backslash$nthe opposite occurred. This difference resulted in a hysteretic$\backslash$nbehaviour in the soil moisture-streamflow relationship. Finally, the$\backslash$ninfluence of antecedent moisture conditions on runoff was also evident$\backslash$nin the relation between cumulative rainfall and total stormflow. Small$\backslash$nstorms during dry conditions produced low stormflow amounts, likely$\backslash$nmainly from overland flow from the near saturated riparian zone.$\backslash$nConversely, for rainfall events during wet conditions, higher stormflow$\backslash$nvalues were observed and hillslopes must have contributed to streamflow.},
author = {Penna, D. and {Tromp-Van Meerveld}, H. J. and Gobbi, a. and Borga, M. and {Dalla Fontana}, G.},
doi = {10.5194/hess-15-689-2011},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Penna et al. - 2011 - The influence of soil moisture on threshold runoff generation processes in an alpine headwater catchment.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1027-5606},
issn = {10275606},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
number = {3},
pages = {689--702},
title = {{The influence of soil moisture on threshold runoff generation processes in an alpine headwater catchment}},
volume = {15},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Yatheendradas2008,
abstract = {Semiarid flash floods pose a significant danger for life and property in many dry regions around the world. One effective way to mitigate flood risk lies in implementing a real-time forecast and warning system based on a rainfall-runoff model. This study used a semiarid, physics-based, and spatially distributed watershed model driven by high-resolution radar rainfall input to evaluate such a system. The predictive utility of the model and dominant sources of uncertainty were investigated for several runoff events within the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed located in the southwestern United States. Sources of uncertainty considered were rainfall estimates, watershed model parameters, and initial soil moisture conditions. Results derived through a variance-based comprehensive global sensitivity analysis indicated that the high predictive uncertainty in the modeled response was heavily dominated by biases in the radar rainfall depth estimates. Key model parameters and initial model states were identified, and we generally found that modeled hillslope characteristics are more influential than channel characteristics in small semiarid basins. We also observed an inconsistency in the parameter sets identified as behavioral for different events, which suggests that model calibration to historical data is unlikely to consistently improve predictive performance for different events and that real-time parameter updating may be preferable.},
author = {Yatheendradas, Soni and Wagener, Thorsten and Gupta, Hoshin and Unkrich, Carl and Goodrich, David and Schaffner, Mike and Stewart, Anne},
doi = {10.1029/2007WR005940},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/yatheendradas2008.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0043-1397},
issn = {00431397},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
keywords = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007WR005940, doi:10.102},
number = {5},
pages = {1--17},
title = {{Understanding uncertainty in distributed flash flood forecasting for semiarid regions}},
volume = {44},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Refsgaard2016a,
abstract = {ISSN: 0262-6667 (Print) 2150-3435 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/thsj20 Climate change impacts on groundwater hydrology – where are the main uncertainties and can they be reduced?},
author = {Refsgaard, JC and Sonnenborg, To and Butts, MB and Christensen, JH and Christensen, S and Drews, M and Jensen, KH and J{\o}rgensen, F and J{\o}rgensen, LF and Larsen, Mad and Rasmussen, SH and Seaby, LP and Seifert, D and Vilhelmsen, TN},
doi = {10.1080/02626667.2015.1131899},
number = {June 2013},
pages = {857--880},
title = {{Hydrological Sciences Journal}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=thsj20{\%}5Cnhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2015.1131899},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Castillo2003,
abstract = {The soil water content is recognized as one of many runoff controlling factors in semiarid environments. A simple, physically based distributed model has been developed to study the role of antecedent soil water content in runoff generation in three small catchments in semiarid southeast Spain. The catchments were set up in two different zones: a burnt area with scarce vegetation and unburnt area with a denser plant cover. The infiltration process is determined by the Green-Ampt equation and the initial soil water content is taken into account by means of maps obtained by Conditional Gaussian simulation. The model was run 2700 times with different soil moisture scenarios and design storms. Stochastic sensitivity analysis was used to examine the role of antecedent soil water content in the runoff response. The results showed that the hydrological response after high intensity, low frequency storms is independent of the initial soil water content. On the other hand, the antecedent soil water content is an important factor controlling runoff during medium and low intensity storms, a type of rainstorm that is relatively frequent in semiarid areas. The sensitivity of the runoff response to soil moisture depended on the predominant runoff mechanisms. When infiltration excess overland flow is predominant, as a result of high rain intensities or less permeable soils, the runoff response is more uniform and does not depend on initial soil moisture. Runoff from less intense storms on soils of higher permeability is controlled by the soil water content of the surface soil layers and is more dependent on initial conditions. The role of the initial soil water content is more important in catchments where the presence of plant cover produces a patchwork of runoff and runon sites, whose spatial pattern is highly dependent on the soil water status. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Castillo, V. M. and G{\'{o}}mez-Plaza, A. and Mart{\'{i}}nez-Mena, M.},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00264-6},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/castillo2003.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Conditional simulation,Monte Carlo,Overland flow,Runoff modelling,Sensitivity analysis,Soil moisture},
number = {1-4},
pages = {114--130},
title = {{The role of antecedent soil water content in the runoff response of semiarid catchments: A simulation approach}},
volume = {284},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Clark2011,
abstract = {Ambiguities in the representation of environmental processes have manifested themselves in a plethora of hydrological models, differing in almost every aspect of their conceptualization and implementation. The current overabundance of models is symptomatic of an insufficient scientific understanding of environmental dynamics at the catchment scale, which can be attributed to difficulties in measuring and representing the heterogeneity encountered in natural systems. This commentary advocates using the method of multiple working hypotheses for systematic and stringent testing of model alternatives in hydrology. We discuss how the multiple-hypothesis approach provides the flexibility to formulate alternative representations (hypotheses) describing both individual processes and the overall system. When combined with incisive diagnostics to scrutinize multiple model representations against observed data, this provides hydrologists with a powerful and systematic approach for model development and improvement. Multiple-hypothesis frameworks also support a broader coverage of the model hypothesis space and hence improve the quantification of predictive uncertainty arising from system and component nonidentifiabilities. As part of discussing the advantages and limitations of multiple-hypothesis frameworks, we critically review major contemporary challenges in hydrological hypothesis-testing, including exploiting different types of data to investigate the fidelity of alternative process representations, accounting for model structure ambiguities arising from major uncertainties in environmental data, quantifying regional differences in dominant hydrological processes, and the grander challenge of understanding the self-organization and optimality principles that may functionally explain and describe the heterogeneities evident in most environmental systems. We assess recent progress in these research directions, and how new advances are possible using multiple-hypothesis methodologies.},
author = {Clark, Martyn P. and Kavetski, Dmitri and Fenicia, Fabrizio},
doi = {10.1029/2010WR009827},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/clark2011.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0043-1397},
issn = {00431397},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
keywords = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009827, doi:10.102},
number = {9},
pages = {1--16},
title = {{Pursuing the method of multiple working hypotheses for hydrological modeling}},
volume = {47},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Houze1989,
abstract = {Mesoscale convective cloud systems that produce large amounts of rain in mid-latitudes and most of the rain in the tropics consist of a combination of convective and stratiform cloud. The convective regions contain numerous deep cells that are often but not always arranged in Lines. The stratiform region is an outgrowth of the convective ensemble; it lies adjacent to the convective region and is seeded by ice particles detrained from convective towers. Sometimes it lies to the rear of a propagating convective line, while on other occasions it surrounds the convection. The heating of the large-scale environment by a mesoscale convective system is affected by both the convective and stratiform regions. Although processes such as melting and radiation are important, the net heating by a system is dominated by condensation and evaporation associated with vertical air motions. This paper reviews recent observational evidence regarding the mean vertical motion profiles in the convective and stratiform regions of mesoscale convective systems and the implications of these mean motions for the vertical distribution of heating of the large-scale environment. In both the convective and the stratiform regions, vertical motions have been determined by various techniques, including composites of rawinsonde and aircraft wind data, single- and dual-Doppler precipitation radar analyses, and wind-profiler observations. In stratiform regions, these data consistently show mean vertical velocity that is upward in the upper troposphere and downward in the lower troposphere. The level separating upward from downward motion is located from 0 to 2 km above the 0°C level, depending on location within the stratiform region. Diagnostic calculations show that these vertical motion profiles imply heating of the upper troposphere and cooling of lower levels by stratiform-region processes. Data on vertical motions in the convective regions are less consistent from case to case. These data sometimes indicate that the mean vertical velocity in convective regions is maximum in the lower troposphere. In other cases, the data indicate a maximum in the high troposphere. Diagnostic calculations show that heating profiles diagnosed from these two types of profile are quite different, the first having a maximum of heating in the lower troposphere, while the second has a maximum in the middle troposphere. Although it is difficult to determine whether or not the differences in estimates arise from different types of observations, analysis methods or sampling strategies, it seems likely that they stem from differences in the large-scale environment of the different mesoscale systems. The ubiquitous occurrence of stratiform regions in mesoscale convective systems and hurricanes together with their consistent heating profiles, which systematically concentrate heating in upper levels while cooling lower levels, are a major consideration in evaluating the interaction of mesoscale systems with the large-scale environment. However, the consistency of the stratiform profiles from case to case indicates that the variability of net (convective plus stratiform) heating profiles from case to case ties primarily in the variation of the convective-region profiles from one case to another. It is suggested that future work should focus on the convective-region vertical profiles of vertical motion and heating and on the large-scale environmental factors that may control the variation of these profiles from case to case. 1.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Houze, Robert A.},
doi = {10.1002/qj.49711548702},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {1477-870X},
issn = {1477870X},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
number = {487},
pages = {425--461},
pmid = {22352717},
title = {{Observed structure of mesoscale convective systems and implications for large‐scale heating}},
volume = {115},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Douinot2016,
abstract = {Just as with the storms that cause them, flash floods are highly variable and non-linear phenomena in both time and space; hence understanding and anticipating the genesis of flash floods is far from straightforward. There is therefore a huge requirement for tools with the potential to provide advance warning of situations likely to lead to flash floods, and thus provide additional time for the flood forecasting services. The Flash Flood Guidance (FFG) method is used on US catchments to estimate the average number of inches of rainfall for given durations required to produce flash flooding. This rainfall amount is used afterwards as a flood warning threshold. In Europe, flash floods often occur on small catchments (approximately 100 km2) and it has already been shown that the spatial variability of rainfall has a great impact on the catchment response (Le Lay and Saulnier, 2007). Therefore, in this study, an improved FFG method which accounts for rainfall spatial variability is proposed. The objectives of this paper are (i) to assess the FFG method applicability on French Mediterranean catchments with a distributed process-oriented hydrological model and (ii) to assess the effect of the rainfall spatial variability on this method. The results confirm the influence of the spatial variability of rainfall events in relation with its interaction with soil properties.},
author = {Douinot, Audrey and Roux, H{\'{e}}l{\`{e}}ne and Garambois, Pierre Andr{\'{e}} and Larnier, K{\'{e}}vin and Labat, David and Dartus, Denis},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.024},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Flash flood,Flash flood guidance,Hydrological response,Physical based model,Rainfall spatial variability},
pages = {359--370},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Accounting for rainfall systematic spatial variability in flash flood forecasting}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.024},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Douinot2016a,
abstract = {Just as with the storms that cause them, flash floods are highly variable and non-linear phenomena in both time and space; hence understanding and anticipating the genesis of flash floods is far from straightforward. There is therefore a huge requirement for tools with the potential to provide advance warning of situations likely to lead to flash floods, and thus provide additional time for the flood forecasting services. The Flash Flood Guidance (FFG) method is used on US catchments to estimate the average number of inches of rainfall for given durations required to produce flash flooding. This rainfall amount is used afterwards as a flood warning threshold. In Europe, flash floods often occur on small catchments (approximately 100 km2) and it has already been shown that the spatial variability of rainfall has a great impact on the catchment response (Le Lay and Saulnier, 2007). Therefore, in this study, an improved FFG method which accounts for rainfall spatial variability is proposed. The objectives of this paper are (i) to assess the FFG method applicability on French Mediterranean catchments with a distributed process-oriented hydrological model and (ii) to assess the effect of the rainfall spatial variability on this method. The results confirm the influence of the spatial variability of rainfall events in relation with its interaction with soil properties.},
author = {Douinot, Audrey and Roux, H{\'{e}}l{\`{e}}ne and Garambois, Pierre Andr{\'{e}} and Larnier, K{\'{e}}vin and Labat, David and Dartus, Denis},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.024},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Flash flood,Flash flood guidance,Hydrological response,Physical based model,Rainfall spatial variability},
pages = {359--370},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Accounting for rainfall systematic spatial variability in flash flood forecasting}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.024},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Roux2011,
abstract = {A spatially distributed hydrological model, dedicated to flood simulation, is developed on the basis of physical process representation (infiltration, overland flow, channel routing). Estimation of model parameters requires data concerning topography, soil properties, vegetation and land use. Four parameters are calibrated for the entire catchment using one flood event. Model sensitivity to individual parameters is assessed using Monte-Carlo simulations. Results of this sensitivity analysis with a criterion based on the Nash efficiency coefficient and the error of peak time and runoff are used to calibrate the model. This procedure is tested on the Gardon d'Anduze catchment, located in the Mediterranean zone of southern France. A first validation is conducted using three flood events with different hydrometeorological characteristics. This sensitivity analysis along with validation tests illustrates the predictive capability of the model and points out the possible improvements on the model's structure and parameterization for flash flood forecasting, especially in ungauged basins. Concerning the model structure, results show that water transfer through the subsurface zone also contributes to the hydrograph response to an extreme event, especially during the recession period. Maps of soil saturation emphasize the impact of rainfall and soil properties variability on these dynamics. Adding a subsurface flow component in the simulation also greatly impacts the spatial distribution of soil saturation and shows the importance of the drainage network. Measures of such distributed variables would help discriminating between different possible model structures.},
author = {Roux, H. and Labat, D. and Garambois, P. A. and Maubourguet, M. M. and Chorda, J. and Dartus, D.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-11-2567-2011},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Roux2011.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1561-8633},
issn = {15618633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
number = {9},
pages = {2567--2582},
title = {{A physically-based parsimonious hydrological model for flash floods in Mediterranean catchments}},
volume = {11},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Creutin2003a,
abstract = {Implementation of flood warning systems and community self-help programs is one of the most effective ways to mitigate the flash-flood risk. Inmany instances, these are the only affordable and sustainable mitigation approaches. Unfortunately, flash-flood warning is still hampered by changes in societal needs and by our limited knowledge of atmospheric and hydrologic generating mechanisms of this type of flood. On the one hand, flood warning has traditionally focused on localized targets for the protection of communities and for the management of hydraulic reservoirs. Given the general development of dispersed urbanization and transportation, and the expansion of green tourism and water sports in mountainous regions, human lives and property are increasingly exposed to flash-flood hazard in a scatteredmanner. This means that every river section of a monitored region can be considered as a potential target for flood warning. On the other hand, our poor knowledge of this phenomenon comes from the fact that, in most flash-flood cases, the rain accumulations and the discharges are simply unknown over most of the watersheds of concern. Flash floods develop at space and time scales that conventional observation systems of rain and discharge in rivers are not able to monitor. As these events are locally rare, they also escape the realm of field-based experimentation. Consequently, the atmospheric and hydrologic generating mechanisms of flash floods are poorly understood. Progress in flash-flood research is hampered by three main prob- lems: (i) the downscaling problem due to the incoherent space and time scales between atmospheric models and the flash-flood trigger- ing processes; (ii) the ungauged basin problem due to the fact that the small basins prone to flash-floods are seldom gauged and must be modelled without calibration; and (iii) the problem of knowing the limits of the soil retention control of runoff under the range of rain accumulations considered. Our view is that weather radar net- works deeply modify the flash flood monitoring problem. Combin- ing radar detection of rain and distributed hydrological modelling shows considerable potential for improving both the understanding of fundamental scientific questions, including extreme storms and runoff production mechanisms, and the ‘distributed' monitoring of the flash-flood hazard. This short commentary addresses some of these developments and identifies some new research needs in radar hydrology.},
author = {Creutin, Jean Dominique and Borga, Marco},
doi = {10.1002/hyp.5122},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/creutin2003.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1099-1085},
issn = {08856087},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
number = {7},
pages = {1453--1456},
title = {{Radar hydrology modifies the monitoring of flash-flood hazard}},
volume = {17},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Boudou2016a,
abstract = {Flash flood events are responsible for large economic losses and lead to fatalities every year in France. This is especially the case in the Mediterranean and oversea territories/departments of France, characterized by extreme hydro-climatological features and with a large part of the population exposed to flood risks. The recurrence of remarkable flash flood events, associated with high hazard intensity, significant damage and socio-political consequences, therefore raises several issues for authorities and risk management policies. This study aims to improve our understanding of the hazard analysis process in the case of four remarkable flood events: March 1930, October 1940, January 1980 and November 1999. Firstly, we present the methodology used to define the remarkability score of a flood event. Then, to identify the factors leading to a remarkable flood event, we explore the main parameters of the hazard analysis process, such as the meteorological triggering conditions, the return period of the rainfall and peak discharge, as well as some additional factors (initial catchment state, flood chronology, cascade effects, etc.). The results contribute to understanding the complexity of the processes leading to flood hazard and highlight the importance for risk managers of taking additional factors into account.},
author = {Boudou, M. and Lang, M. and Vinet, F. and C{\oe}ur, D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.032},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Cascade effect,Comparative analysis,Flash flood,Historical hydrology,Multidisciplinary approach,Remarkable flood},
pages = {533--552},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Comparative hazard analysis of processes leading to remarkable flash floods (France, 1930–1999)}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.032},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Muntan2009,
abstract = {A regional study of snow avalanche processes was undertaken in the SE Pyrenees. Dendrogeomorphology was used to date and reconstruct large-scale snow avalanche events that occurred in the last four decades. Dendrochronological analyses yielded the dates of nine winters when avalanches occurred in the recent past in six studied avalanche paths. Some of these avalanches were already known, but others had not been documented. In one case, the existing avalanche path map was improved with the dendrogeomorphological information of a larger past event. As a result of the dendrogeomorphological analyses, evidence for three regional-scale major avalanche years was identified in the SE Pyrenees from 1971 to 2004: 1971-1972, 1995-1996 and 2002-2003. The specific synoptic atmospheric situations and the most likely nivometeorological and snowpack conditions that released these major avalanches were determined using weather data for the seasons of major avalanche releases. In 1971-1972 the snow avalanche episode was characterized by a deep trough crossing the Pyrenees. In 1995-1996 a variety of meteorological situations produced several episodes of major avalanches. In 2002-2003 the more significant of two episodes was attributed to a north advection pumping an arctic air mass over the Pyrenees. The 1995-1996 avalanche season proved to be the most notable in the four past decades in the Pyrenees.},
author = {Munt{\'{a}}n, E. and Garc{\'{i}}a, C. and Oller, P. and Mart{\'{i}}, G. and Garc{\'{i}}a, A. and Guti{\'{e}}rrez, E.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-9-1599-2009},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Muntan2009.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1561-8633},
issn = {1561-8633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
number = {5},
pages = {1599--1612},
title = {{Reconstructing snow avalanches in the Southeastern Pyrenees}},
volume = {9},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Lim2017,
author = {Lim, Theodore C. and Welty, Claire},
doi = {10.1002/2017WR020631},
issn = {19447973},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
keywords = {Green infrastructure,Imperviousness,ParFlow.CLM,Spatial configuration,Stormwater management,Urban hydrology},
pages = {1--21},
title = {{Effects of spatial configuration of imperviousness and green infrastructure networks on hydrologic response in a residential sewershed}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Aristizabal2016,
abstract = {Landslides are a main cause of human and economic losses worldwide. For this reason, landslide hazard assessment and the capacity to predict this phenomenon have been topics of great interest within the scientific community for the implementation of early warning systems. Although several models have been proposed to forecast shallow landslides triggered by rainfall, few models have incorporated geotechnical factors into a complete hydrological model of a basin that can simulate the storage and movement of rainwater through the soil profile. These basin and full hydrological models have adopted a physically based approach. This paper develops a conceptual and physically based model called open and distributed hydrological simulation and landslides—SHIA{\_}Landslide (Simulaci{\'{o}}n HIdrol{\'{o}}gica Abierta, or SHIA, in Spanish)—that is supported by geotechnical and hydrological features occurring on a basin-wide scale in tropical and mountainous terrains. SHIA{\_}Landslide is an original and significant contribution that offers a new perspective with which to analyse shallow landslide processes by incorporating a comprehensive distributed hydrological tank model that includes water storage in the soil coupled with a classical analysis of infinite slope stability under saturated conditions. SHIA{\_}Landslide can be distinguished by the following: (i) its capacity to capture surface topography and effects concerning the subsurface flow; (ii) its use of digital terrain model (DTM) to establish the relationships among cells, geomorphological parameters, slope angle, direction, etc.; (iii) its continuous simulation of rainfall data over long periods and event simulations of specific storms; (iv) its consideration of the effects of horizontal and vertical flow; and (vi) its inclusion of a hydrologically complete water process that allows for hydrological calibration. SHIA{\_}Landslide can be combined with real-time rainfall data and implemented in early warning systems.},
author = {Aristiz{\'{a}}bal, Edier and V{\'{e}}lez, Jaime Ignacio and Mart{\'{i}}nez, Hern{\'{a}}n Eduardo and Jaboyedoff, Michel},
doi = {10.1007/s10346-015-0580-7},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Aristiz{\'{a}}bal et al. - 2016 - SHIA{\_}Landslide a distributed conceptual and physically based model to forecast the temporal and spatial (3).pdf:pdf},
issn = {16125118},
journal = {Landslides},
keywords = {Landslides,Physical model,Rainfall,Tropical environments},
number = {3},
pages = {497--517},
title = {{SHIA{\_}Landslide: a distributed conceptual and physically based model to forecast the temporal and spatial occurrence of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall in tropical and mountainous basins}},
volume = {13},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Coustau2012,
abstract = {Rainfall-runoff models are crucial tools for the statistical prediction of ﬂash ﬂoods and real-time forecasting. This paper focuses on a karstic basin in the South of France and proposes a distributed parsimonious event-based rainfall-runoff model, coherent with the poor knowledge of both evaporative and underground ﬂuxes. The model combines a SCS runoff model and a Lag and Route routing model for each cell of a regular grid mesh. The efﬁciency of the model is discussed not only to satisfactorily simulate ﬂoods but also to get powerful relationships between the initial condition of the model and various predictors of the initial wetness state of the basin, such as the base ﬂow, the Hu2 index from the Meteo-France SIM model and the piezometric levels of the aquifer. The advantage of using meteorological radar rainfall in ﬂood modelling is also assessed. Model calibration proved to be satisfactory by using an hourly time step with Nash criterion values, ranging between 0.66 and 0.94 for eighteen of the twenty-one selected events. The radar rainfall inputs signiﬁcantly improved the simulations or the assessment of the initial condition of the model for 5 events at the beginning of autumn, mostly in September–October (mean improvement of Nash is 0.09; correction in the initial condition ranges from −205 to 124 mm), but were less efﬁ- cient for the events at the end of autumn. In this period, the weak vertical extension of the precipitation system and the low altitude of the 0 ◦ C isotherm could affect the efﬁciency of radar measurements due to the distance between the basin and the radar (∼60 km). The model initial condition S is correlated with the three tested predictors (R 2 {\textgreater} 0.6). The interpretation of the model suggests that groundwater does not affect the ﬁrst peaks of the ﬂood, but can strongly impact subsequent peaks in the case of a multi-storm event. Because this kind of model is based on a limited amount of readily available data, it should be suitable for operational applications.},
author = {Coustau, M. and Bouvier, C. and Borrell-Estupina, V. and Jourde, H.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-12-1119-2012},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Coustau et al. - 2012 - Flood modelling with a distributed event-based parsimonious rainfall-runoff model Case of the karstic Lez river.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15618633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
number = {4},
pages = {1119--1133},
title = {{Flood modelling with a distributed event-based parsimonious rainfall-runoff model: Case of the karstic Lez river catchment}},
volume = {12},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Ayalew2014,
abstract = {We have conducted extensive hydrologic simulation experiments in order to investigate how the flood scaling parameters in the power-law relationship Q(A) = $\alpha$A$\theta$, between peak-discharges resulting from a single rainfall-runoff event Q(A) and upstream area A, change as a function of rainfall, runoff coefficient (C r) that we use as a proxy for catchment antecedent moisture state, hillslope overland flow velocity (vh), and channel flow velocity (vc), all of which are variable in space. We use a physically-based distributed numerical framework that is based on an accurate representation of the drainage network and apply it to the Cedar River basin (A = 16, 861 km2), which is located in Eastern Iowa, USA. Our work is motivated by seminal empirical studies that show that the flood scaling parameters $\alpha$ and $\theta$ change from event to event. Uncovering the underlying physical mechanism behind the event-to-event variability of $\alpha$ and $\theta$ in terms of catchment physical processes and rainfall properties would significantly improve our ability to predict peak-discharge in ungauged basins (PUB). The simulation results demonstrate how both $\alpha$ and $\theta$ are systematically controlled by the interplay among rainfall duration T, spatially averaged rainfall intensity E[I], as well as E[C r], E[vh], and vc. Specifically, we found that the value of $\theta$ generally decreases with increasing values of E[I], E[C r], and E[vh], whereas its value generally increases with increasing T. Moreover, while $\alpha$ is primarily controlled by E[I], it increases with increasing E[C r] and E[vh]. These results highlight the fact that the flood scaling parameters are able to be estimated from the aforementioned catchment rainfall and physical variables, which can be measured either directly or indirectly. {\textcopyright} 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Ayalew, Tibebu B. and Krajewski, Witold F. and Mantilla, Ricardo},
doi = {10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.05.009},
issn = {03091708},
journal = {Advances in Water Resources},
keywords = {Flood,Hillslope,River network,Scaling,Streamflow},
month = {sep},
pages = {32--43},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Connecting the power-law scaling structure of peak-discharges to spatially variable rainfall and catchment physical properties}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.05.009},
volume = {71},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Frances2007d,
abstract = {Hydrological distributed models demand large amounts of data, information and parameters in order to accurately represent the spatial variability of the main hydrological processes and inputs. The parameter estimation is always a complex and expensive task which is often unaffordable and therefore hydrologists are frequently forced to disregard distributed modelling in favour of lumped or semidistributed models. To solve this situation, we propose in this paper to split the effective parameter at each cell in two components: the hydrological characteristic (at point scale and maintaining its physical meaning) and a correction factor (common for all cells and taking into account all modelling errors including the temporal and spatial scale effects). The new split-parameter structure adopted in our distributed model (called TETIS) is coupled with the SCE-UA automatic optimization method in order to obtain the set of optimal correction factors of the model, without loosing the spatial variability described by the a priori estimated hydrological characteristics. Automatic procedures can be easily adapted to the split-parameter structure because the number of variables to be calibrated is dramatically reduced from thousands of cell parameters to a small number of common correction factors (one for each parameter map). Also, the optimum initial values of the state variables can be obtained automatically. In order to show the advantages of the new structure a real application is performed in a case study in which the calibration and the spatial and spatial-temporal validation processes have been carried out. The results can be considered as being excellent and it is concluded that automatic calibration with the SCE-UA algorithm has been shown to be reliable and fast. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Franc{\'{e}}s, F{\'{e}}lix and V{\'{e}}lez, Jaime Ignacio and V{\'{e}}lez, Jorge Juli{\'{a}}n},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.06.032},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Automatic calibration,Conceptual model,Distributed hydrological model,Rainfall-runoff modelling,Split-parameter structure,temporal and spatial scale effects},
number = {1-2},
pages = {226--240},
title = {{Split-parameter structure for the automatic calibration of distributed hydrological models}},
volume = {332},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Walker2001,
abstract = {This paper presents a data set that describes the spatial and temporal$\backslash$n$\backslash$nvariability of soil moisture within the 6 ha Nerrigundah catchment,$\backslash$nlocated in a temperate$\backslash$n$\backslash$nregion of eastern Australia. The data set includes high-resolution$\backslash$nelevation data; highresolution$\backslash$n$\backslash$n(20 m) near-surface soil moisture maps; soil moisture profile measurements$\backslash$nat$\backslash$n$\backslash$n13 locations, with one being applicable for one-dimensional modeling;$\backslash$nsoil moisture$\backslash$n$\backslash$nmeasurements from four different measurement devices at a single location;$\backslash$nsoil$\backslash$n$\backslash$ntemperature profile measurements; soil heat flux and supporting meteorological$\backslash$n$\backslash$nmeasurements, including data obtained with two pluviometers and four$\backslash$ncollecting rain$\backslash$n$\backslash$ngauges; surface roughness measurements; soil information for 19 locations,$\backslash$nincluding field$\backslash$n$\backslash$nmeasurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity; and catchment runoff$\backslash$nmeasurements.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nThese data are available on the World Wide Web at http://www.civag.unimelb.edu.au/$\backslash$n$\backslash$n jwalker/data/nerrigundah.},
author = {Walker, J P and Willgoose, G R and Kalma, J D},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Walker, Willgoose, Kalma - 2001 - The uppercase{\{}N{\}}errigundah data set Soil moisture patterns, soil characteristics, and hydrological (2).pdf:pdf},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
keywords = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000545, doi:10.102},
number = {11},
pages = {2653--2658},
title = {{The $\backslash$uppercase{\{}N{\}}errigundah data set: Soil moisture patterns, soil characteristics, and hydrological flux measurements}},
volume = {37},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Wagner1999,
abstract = {The potential of using ERS Scatterometer data for soil moisture monitoring over the Ukraine is investigated. The ERS Scatterometer is a C-band radar with a spatial resolution of 50 km and a high temporal sampling rate. An algorithm for estimating the surface soil moisture content is applied to 6 years of data. A qualitative comparison with meteorological observations and auxiliary information indicates that good-quality surface wetness values can be determined. A simple method is developed to relate the surface estimates with the profile soil moisture content. This model requires as input the remotely sensed radar data and soil data encompassing wilting level, field capacity, and porosity. The method was validated with an extensive data set of gravimetric soil moisture measurements in the 0-20 cm and 0-100 cm layers from the agrometeorological network in the Ukraine. It is found that the ERS Scatterometer data can be used to distinguish about five soil moisture levels with good confidence.},
author = {Wagner, Wolfgang and Lemoine, Guido and Rott, Helmut},
doi = {10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00036-X},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wagner, Lemoine, Rott - 1999 - A method for estimating soil moisture from ERS Scatterometer and soil data(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {00344257 (ISSN)},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
number = {2},
pages = {191--207},
pmid = {201},
title = {{A method for estimating soil moisture from ERS Scatterometer and soil data}},
volume = {70},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Beven1981a,
abstract = {The analysis of Henderson and Wooding, 1964, is expanded in comparing simplified models of subsurface stormflow for the case of a sloping soil mantle in which the hydraulic conductivity is constant throughout. Reviewing studies both in the field and theoretical in nature, the process of subsurface stormflow apparently will be the dominant mode of hydrological response of a hillslope or catchment under the following conditions: soils of high permeability, whether inherent in the soil matrix or due to structural or biotic macropores; and a steep hydraulic gradient, whether due to the slope of hillslopes or to the buildup of groundwater mounds on shallow slopes. The magnitude and timing of the subsurface flow response will depend on the depth and hydraulic conditions of the unsaturated zone at the time of the storm. In this paper only the simplest possible conditions have been studied, with the unsaturated zone being neglected, and constant input to a soil of constant hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity throughout its depth being assumed. It has been shown using data from field and numerical studies of subsurface stormflow that the kinematic approximation may be appropriate for combinations of slope conditions and input rates of practical interest. (Baker-FRC)},
author = {Beven, Keith},
doi = {10.1029/WR017i005p01419},
isbn = {0043-1397},
issn = {19447973},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
number = {5},
pages = {1419--1424},
title = {{Kinematic subsurface stormflow}},
volume = {17},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Vannier2016,
abstract = {In this study, a regional distributed hydrological model is used to perform long-term and flash-flood event simulations, over the C{\'{e}}vennes–Vivarais region (south of France). The objective is to improve our understanding on the role played by geology on the hydrological processes of catchments during two past flash-flood events. This modelling work is based on Vannier et al. (“Regional estimation of catchment-scale soil properties by means of streamflow recession analysis for use in distributed hydrological models”, Hydrological Processes, 2014), where streamflow recessions are analysed to estimate the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of weathered rock layers, depending on the geological nature of catchments. Weathered rock layers are thus implemented into the hydrological model CVN-p, and the contribution of these layers is assessed during flash-flood events simulations as well as during inter-event periods. The model is used without any calibration, to test hypotheses on the active hydrological processes. The results point out two different hydrological behaviours, depending on the geology: on crystalline rocks (granite and gneiss), the addition of a weathered rock layer considerably improves the simulated discharges, during flash-flood events as well as during recession periods, and makes the model able to remarkably reproduce the observed streamflow dynamics. For other geologies (schists especially), the benefits are real, but not sufficient to properly simulate the observed streamflow dynamics. These results probably underline the existence of poorly known processes (flow paths, non-linear spilling process) associated with the planar structure of schisty rocks. On a methodological point of view, this study proposes a simple way to account for the additional storage associated with each geological entity, through the addition of a weathered porous rock layer situated below the traditionally-considered upper soil horizons, and shows its applicability and benefits for the simulation of flash flood events at the regional scale.},
author = {Vannier, Olivier and Anquetin, Sandrine and Braud, Isabelle},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.001},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/vannier2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Flash-floods,Geology,Hydrological modelling,Process understanding,Regional modelling},
pages = {158--172},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Investigating the role of geology in the hydrological response of Mediterranean catchments prone to flash-floods: Regional modelling study and process understanding}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.001},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Wagener2007,
abstract = {Approximately one-third of the Earth's land surface is located in arid or semi-arid regions, often in areas suffering severely from the negative impacts of desertification and population pressure. Reliable hydrological forecasts across spatial and temporal scales are crucial to achieve water security, i.e. protection from excess and lack of water, for people and ecosystems in these areas. At short temporal scales, flash floods are extremely dangerous hazards accounting, for example, for more than 80{\%} of all flood-related deaths in the USA. Forecasting of these floods requires a connected spatially-distributed hydro-meteorological modelling system which accounts for the specific meteorological and hydrological characteristics of semi-arid watersheds, e.g. summertime convective rainfall and channel transmission losses. The spatially highly heterogeneous nature of the precipitation and the non-linear response behaviour of the system demand the explicit accounting and propagation of uncertainties into the model predictions. This short paper presents the results of a multi-year study in which such a system was developed for flash-flood forecasting in the semi-arid southwestern USA. In particular, we discuss our effort to understand and estimate underlying uncertainties in such a modelling system. To achieve this we use the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation framework approach to uncertainty analysis, in combination with a variance-based global sensitivity analysis technique. The system was tested using gauge and radar estimates of rainfall for eight summertime convective thunderstorm events in the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed near Tombstone, Arizona. In general, the level of uncertainty found was very high and largely dominated by uncertainty in the radar rainfall estimates. Regarding the model parameters, uncertainties in the hillslope model parameter values had a greater impact on the predictions than the uncertainties in the channel parameters, at least for relatively small basins.$\backslash$n},
author = {Wagener, T and Gupta, H and Yatheendradas, S and Goodrich, D and Unkrich, C and Schaffner, M},
isbn = {9781901502091},
issn = {01447815},
journal = {IAHS Publication 313},
number = {July},
pages = {204--212},
title = {{Understanding sources of uncertainty in flash-flood forecasting for semi-arid regions.}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Balasch2011,
abstract = {Flash floods in the Ondara River have caused many fatalities and damages in the town of T{\`{a}}rrega in the last 400 yr. Unfortunately, no flow records are available. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} However, floods can sometimes be reconstructed thanks to available historical information: limnimarks, written accounts and archaeological surveys. Indeed, from these data and using the retromodelling method on three different scenarios to take into account morphology changes, the peak flows of the seven greatest floods occurred in T{\`{a}}rrega since the 17th century were estimated. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} The results showed that the heaviest flood's specific peak flow (10.7 m{\textless}sup{\textgreater}3{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} s{\textless}sup{\textgreater}−1{\textless}/sup{\textgreater} km{\textless}sup{\textgreater}{\&}minus;2{\textless}/sup{\textgreater}) ranks among the highest ever modelled or measured in similar-sized catchments in the Western Mediterranean region. The results pointed out, as well, that the changes in channel's morphology (mainly, the disappearance of a mediaeval bridge under sediment) caused by one of the floods increased the hydraulic capacity of a crucial cross-section. All this resulted in modest floods invading the town less often, but with much faster and, thus, more destructive flows. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} A preliminary estimation of the results' uncertainty was 4{\%} for great floods and 18{\%} for modest floods. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} The reconstructed peak flows will be introduced in a database for a future use in climatic and hydrological studies.},
author = {Balasch, J. C. and Ruiz-Bellet, J. L. and Tuset, J.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-11-3359-2011},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Balasch2011.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15618633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences},
number = {12},
pages = {3359--3371},
title = {{Historical flash floods retromodelling in the Ondara River in T??rrega (NE Iberian Peninsula)}},
volume = {11},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Tramblay2012b,
abstract = {In northern Morocco are located most of the dams and reservoirs of the country, while this region is affected by severe rainfall events causing floods. To improve the management of the water regulation structures, there is a need to develop rainfall-runoff models to both maximize the storage capacity and reduce the risks caused by floods. In this study, a model is developed to reproduce the flood events for a 655 km2 catchment located upstream of the 6th largest dam in Morocco. Constrained by data availability, a standard event-based model combining a SCS-CN (Soil Conservation Service Curve Number) loss model and a Clark unit hydrograph was developed for hourly discharge simulation using 16 flood events that occurred between 1984 and 2008. The model was found satisfactory to reproduce the runoff and the temporal evolution of floods, even with limited rainfall data. Several antecedent wetness conditions estimators for the catchment were compared with the initial condition of the model. Theses estimators include an antecedent discharge index, an antecedent precipitation index and a continuous daily soil moisture accounting model (SMA), based on precipitation and evapotranspiration. The SMA model performed the best to estimate the initial conditions of the event-based hydrological model (R2 Combining double low line 0.9). Its daily output has been compared with ASCAT and AMSR-E remote sensing data products, which were both able to reproduce with accuracy the daily simulated soil moisture dynamics at the catchment scale. This same approach could be implemented in other catchments of this region for operational purposes. The Results of this study suggest that remote sensing data are potentially useful to estimate the soil moisture conditions in the case of ungauged catchments in Northern Africa. {\textcopyright} 2012 Author(s).},
author = {Tramblay, Y. and Bouaicha, R. and Brocca, L. and Dorigo, W. and Bouvier, C. and Camici, S. and Servat, E.},
doi = {10.5194/hess-16-4375-2012},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tramblay et al. - 2012 - Estimation of antecedent wetness conditions for flood modelling in northern Morocco.pdf:pdf},
issn = {10275606},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
number = {11},
pages = {4375--4386},
title = {{Estimation of antecedent wetness conditions for flood modelling in northern Morocco}},
volume = {16},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Salek2006,
abstract = {Flash flood induced by severe convection is the hydrometeorological$\backslash$nphenomenon that is very difficult to forecast. However, the$\backslash$nimplementation of radar measurements, especially radar-based$\backslash$nQuantitative Precipitation Estimate (QPE) and/or radar-based$\backslash$nquantitative Precipitation Nowcast (QPN) can improve this situation. If$\backslash$nthe radar is able to capture the development of severe convection and$\backslash$ncan produce reasonably accurate QPE in short time intervals (e.g. 10$\backslash$nmin), then it can be used also with hydrological model.$\backslash$nA hydrological model named Hydrog was used for investigation of$\backslash$nsimulation and possible forecasts of two flash floods that took place in$\backslash$nthe Czech Republic in 2002 and 2003. The precipitation input consisted$\backslash$nof mean-field-bias-adjusted or original radar 10-min estimates along$\backslash$nwith quantitative precipitation nowcasts up to 2 h based on COTREC$\backslash$nmethod (extrapolation). Taking into account all the limited$\backslash$npredictability of the severe convection development and the errors of$\backslash$nthe radar-based precipitation estimates, the aim of the simulations was$\backslash$nto find out to what extend the hydrometeorological prediction system,$\backslash$nspecifically tuned for these events, was able to forecast a the flash$\backslash$nfloods. As assumed, the hydrometeorological simulations of the$\backslash$nstreamflow forecasts lagged behind the actual development but there is$\backslash$nstill some potential for successful warning, especially for areas where$\backslash$nthe flood hits lately.},
author = {{\v{S}}{\'{a}}lek, M. and Brezkov{\'{a}}, L. and Nov{\'{a}}k, P.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-6-229-2006},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/{\v{S}}{\'{a}}lek, Brezkov{\'{a}}, Nov{\'{a}}k - 2006 - The use of radar in hydrological modeling in the Czech Republic – case studies of flash floods.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1561-8633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
number = {2},
pages = {229--236},
title = {{The use of radar in hydrological modeling in the Czech Republic – case studies of flash floods}},
volume = {6},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Garambois2015,
abstract = {This contribution is one of the first studies about the regionalization of parameter sets for a rainfall-runoff model process-oriented and dedicated to flash floods. MARINE model performances are tested on a large database of 117 flash floods occurred during the last two decades in the French Mediterranean region. Given the scarcity of flash flood data, the dataset used in this study represents a large sample of hydrology and landscapes from Pyrenean, Mediterranean, C??vennes-Vivarais and Provence regions. Spatial proximity and similarity approaches with several combinations of descriptors are tested. Encouraging results are obtained with two similarity approaches based on physiographic descriptors with two and three donor catchments. There is only a small decrease of performance of 10{\%} from cal/val to regionalization for these two methods. For 13 catchments out of 16 there is at least one flood event simulated with rather good performance. This study highlights the importance of hydrological information that is available in calibration events for a gauged catchment and from donor catchment(s) for regionalization. Moreover it is found that regionalization is easier for catchments with an apparently more regular behaviour. The most sensitive parameter of MARINE model, C{\textless}inf{\textgreater}Z{\textless}/inf{\textgreater}, controlling soil volume and water balance, is rather well constrained by the two similarity approaches thanks to bedrock descriptors.},
author = {Garambois, P. A. and Roux, H. and Larnier, K. and Labat, D. and Dartus, D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.052},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/garambois2015 (1).pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Mediterranean flash floods,Parameter sets regionalization,Process-oriented distributed model},
pages = {383--399},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Parameter regionalization for a process-oriented distributed model dedicated to flash floods}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.052},
volume = {525},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Wu1995,
abstract = {A distributedp, hysicallyb aseds lopes tabilitym odel (dSLAM), basedo n an infinite slopem odel, a kinematicw ave groundwaterm odel, and a continuousc hange vegetation root strength model, is presented. It is integrated with a contour line-based topographica nalysisa nd a geographicin formations ystem( GIS) for spatiald ata extraction and display. The model can be run with either individual rainfall events or long-term sequenceosf storms.T hesei nputsc an be either actuals tormr ecordso r synthesized random events based on Monte Carlo simulation. The model is designed to analyze rapid, shallowl andslidesa nd the spatiald istributiono f safetyf actor (FS) in steep,f oresteda reas. It can investigateth e slopes tabilityp roblemi n both temporal and spatiald imensionsf,o r example,t he impacto f timber harvestingo n slopes tabilitye ither at a givent ime or througha n extendedm anagementp eriod, the probabilityo f landslideo ccurrencef or a given year, and the delivery of landslide sediments to headwater streams. The dSLAM model was applied in a steep, forested drainage of Cedar Creek in the Oregon Coast Ranges using actual spatial patterns of timber harvesting and measured rainfall during a major stormw hich triggeredw idespreadla ndslidesin that area in 1975. Simulatedv olume andn umbeor f failuresw ere7 33m 3 and4 , respectiveTlyh. esev aluesa greedc loselwy ith field measurementsf ollowing the 1975 storm. However, the effect of parameter uncertaintym ay complicatet his comparisonF. or example,w hen soil cohesionv alueso f 2.0 and 3.0 kPa were used, the failure volume changed by factors of 2.04 and 0.41, respectivelyc, omparedw ith the averagec onditiono f 2.5 kPa usedi n the simulation.F or soil depths 30{\%} higher and lower than the standard condition, the failure volume changed by factorso f 2.0 and 0.27, respectivelyW. hen maximumr oot cohesionc hangedf rom 12.5 kPa (average condition) to 10 kPa, the failure volume increased 1.73-fold; for the case of 15 kPa, the failure volume changed by a factor of 0.55. The simulated failures caused by the stormw ere mostlyi n hollows.T he simulationss howt hat the spatiald istributiono f FS is controlledm ainly by topographya nd timber-harvestingp atternsa nd is greatly affected by groundwaterf low patternsd uring major rainstorms.M ost areasw ith FS {\textless} 3.0 correspondedw ith the distributiono f blocksc lear-cuti n 1968, and all elementsw ith FS {\textless} 2.0 were in areas clear-cut in 1968. Areas with low FS (1.0-1.6) expanded dramatically during the rainstorm and decreased at a slow rate after the storm. Factors of safety in hollows declined sharply during the storm.},
author = {Wu, Weimin and Sidle, Roy C.},
doi = {10.1029/95WR01136},
issn = {1944-7973},
journal = {Water Resources},
number = {8},
pages = {2097--2110},
title = {{and Number Values Agreed Closely With}},
volume = {31},
year = {1995}
}
@book{Iii,
author = {Iii, Charles A Doswell and Ray, Peter S and Muench, H Stuart and Halloran, Kate O and Whalen, Leah K and Beardsley, Robert C and Orville, Richard E and Holton, James R and Stephens, Jesse J},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Severe Convective Storms.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9781878220417},
title = {{Severe Convective Storms}}
}
@article{Alfieri2011,
author = {Alfieri, L. and Velasco, D. and Thielen, J.},
doi = {10.5194/adgeo-29-69-2011},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Alfieri, Velasco, Thielen - 2011 - Flash flood detection through a multi-stage probabilistic warning system for heavy precipitation even.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1680-7359},
issn = {16807340},
journal = {Advances in Geosciences},
number = {1},
pages = {69--75},
title = {{Flash flood detection through a multi-stage probabilistic warning system for heavy precipitation events}},
volume = {29},
year = {2011}
}
@misc{Steiner1995,
abstract = {Abstract Three algorithms extract information on precipitation type, structure, and amount from operational radar and rain gauge data. Tests on one month of data from one site show that the algorithms perform accurately and provide products that characterize the essential features of the precipitation climatology. Input to the algorithms are the operationally executed volume scans of a radar and the data from a surrounding rain gauge network. The algorithms separate the radar echoes into convective and stratiform regions, statistically summarize the vertical structure of the radar echoes, and determine precipitation rates and amounts on high spatial resolution. The convective and stratiform regions are separated on the basis of the intensity and sharpness of the peaks of echo intensity. The peaks indicate the centers of the convective region. Precipitation not identified as convective is stratiform. This method avoids the problem of underestimating the stratiform precipitation. The separation criteria are...},
author = {Steiner, Matthias and Houze, Robert a. and Yuter, Sandra E.},
booktitle = {Journal of Applied Meteorology},
doi = {10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<1978:CCOTDS>2.0.CO;2},
file = {::},
isbn = {0894-8763},
issn = {0894-8763},
number = {9},
pages = {1978--2007},
title = {{Climatological Characterization of Three-Dimensional Storm Structure from Operational Radar and Rain Gauge Data}},
url = {papers3://publication/uuid/D11C9905-6CE2-40B5-8A93-5E5300EB3A6E},
volume = {34},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Gibson2010,
author = {Gibson, S.A. and Park, Hyuck Jin. and Fleming, M.J},
journal = {Watershed Management},
pages = {1340--1349},
title = {{Modeling Watershed and Riverine Sediment Processes with HEC-HMS and HEC-RAS}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Younis2008,
abstract = {In Mediterranean Europe, flash flooding is one of the most devastating hazards in terms of loss of human life and infrastructures. Over the last two decades, flash floods have caused damage costing a billion Euros in France alone. One of the problems of flash floods is that warning times are very short, leaving typically only a few hours for civil protection services to act. This study investigates if operationally available short-range numerical weather forecasts together with a rainfall-runoff model can be used for early indication of the occurrence of flash floods. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} One of the challenges in flash flood forecasting is that the watersheds are typically small, and good observational networks of both rainfall and discharge are rare. Therefore, hydrological models are difficult to calibrate and the simulated river discharges cannot always be compared with ground measurements. The lack of observations in most flash flood prone basins, therefore, necessitates the development of a method where the excess of the simulated discharge above a critical threshold can provide the forecaster with an indication of potential flood hazard in the area, with lead times of the order of weather forecasts. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} This study is focused on the C{\'{e}}vennes-Vivarais region in the Southeast of the Massif Central in France, a region known for devastating flash floods. This paper describes the main aspects of using numerical weather forecasting for flash flood forecasting, together with a threshold – exceedance. As a case study the severe flash flood event which took place on 8–9 September 2002 has been chosen. {\textless}br{\textgreater}{\textless}br{\textgreater} Short-range weather forecasts, from the Lokalmodell of the German national weather service, are used as input for the LISFLOOD model, a hybrid between a conceptual and physically based rainfall-runoff model. Results of the study indicate that high resolution operational weather forecasting combined with a rainfall-runoff model could be useful to determine flash floods more than 24 h in advance. },
author = {Younis, J. and Anquetin, S. and Thielen, J.},
doi = {10.5194/hessd-5-345-2008},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Younis, Anquetin, Thielen - 2008 - The benefit of high-resolution operational weather forecasts for flash flood warning(3).pdf:pdf},
issn = {1812-2116},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions},
number = {1},
pages = {345--377},
title = {{The benefit of high-resolution operational weather forecasts for flash flood warning}},
volume = {5},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Laudan2016,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Flash floods are caused by intense rainfall events and represent an insufficiently understood phenomenon in Germany. The understanding of damage caused by flash floods requires ex-post collection of relevant but yet sparsely available information for further research. Thus, on-site data collection was carried out after the flash flood event on 29 May 2016 in Braunsbach, Germany, using open source software as helpful and efficient tool for data acquisition and evaluation. The post-hoc analysis links process intensities to damage and reveals differences in damage driving factors of flash floods compared to riverine floods, indicating that also risk patterns vary among different flood types.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {Laudan, Jonas and R{\"{o}}zer, Viktor and Sieg, Tobias and Vogel, Kristin and Thieken, Annegret H.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-2016-387},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/jonas2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2195-9269},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions},
number = {December},
pages = {1--12},
title = {{Brief communication: On-site data collection of damage caused by flash floods: Experiences from Braunsbach, Germany, in May/June 2016}},
url = {http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/nhess-2016-387/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Gaume2009a,
abstract = {Flash floods are one of the most significant natural hazards in Europe, causing serious risk to life and destruction of buildings and infrastructure. This type of flood, often affecting ungauged watersheds, remains nevertheless a poorly documented phenomenon. To address the gap in available information, and particularly to assess the possible ranges for peak discharges on watersheds with area smaller than 500 km2 and to describe the geography of the hazard across Europe, an intensive data compilation has been carried out for seven European hydrometeorological regions. This inventory is the first step towards an atlas of extreme flash floods in Europe. It contains over 550 documented events. This paper aims at presenting the data compilation strategy, the content of the elaborated data base and some preliminary data analysis results. The initial observations show that the most extreme flash floods are greater in magnitude in the Mediterranean countries than in the inner continental countries and that there is a strong seasonality to flash flood occurrence revealing different climatic forcing mechanisms in each region. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Gaume, Eric and Bain, Valerie and Bernardara, Pietro and Newinger, Olivier and Barbuc, Mihai and Bateman, Allen and Bla??kovi??ov??, Lotta and Bl??schl, G??nter and Borga, Marco and Dumitrescu, Alexandru and Daliakopoulos, Ioannis and Garcia, Joachim and Irimescu, Anisoara and Kohnova, Silvia and Koutroulis, Aristeidis and Marchi, Lorenzo and Matreata, Simona and Medina, Vicente and Preciso, Emanuele and Sempere-Torres, Daniel and Stancalie, Gheorghe and Szolgay, Jan and Tsanis, Ioannis and Velasco, David and Viglione, Alberto},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.028},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Atlas,Database,Extremes,Flash flood,Floods,Regional analysis},
number = {1-2},
pages = {70--78},
title = {{A compilation of data on European flash floods}},
volume = {367},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Dhakal2004,
abstract = {A physically based distributed slope stability model is described that utilizes a combined surface–subsurface kinematic wave module to assess groundwater fluctuations related to slope stability. A total of 82 major rainstorms from 1972 to 1990 in Carnation Creek, British Columbia, were examined to determine the influence of different characteristics of rainstorms (such as mean and maximum hourly intensity, duration, and rainfall amount) on the slope stability. These rainstorms vary in mean intensity from 1{\textperiodcentered}6 to 11{\textperiodcentered}2 mm h−1, storm duration from 11 to 93 h, and maximum hourly intensity from 3{\textperiodcentered}4 to 35 mm h−1. Four synthetic ‘uniform intensity' rainstorms were also tested against real storms to assess the effect of short-term hourly rainfall intensity peaks on landslide occurrence. Altogether, 602 simulations were conducted. The combined influence of mean and maximum hourly intensity, duration, and total rainfall amount of rainstorms were important in generating landslides. The temporal distribution of short-term intensity also influenced the landslide occurrence. When saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil was lowered or soil depth was raised, most rainstorms produced larger numbers of landslides. For the most part, actual rainstorms produced less stable conditions than their synthetic ‘uniform intensity' counterparts. For all landslide-producing storms, slope failure usually occurred after some threshold of cumulative rainfall and maximum hourly rainfall intensity. These simulations provide insights into the distributed behaviour of landslide occurrence during large rainstorms with varying characteristics. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2004 John Wiley {\&} Sons, Ltd.},
author = {Dhakal, Amod S. and Sidle, Roy C.},
doi = {10.1002/hyp.1365},
isbn = {0885-6087},
issn = {08856087},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
keywords = {Groundwater,Hydraulic conductivity,Modelling,Rainstorms,Safety factor,Short-term rainfall intensity,Slope stability,Soil depth},
number = {4},
pages = {757--776},
title = {{Distributed simulations of landslides for different rainfall conditions}},
volume = {18},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Adamovic2016,
abstract = {Flash floods represent one of the most destructive natural hazards in the Mediterranean region. These floods result from very intense and spatially heterogeneous rainfall events. Distributed hydrological models are valuable tools to study these phenomena and increase our knowledge on the main processes governing the generation and propagation of floods over large spatial scales. They are generally built using a bottom???up approach that generalizes small-physics representations of processes. However, top???down or data-driven approach is increasingly shown to provide also valuable knowledge. A simplified semi-distributed continuous hydrological model, named SIMPLEFLOOD, was developed, based on the simple dynamical system approach (SDSA) proposed by Kirchner (WRR, 2009, 45, W02429), and applied to the Ard??che catchment in France (2388 km2). This data-driven method assumes that discharge at the outlet of a given catchment can be expressed as a function only of catchment storage. It leads to a 3-parameter nonlinear model according to rainfall and runoff observations. This model was distributed over sub-catchments and coupled with a kinematic wave based flow propagation module. The parameters were estimated by discharge recession analyses at several gauged stations. Parameter regionalization was conducted using a Factorial Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) and Hierarchical Classification on Principal Component (HCPC) in order to find relationships between the SDSA approach and catchments characteristics. Geology was found to be the main predictor of hydrological response variability and model parameters were regionalized according to the dominant geology. The SIMPLEFLOOD model was applied for a 12-year continuous simulation over the Ard??che catchment. Four flash flood events were also selected for further analysis. The simulated hydrographs were compared with the observations at 11 gauging stations with catchment size ranging from 17 to 2300 km2. The results show a good performance of the model for the continuous and flash flood events occurring under wet conditions, whereas the model underestimates discharge for events occurring after a long dry period. The simple modeling approach provided interesting insight into the Ard??che catchment functioning and offers perspective for a better simulation of flash floods, mainly under wet conditions.},
author = {Adamovic, M. and Branger, F. and Braud, I. and Kralisch, S.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.032},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/adamovic2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Data-driven distributed hydrological model,Flash floods,Mediterranean region,Simple dynamical systems approach},
pages = {173--189},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Development of a data-driven semi-distributed hydrological model for regional scale catchments prone to Mediterranean flash floods}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.032},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Hewlett1961,
abstract = {Cover title; "October 1961."; Includes bibliographical references (p. 11)},
author = {Hewlett, John D},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hewlett - 1961 - Soil moisture as a source of base flow from steep mountain watersheds(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {132},
journal = {U.S. Department of Agriculture - Forest Service},
number = {132},
pages = {1--12},
title = {{Soil moisture as a source of base flow from steep mountain watersheds}},
url = {http://file//localhost(null){\%}5Cnpapers3://publication/uuid/93835BA5-8E45-49FB-A3A8-2695D114542F{\%}5Cnpapers3://publication/uuid/1A4E1385-19E3-48CD-998C-78863C3F0B7E{\%}5Cnpapers3://publication/uuid/416B2A13-7EF7-4E1D-B9C3-875D7C3BD172},
year = {1961}
}
@article{Braud2016a,
author = {Braud, Isabelle and Borga, Marco and Gourley, Jonathan and H{\"{u}}rlimann, Marcel and Zappa, Massimiliano and Gallart, Francesc},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.005},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
pages = {1--5},
title = {{Flash floods, hydro-geomorphic response and risk management}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.005},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Camarasa-Belmonte2016,
abstract = {Ephemeral streams are typical Mediterranean fluvial systems with high risk of flash flooding, and few data are available about these systems in most locales. However, the SAIH network (Automatic Hydrological Information Systems) of the Jucar River Water Authority has been providing detailed information about ephemeral streams in Spain every 5min since 1988. Using these data, we evaluated the processes of rainfall-runoff conversion and flood generation in five Mediterranean ephemeral streams ranging in size from 25 to 450km2. To provide a general framework for hydrological analysis, the study included 142 flash flood events registered between 1989 and 2007. A more detailed analysis was conducted for the Carraixet Basin under the dry antecedent moisture condition (AMC I) to evaluate the influence of rainfall on the basin's response. A simple index called Momentum of Maximum Intensity (MMI) was developed to describe the influence of rainfall intensity on hydrograph. Correlations between the main indicators of precipitation and flow also were assessed. Results showed that flash floods were generally generated by average accumulated rainfall of around 100mm at high intensities that could exceed 300mm/h. Initial abstractions and average water losses during the rainfall-runoff conversion processes were very important (runoff coefficients of 6{\%} and runoff thresholds of 62mm). No correlation was found between initial abstractions (Ia ) calculated from the basin characteristics and runoff thresholds (P 0) empirically obtained, which create some doubts about the validity of Ia method for predicting floods in ephemeral streams. Accumulated rainfall was very important for flood volume, peak flow and water balance indicators, whereas intensity indicators were more related to the response times of the basins. Rainfall intensity variables influenced lag time. Accumulated rainfall, in combination with high reduced mean intensity and low persistence, were a good predictor for high peak flow. Finally, the analysis revealed two types of events. The first type, typical of summer and early autumn, consists of fast events characterized by intense rainfall concentrated at the beginning of the storm and high values of persistence and irregularity. The basin responds quickly and generates hydrographs that resemble the pattern of rain. The second type, representative of winter and spring, corresponds to less intense events. Although they accumulate more rain, maximum intensities are lower and occur at the end of the episode. The response of the basin is late, and hydrographs are quite different from hyetographs and very influenced by the basin.},
author = {Camarasa-Belmonte, Ana M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.019},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/camarasabelmonte2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Ephemeral streams,Event,Flash flood,Mediterranean,Rainfall intensity,Semi-arid},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Flash floods in Mediterranean ephemeral streams in Valencia Region (Spain)}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.019},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Arnold1999,
abstract = {To quantify and model the natural ground water recharge process, six sites located in the midwest and eastern United States where previous water balance observations had been made were compared to computerized techniques to estimate: (1) base flow and (2) ground water recharge. Results from an existing automated digital filter technique for separating baseflow from daily streamflow records were compared to baseflow estimates made in the six water balance studies. Previous validation of automated baseflow separation techniques consisted only of comparisons with manual techniques. In this study, the automated digital filter technique was found to compare well with measured field estimates yielding a monthly coefficient of determination of 0.86. The recharge algorithm developed in this study is an automated derivation of the Rorabaugh hydrograph recession curve displacement method that utilizes daily streamflow. Comparison of annual recharge from field water balance measurements to those computed with the automated recession curve displacement method had coefficients of determination of 0.76 and predictive efficiencies of 71 percent. Monthly estimates showed more variation and are not advocated for use with this method. These techniques appear to be fast, reproducible methods for estimating baseflow and annual recharge and should be useful in regional modeling efforts and as a quick check on mass balance techniques for shallow water table aquifers.},
author = {Arnold, J. G. and Allen, P. M.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03599.x},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Arnold, Allen - 1999 - Automated methods for estimating baseflow and ground water recharge from streamflow records(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1752-1688},
issn = {1093-474X},
journal = {Journal of the American Water Resources Association},
keywords = {AFRICA,BALANCE,BASIN,FLOW,MODEL,RUNOFF,base flow filter,ground water recharge,hydrograph recession analysis,shallow aquifer,water balance},
number = {2},
pages = {411--424},
title = {{Automated methods for estimating baseflow and ground water recharge from streamflow records}},
url = {http://apps.webofknowledge.com.globalproxy.cvt.dk/full{\_}record.do?product=UA{\&}search{\_}mode=GeneralSearch{\&}qid=1{\&}SID=P1l3dUUc5VIxvyNHaRq{\&}page=1{\&}doc=1{\%}5Cnhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03599.x},
volume = {35},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Ruiz-Villanueva2013a,
abstract = {One of the main problems of flood hazard assessment in ungauged or poorly gauged basins is the lack of runoff data. In an attempt to overcome this problem we have combined archival records, dendrogeomorphic time series and instrumental data (daily rainfall and discharge) from four ungauged and poorly gauged mountain basins in Central Spain with the aim of reconstructing and compiling information on 41 flash flood events since the end of the 19th century. Estimation of historical discharge and the incorporation of uncertainty for the at-site and regional flood frequency analysis were performed with an empirical rainfall-runoff assessment as well as stochastic and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approaches. Results for each of the ungauged basins include flood frequency, severity, seasonality and triggers (synoptic meteorological situations). The reconstructed data series clearly demonstrates how uncertainty can be reduced by including historical information, but also points to the considerable influence of different approaches on quantile estimation. This uncertainty should be taken into account when these data are used for flood risk management. {\textcopyright} 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Ruiz-Villanueva, V. and D{\'{i}}ez-Herrero, A. and Bodoque, J. M. and {Ballesteros C{\'{a}}novas}, J. A. and Stoffel, M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2013.06.015},
isbn = {0341-8162},
issn = {03418162},
journal = {Catena},
keywords = {Dendrogeomorphology,Flood frequency analysis,Historical floods,Palaeohydrology,Ungauged basins},
pages = {32--43},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Characterisation of flash floods in small ungauged mountain basins of Central Spain using an integrated approach}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.06.015},
volume = {110},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Garambois2013,
author = {Garambois, P. a. and Roux, H. and Larnier, K. and Castaings, W. and Dartus, D.},
doi = {10.5194/hess-17-2305-2013},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Garambois et al. - 2013 - Characterization of process-oriented hydrologic model behavior with temporal sensitivity analysis for flash fl.pdf:pdf},
issn = {10275606},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
number = {6},
pages = {2305--2322},
title = {{Characterization of process-oriented hydrologic model behavior with temporal sensitivity analysis for flash floods in Mediterranean catchments}},
volume = {17},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Velez2001,
author = {V{\'{e}}lez, J.I},
journal = {Tesis doctoral - Universidad Polit{\'{e}}cnica de Valencia},
pages = {266},
title = {{Desarrollo de un modelo hidrol{\'{o}}gico conceptual y distribuido orientado a la simulaci{\'{o}}n de crecidas}},
year = {2001}
}
@misc{Steiner1995a,
abstract = {Abstract Three algorithms extract information on precipitation type, structure, and amount from operational radar and rain gauge data. Tests on one month of data from one site show that the algorithms perform accurately and provide products that characterize the essential features of the precipitation climatology. Input to the algorithms are the operationally executed volume scans of a radar and the data from a surrounding rain gauge network. The algorithms separate the radar echoes into convective and stratiform regions, statistically summarize the vertical structure of the radar echoes, and determine precipitation rates and amounts on high spatial resolution. The convective and stratiform regions are separated on the basis of the intensity and sharpness of the peaks of echo intensity. The peaks indicate the centers of the convective region. Precipitation not identified as convective is stratiform. This method avoids the problem of underestimating the stratiform precipitation. The separation criteria are...},
author = {Steiner, Matthias and Houze, Robert A. and Yuter, Sandra E.},
booktitle = {Journal of Applied Meteorology},
doi = {10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<1978:CCOTDS>2.0.CO;2},
file = {::},
isbn = {0894-8763},
issn = {0894-8763},
number = {9},
pages = {1978--2007},
title = {{Climatological Characterization of Three-Dimensional Storm Structure from Operational Radar and Rain Gauge Data}},
url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450{\%}281995{\%}29034{\%}3C1978{\%}3ACCOTDS{\%}3E2.0.CO{\%}3B2},
volume = {34},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Kirkby1967a,
abstract = {If overland flow is mainly restricted to zones of these four types, then the areal extent of terrain subjected to surface erosion by running water is much smaller than Horton supposed, and large portions of soil-covered hillsides must be presumed to have been moulded mainly by ...},
author = {Kirkby, M. J. and Chorley, R. J.},
doi = {10.1080/02626666709493533},
isbn = {0020-6024},
issn = {00206024},
journal = {International Association of Scientific Hydrology. Bulletin},
number = {3},
pages = {5--21},
title = {{Throughflow, overland flow and erosion}},
volume = {12},
year = {1967}
}
@article{Garrote2016,
abstract = {The village of Pajares de Pedraza (Segovia, Spain) is located in the floodplain of the Cega River, a left bank tributary of the Douro River. Repeated flash flood events occur in this small village because of its upstream catchment area, mountainous character and impermeable lithology, which reduce concentration time to just a few hours. River overbank flow has frequently caused flooding and property damage to homes and rural properties, most notably in 1927, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2013 and 2014. Consequently, a detailed analysis was carried out to quantify the economic risk of flash floods in peri-urban and rural areas. Magnitudes and exceedance probabilities were obtained from a flood frequency analysis of maximum discharges. To determine the extent and characteristics of the flooded area, we performed 2D hydraulic modeling (Iber 2.0 software) based on LIDAR (1 m) topography and considering three different scenarios associated with the initial construction (1997) and subsequent extension (2013) of a linear defense structure (rockfill dike or levee) to protect the population. Specific stage???damage functions were expressly developed using in situ data collection for exposed elements, with special emphasis on urban-type categories. The average number of elements and their unit value were established. The relationship between water depth and the height at which electric outlets, furniture, household goods, etc. were located was analyzed; due to its effect on the form of the function. Other nonspecific magnitude???damage functions were used in order to compare both economic estimates. The results indicate that the use of non-specific magnitude???damage functions leads to a significant overestimation of economic losses, partly linked to the use of general economic cost data. Furthermore, a detailed classification and financial assessment of exposed assets is the most important step to ensure a correct estimate of financial losses. In both cases, this should include a consideration of the socio-economic and cultural conditions prevailing in the area, as well as the types of flood that affect it.},
author = {Garrote, J. and Alvarenga, F. M. and D??ez-Herrero, A.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.006},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/garrote2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {2D hydraulic models,Direct economic losses,Flash floods,Magnitude???damage functions,Mountain villages,Natural hazards},
pages = {611--625},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Quantification of flash flood economic risk using ultra-detailed stage???damage functions and 2-D hydraulic models}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.006},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Fragoso2012,
author = {Fragoso, M. and Trigo, R. M. and Pinto, J. G. and Lopes, S. and Lopes, a. and Ulbrich, S. and Magro, C.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-12-715-2012},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fragoso et al. - 2012 - The 20 February 2010 Madeira flash-floods Synoptic analysis and extreme rainfall assessment.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15618633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
number = {3},
pages = {715--730},
title = {{The 20 February 2010 Madeira flash-floods: Synoptic analysis and extreme rainfall assessment}},
volume = {12},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Johnson2017,
author = {Johnson, E. D. and Cowen, E. A.},
doi = {10.1002/2017WR020504},
issn = {19447973},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
keywords = {Open channel flow,Power law,Remote sensing,Velocity index},
pages = {1--21},
title = {{Remote determination of the velocity index and mean streamwise velocity profiles}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Aristizabal2016,
abstract = {Landslides are a main cause of human and economic losses worldwide. For this reason, landslide hazard assessment and the capacity to predict this phenomenon have been topics of great interest within the scientific community for the implementation of early warning systems. Although several models have been proposed to forecast shallow landslides triggered by rainfall, few models have incorporated geotechnical factors into a complete hydrological model of a basin that can simulate the storage and movement of rainwater through the soil profile. These basin and full hydrological models have adopted a physically based approach. This paper develops a conceptual and physically based model called open and distributed hydrological simulation and landslides—SHIA{\_}Landslide (Simulaci{\'{o}}n HIdrol{\'{o}}gica Abierta, or SHIA, in Spanish)—that is supported by geotechnical and hydrological features occurring on a basin-wide scale in tropical and mountainous terrains. SHIA{\_}Landslide is an original and significant contribution that offers a new perspective with which to analyse shallow landslide processes by incorporating a comprehensive distributed hydrological tank model that includes water storage in the soil coupled with a classical analysis of infinite slope stability under saturated conditions. SHIA{\_}Landslide can be distinguished by the following: (i) its capacity to capture surface topography and effects concerning the subsurface flow; (ii) its use of digital terrain model (DTM) to establish the relationships among cells, geomorphological parameters, slope angle, direction, etc.; (iii) its continuous simulation of rainfall data over long periods and event simulations of specific storms; (iv) its consideration of the effects of horizontal and vertical flow; and (vi) its inclusion of a hydrologically complete water process that allows for hydrological calibration. SHIA{\_}Landslide can be combined with real-time rainfall data and implemented in early warning systems.},
author = {Aristiz{\'{a}}bal, Edier and V{\'{e}}lez, Jaime Ignacio and Mart{\'{i}}nez, Hern{\'{a}}n Eduardo and Jaboyedoff, Michel},
doi = {10.1007/s10346-015-0580-7},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Aristiz{\'{a}}bal et al. - 2016 - SHIA{\_}Landslide a distributed conceptual and physically based model to forecast the temporal and spatial (3).pdf:pdf},
issn = {16125118},
journal = {Landslides},
keywords = {Landslides,Physical model,Rainfall,Tropical environments},
number = {3},
pages = {497--517},
title = {{SHIA{\_}Landslide: a distributed conceptual and physically based model to forecast the temporal and spatial occurrence of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall in tropical and mountainous basins}},
volume = {13},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Beven2007,
abstract = {Developing integrated environmental models of everywhere such as are demanded by the requirements of, for example, implementing the Water Framework Directive in Europe, is constrained by the limitations of current understanding and data availability. The possibility of such models raises questions about system design requirements to allow modelling as a learning and data assimilation process in the representation of places, which might well be treated as active objects in such a system. Uncertainty in model predictions not only poses issues about the value of different types of data in characterising places and constraining predictive uncertainty but also about how best to present the pedigree of such uncertain predictions to users and decision-makers.},
author = {Beven, K.},
doi = {10.5194/hess-11-460-2007},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Beven2007.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1027-5606},
issn = {1607-7938},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
keywords = {characterising places,hydroecological models,hydrological models,prediction uncertainty},
number = {1},
pages = {460--467},
title = {{Towards integrated environmental models of everywhere: uncertainty, data and modelling as a learning process}},
url = {http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/460/2007/{\%}5Cnhttps://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00305631/},
volume = {11},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Bonell2006,
abstract = {Programmes to promote water-related research are expanding rapidly around the globe. Whereas many have unique mission and objectives, several share common and overlapping goals and have areas of potential intersection. Identifying overlap between initia- tives allows recognition of potential linkages and areas where the programmes complement each other. This allows each programme to retain its focus while ensuring that the combined programmes cover all the important issues concerning sustainable drainage-basin man- agement. The objective of this commentary is to describe the areas of intersection between three international water research efforts and to explore synergies between them. We start by describing the evolution of the two UNESCO activities (FRIEND and HELP) and the new initiative of the International Association of Hydrologi- cal Sciences (IAHS) called PUB. We then explore possible areas of intersection among FRIEND, HELP and PUB and list the hitherto unrealized opportunities for research that would add value to each programme and, consequently, hydrological sciences and integrated drainage-basin management. We end by defining tangible activities that can be accomplished in the next 1–5 years.},
author = {Bonell, Mike and McDonnell, Jeffrey J. and Scatena, F. N. and Seibert, Jan and Uhlenbrook, Stefan and van Lanen, Henny A J},
doi = {10.1002/hyp.6196},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/bonell2006.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0885-6087},
issn = {08856087},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
number = {8},
pages = {1867--1874},
title = {{HELPing FRIENDs in PUBs: Charting a course for synergies within international water research programmes in gauged and ungauged basins}},
volume = {20},
year = {2006}
}

@article{Duan2006,
author = {Duan, Q. and Schaake, J. and Andreassian, V. and Franks, S. and Goteti, G. and Gupta, H.V. and Gusev, Y.M. and Habets, F. and Hall, a. and Hay, L. and Hogue, T. and Huang, M. and Leavesley, G. and Liang, X. and Nasonova, O.N. and Noilhan, J. and Oudin, L. and Sorooshian, S. and Wagener, T. and Wood, E.F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.031},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
month = {mar},
number = {1-2},
pages = {3--17},
title = {{Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX): An overview of science strategy and major results from the second and third workshops}},
volume = {320},
year = {2006}
}

@misc{Steiner1995,
abstract = {Abstract Three algorithms extract information on precipitation type, structure, and amount from operational radar and rain gauge data. Tests on one month of data from one site show that the algorithms perform accurately and provide products that characterize the essential features of the precipitation climatology. Input to the algorithms are the operationally executed volume scans of a radar and the data from a surrounding rain gauge network. The algorithms separate the radar echoes into convective and stratiform regions, statistically summarize the vertical structure of the radar echoes, and determine precipitation rates and amounts on high spatial resolution. The convective and stratiform regions are separated on the basis of the intensity and sharpness of the peaks of echo intensity. The peaks indicate the centers of the convective region. Precipitation not identified as convective is stratiform. This method avoids the problem of underestimating the stratiform precipitation. The separation criteria are...},
author = {Steiner, Matthias and Houze, Robert A. and Yuter, Sandra E.},
booktitle = {Journal of Applied Meteorology},
doi = {10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<1978:CCOTDS>2.0.CO;2},
file = {::},
isbn = {0894-8763},
issn = {0894-8763},
number = {9},
pages = {1978--2007},
title = {{Climatological Characterization of Three-Dimensional Storm Structure from Operational Radar and Rain Gauge Data}},
url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034{\%}3C1978:CCOTDS{\%}3E2.0.CO;2},
volume = {34},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Klaus2013,
abstract = {The separation of storm hydrographs using stable isotope tracers dates back to the late 1960s. These studies ushered in a paradigm shift in how hydrologists conceptualized runoff generation as most showed a large preponderance of pre-event water in the storm hydrograph, even at peak flow. This forced a fundamental re-examination of the processes of water delivery to streams during rainfall and snowmelt events. Whilst the simplicity of the two-component hydrograph separation was a powerful tool for showing the importance of stored water effusion, the assumptions implicit in the two-component model have now become limiting for further advancement of the approach. Here we review the use of stable isotopes for hydrograph separation with particular reference to studies completed since the last comprehensive review of the subject in 1994. We review critically the contributions to new field knowledge gained by isotope hydrograph separation applications. We focus specifically on the current issues regarding the limitations of the two-component approach. We examine the role of soil water as a contributor to channel stormflow and the issues raised by differences in the soil water and groundwater signatures at the watershed scale. Finally, we offer ideas on how to overcome the limitations of the two-component approach and present a vision for future directions for isotope based hydrograph separation. These future directions are focused on high frequency analysis of rainfall-runoff structures and dual isotope analysis of catchment end-members including comparison of lysimeter-based soil water sampling of mobile soil water versus cryogenic and vapor-based analysis of tightly bound water. ?? 2013 .},
author = {Klaus, J. and McDonnell, J. J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.09.006},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Klaus, McDonnell - 2013 - Hydrograph separation using stable isotopes Review and evaluation(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Hydrograph separation,Isotopes,Runoff generation},
pages = {47--64},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Hydrograph separation using stable isotopes: Review and evaluation}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.09.006},
volume = {505},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Houze2015,
abstract = {... Article first published online: 27 AUG 2014. DOI: 10.1002 / 2014RG000464 . {\textcopyright}2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Issue. Reviews of Geophysics. ... Geophys., 52, 522–555, doi: 10.1002 / 2014RG000464 . Author Information. 1 ... $\backslash$n},
author = {Houze, Robert A. and Rasmussen, Kristen L. and Zuluaga, Manuel D. and Brodzik, Stella R.},
doi = {10.1002/2015RG000488},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Houze2016.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {8755-1209},
issn = {19449208},
journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
keywords = {TRMM,convection,global convection,stratiform precipitation,tropical convection,variability of convection},
number = {3},
pages = {994--1021},
title = {{The variable nature of convection in the tropics and subtropics: A legacy of 16 years of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite}},
volume = {53},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Peterson2009,
abstract = {In this paper we tackle the problem of connecting low-level Fortran programs to high-level Python programs. The difficulties of mixed language programming between Fortran and C are resolved in an almost compiler and platform independent way. We provide a polished software tool F2PY that can (semi-)automatically build interfaces between the Python and Fortran languages and hence almost completely hide the difficulties from the target user: a research scientist who develops a computer model using a high-performance scripting approach.},
author = {Peterson, Pearu},
doi = {10.1504/IJCSE.2009.029165},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/peterson2009.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1742-7185},
journal = {International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering},
keywords = {2009,296,305,4,a tool for,code generation,computational science and engineering,connecting fortran and python,f2py,follows,fortran,high-performance scripting,int,j,no,p,peterson,pp,programs,python,reference to this paper,should be made as,vol},
number = {4},
pages = {296},
title = {{F2PY: a tool for connecting Fortran and Python programs}},
url = {http://www.inderscience.com/link.php?id=29165},
volume = {4},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Vannier2014,
abstract = {The estimation of catchment-scale soil properties, such as water storage capacity and hydraulic conductivity, is of primary interest for the implementation of distributed hydrological models at the regional scale. This estimation is generally performed on the basis of information provided by soil databases. However, such databases are often established for agronomic uses and generally do not document deep-weathered rock horizons (i.e. pedologic horizons of type C and deeper), which can play a major role in water transfer and storages. Here, we define the Drainable Storage Capacity Index (DSCI), an indicator that relies on the comparison between cumulated streamflow and precipitation to assess catchment-scale storage capacities. DSCI is found to be reliable to detect underestimation of soil storage capacities in soil databases. We also use the streamflow recession analysis methodology defined by Brutsaert and Nieber in 1977 to estimate water storage capacities and lateral saturated hydraulic conductivities of the nondocumented deep horizons. The analysis is applied to a sample of 23 catchments (0.2-291km(2)) located in the Cevennes-Vivarais region (south of France). For regionalization purposes, the obtained results are compared with the dominant catchment geology and present a clear hierarchy between the different geologies of the area. Hard crystalline rocks are found to be associated with the thickest and less conductive deep soil horizons. Schist rocks present intermediate values of thickness and of saturated hydraulic conductivity, whereas sedimentary rocks and alluvium are found to be less thick and most conductive. These results are of primary interest in view of the future set-up of distributed hydrological models over the Cevennes-Vivarais region. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley {\&} Sons, Ltd.},
author = {Vannier, Olivier and Braud, Isabelle and Anquetin, Sandrine},
doi = {10.1002/hyp.10101},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/vannier2013.pdf:pdf},
issn = {10991085},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
keywords = {Boussinesq equation,Deep soil horizons,Hydraulic soil properties,Regionalization,Soil databases,Storage capacity,Streamflow recession},
number = {26},
pages = {6276--6291},
title = {{Regional estimation of catchment-scale soil properties by means of streamflow recession analysis for use in distributed hydrological models}},
volume = {28},
year = {2014}
}
@book{Iiia,
author = {Iii, Charles A Doswell and Ray, Peter S and Muench, H Stuart and Halloran, Kate O and Whalen, Leah K and Beardsley, Robert C and Orville, Richard E and Holton, James R and Stephens, Jesse J},
isbn = {9781878220417},
title = {{Severe Convective Storms}}
}
@article{Ward2011,
abstract = {The availability of in situ measurements of precipitation in remote locations is limited. As a result, the use of satellite measurements of precipitation is attractive for water resources management. Combined precipitation products that rely partially or entirely on satellite measurements are becoming increasingly available. However, these products have several weaknesses, for example their failure to capture certain types of precipitation, limited accuracy and limited spatial and temporal resolution. This paper evaluates the usefulness of several commonly used precipitation products over data scarce, complex mountainous terrain from a water resources perspective. Spatially averaged precipitation time series were generated or obtained for 16 sub-basins of the Paute river basin in the Ecuadorian Andes and 13 sub-basins of the Baker river basin in Chilean Patagonia. Precipitation time series were generated using the European Centre for Medium Weather Range Forecasting (ECMWF) 40year reanalysis (ERA-40) and the subsequent ERA-interim products, and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis dataset 1 (NCEP R1) hindcast products, as well as precipitation estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN). The Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) 3B42 is also used for the Ecuadorian Andes. These datasets were compared to both spatially averaged gauged precipitation and river discharge. In general, the time series of the remotely sensed and hindcast products show a low correlation with locally observed precipitation data. Large biases are also observed between the different products. Hydrological verification based on river flows reveals that water balance errors can be extremely high for all evaluated products, including interpolated local data, in basins smaller than 1000km2. The observations are consistent over the two study regions despite very different climatic settings and hydrological processes, which is encouraging for extrapolation to other mountainous regions. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Ward, E. and Buytaert, W. and Peaver, L. and Wheater, H.},
doi = {10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.05.007},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Ward et al. - 2011 - Evaluation of precipitation products over complex mountainous terrain A water resources perspective(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0309-1708},
issn = {03091708},
journal = {Advances in Water Resources},
keywords = {Andes,NCEP,PERSIANN,Precipitation measurement,Remote sensing,TRMM},
number = {10},
pages = {1222--1231},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Evaluation of precipitation products over complex mountainous terrain: A water resources perspective}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.05.007},
volume = {34},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Norrstrom2017,
abstract = {ISSN: 0262-6667 (Print) 2150-3435 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/thsj20 Concentration and chemical species of iron in soils from groundwater/surface water ecotones ANN CATRINE NORRSTR{\"{O}}M To cite this article: ANN CATRINE NORRSTR{\"{O}}M (1995) Concentration and chemical species of iron in soils from groundwater/surface water},
author = {Norrstr{\"{o}}m, A. C.},
doi = {10.1080/02626669509491418},
isbn = {0262666960},
issn = {21503435},
journal = {Hydrological Sciences Journal},
number = {June 2012},
pages = {319--329},
title = {{Hydrological Sciences Journal}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=thsj20{\%}0Ahttp://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=thsj20},
volume = {403},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Frances2007c,
abstract = {Hydrological distributed models demand large amounts of data, information and parameters in order to accurately represent the spatial variability of the main hydrological processes and inputs. The parameter estimation is always a complex and expensive task which is often unaffordable and therefore hydrologists are frequently forced to disregard distributed modelling in favour of lumped or semidistributed models. To solve this situation, we propose in this paper to split the effective parameter at each cell in two components: the hydrological characteristic (at point scale and maintaining its physical meaning) and a correction factor (common for all cells and taking into account all modelling errors including the temporal and spatial scale effects). The new split-parameter structure adopted in our distributed model (called TETIS) is coupled with the SCE-UA automatic optimization method in order to obtain the set of optimal correction factors of the model, without loosing the spatial variability described by the a priori estimated hydrological characteristics. Automatic procedures can be easily adapted to the split-parameter structure because the number of variables to be calibrated is dramatically reduced from thousands of cell parameters to a small number of common correction factors (one for each parameter map). Also, the optimum initial values of the state variables can be obtained automatically. In order to show the advantages of the new structure a real application is performed in a case study in which the calibration and the spatial and spatial-temporal validation processes have been carried out. The results can be considered as being excellent and it is concluded that automatic calibration with the SCE-UA algorithm has been shown to be reliable and fast. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Franc{\'{e}}s, F{\'{e}}lix and V{\'{e}}lez, Jaime Ignacio and V{\'{e}}lez, Jorge Juli{\'{a}}n},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.06.032},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Frances2007.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Automatic calibration,Conceptual model,Distributed hydrological model,Rainfall-runoff modelling,Split-parameter structure,temporal and spatial scale effects},
number = {1-2},
pages = {226--240},
title = {{Split-parameter structure for the automatic calibration of distributed hydrological models}},
volume = {332},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Muntan2009a,
abstract = {A regional study of snow avalanche processes was undertaken in the SE Pyrenees. Dendrogeomorphology was used to date and reconstruct large-scale snow avalanche events that occurred in the last four decades. Dendrochronological analyses yielded the dates of nine winters when avalanches occurred in the recent past in six studied avalanche paths. Some of these avalanches were already known, but others had not been documented. In one case, the existing avalanche path map was improved with the dendrogeomorphological information of a larger past event. As a result of the dendrogeomorphological analyses, evidence for three regional-scale major avalanche years was identified in the SE Pyrenees from 1971 to 2004: 1971-1972, 1995-1996 and 2002-2003. The specific synoptic atmospheric situations and the most likely nivometeorological and snowpack conditions that released these major avalanches were determined using weather data for the seasons of major avalanche releases. In 1971-1972 the snow avalanche episode was characterized by a deep trough crossing the Pyrenees. In 1995-1996 a variety of meteorological situations produced several episodes of major avalanches. In 2002-2003 the more significant of two episodes was attributed to a north advection pumping an arctic air mass over the Pyrenees. The 1995-1996 avalanche season proved to be the most notable in the four past decades in the Pyrenees.},
author = {Munt{\'{a}}n, E. and Garc{\'{i}}a, C. and Oller, P. and Mart{\'{i}}, G. and Garc{\'{i}}a, A. and Guti{\'{e}}rrez, E.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-9-1599-2009},
isbn = {1561-8633},
issn = {1561-8633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
number = {5},
pages = {1599--1612},
title = {{Reconstructing snow avalanches in the Southeastern Pyrenees}},
volume = {9},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Muntan2009,
abstract = {A regional study of snow avalanche processes was undertaken in the SE Pyrenees. Dendrogeomorphology was used to date and reconstruct large-scale snow avalanche events that occurred in the last four decades. Dendrochronological analyses yielded the dates of nine winters when avalanches occurred in the recent past in six studied avalanche paths. Some of these avalanches were already known, but others had not been documented. In one case, the existing avalanche path map was improved with the dendrogeomorphological information of a larger past event. As a result of the dendrogeomorphological analyses, evidence for three regional-scale major avalanche years was identified in the SE Pyrenees from 1971 to 2004: 1971-1972, 1995-1996 and 2002-2003. The specific synoptic atmospheric situations and the most likely nivometeorological and snowpack conditions that released these major avalanches were determined using weather data for the seasons of major avalanche releases. In 1971-1972 the snow avalanche episode was characterized by a deep trough crossing the Pyrenees. In 1995-1996 a variety of meteorological situations produced several episodes of major avalanches. In 2002-2003 the more significant of two episodes was attributed to a north advection pumping an arctic air mass over the Pyrenees. The 1995-1996 avalanche season proved to be the most notable in the four past decades in the Pyrenees.},
author = {Munt{\'{a}}n, E. and Garc{\'{i}}a, C. and Oller, P. and Mart{\'{i}}, G. and Garc{\'{i}}a, A. and Guti{\'{e}}rrez, E.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-9-1599-2009},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Muntan2009.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1561-8633},
issn = {1561-8633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
number = {5},
pages = {1599--1612},
title = {{Reconstructing snow avalanches in the Southeastern Pyrenees}},
volume = {9},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Nikolopoulos2014,
abstract = {Estimation of rainfall intensity-duration thresholds, used for the identification of debris flow/landslide triggering rainfall events, has been traditionally based on raingauge observations. The main drawback of using information from gauges is that the measurement stations are usually located far away from the debris flow initiation areas. In complex terrain where debris flows take place, the spatial variability of rainfall can be very high and this translates in large uncertainty of raingauge-based estimates of debris flow triggering rainfall. This work focuses on the assessment of the impact of rainfall estimation uncertainty on identification and use of rainfall thresholds for debris flow occurrence. The Upper Adige River basin, Northern Italy, is the area of study. A detailed database of more than 400 identified debris flow initiation points during the period 2000-2010 and a raingauge network of 100 stations comprise the database used for this work. The methodology examines the intensity-duration thresholds derived from a set of raingauges that are assumed to be located at debris flow initiation points (DFRs) and an equivalent set of raingauges assumed to have the role of the closest (to debris flow) available measurement (MRs). A set of reference rainfall thresholds is used to identify the rainfall events at DFRs that "triggered" debris flows (i.e. exceed the threshold). For these same events, the corresponding rainfall thresholds are derived from MR observations. Comparison between the rainfall thresholds derived from DFRs and MRs revealed that uncertainty in rainfall estimation has a major impact on estimated intensity-duration thresholds. Specifically, the results showed that thresholds estimated from MR observations are consistently underestimated. Evaluation of the estimated thresholds for warning procedures showed that while detection is high, the main issue is the high false alarm ratio, which limits the overall accuracy of the procedure. Overall performance on debris flow prediction was shown to be good for low rainfall thresholds and poor for high rainfall thresholds examined. Lastly, it was found that filtering out rainfall events with duration {\textless}. 12. h may improve bias in estimated thresholds and performance for high rainfall thresholds. ?? 2014 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Nikolopoulos, Efthymios I. and Crema, Stefano and Marchi, Lorenzo and Marra, Francesco and Guzzetti, Fausto and Borga, Marco},
doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.06.015},
issn = {0169555X},
journal = {Geomorphology},
keywords = {Debris flow,Precipitation threshold,Rainfall estimation,Raingauge network design},
pages = {286--297},
title = {{Impact of uncertainty in rainfall estimation on the identification of rainfall thresholds for debris flow occurrence}},
volume = {221},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Wagner1999,
abstract = {The potential of using ERS Scatterometer data for soil moisture monitoring over the Ukraine is investigated. The ERS Scatterometer is a C-band radar with a spatial resolution of 50 km and a high temporal sampling rate. An algorithm for estimating the surface soil moisture content is applied to 6 years of data. A qualitative comparison with meteorological observations and auxiliary information indicates that good-quality surface wetness values can be determined. A simple method is developed to relate the surface estimates with the profile soil moisture content. This model requires as input the remotely sensed radar data and soil data encompassing wilting level, field capacity, and porosity. The method was validated with an extensive data set of gravimetric soil moisture measurements in the 0-20 cm and 0-100 cm layers from the agrometeorological network in the Ukraine. It is found that the ERS Scatterometer data can be used to distinguish about five soil moisture levels with good confidence.},
author = {Wagner, Wolfgang and Lemoine, Guido and Rott, Helmut},
doi = {10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00036-X},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Wagner, Lemoine, Rott - 1999 - A method for estimating soil moisture from ERS Scatterometer and soil data(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {00344257 (ISSN)},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
number = {2},
pages = {191--207},
pmid = {201},
title = {{A method for estimating soil moisture from ERS Scatterometer and soil data}},
volume = {70},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Abrahart2007,
abstract = {Two recent studies have suggested that neural net- work modelling offers no worthwhile improvements in com- parison to the application of weighted linear transfer func- tions for capturing the non-linear nature of hydrological re- lationships. The potential of an artificial neural network to perform simple non-linear hydrological transformations un- der controlled conditions is examined in this paper. Eight neural network models were developed: four full or partial emulations of a recognised non-linear hydrological rainfall- runoff model; four solutions developed on an identical set of inputs and a calculated runoff coefficient output. The use of different input combinations enabled the competencies of solutions developed on a reduced number of parameters to be assessed. The selected hydrological model had a limited number of inputs and contained no temporal component. The modelling process was based on a set of random inputs that had a uniform distribution and spanned a modest range of possibilities. The initial cloning operations permitted a direct comparison to be performed with the equation-based rela- tionship. It also provided more general information about the power of a neural network to replicate mathematical equa- tions and model modest non-linear relationships. The sec- ond group of experiments explored a different relationship that is of hydrological interest; the target surface contained a stronger set of non-linear properties and was more challeng- ing. Linear modelling comparisons were performed against traditional least squares multiple linear regression solutions developed on identical datasets. The reported results demon- strate that neural networks are capable of modelling non- linear hydrological processes and are therefore appropriate tools for hydrological modelling},
author = {Abrahart, R. J. and See, L. M.},
doi = {10.5194/hess-11-1563-2007},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Abrahart, See - 2007 - Neural network modelling of non-linear hydrological relationships.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {10275606 (ISSN)},
issn = {1607-7938},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
number = {5},
pages = {1563--1579},
title = {{Neural network modelling of non-linear hydrological relationships}},
volume = {11},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Fragoso2012,
author = {Fragoso, M. and Trigo, R. M. and Pinto, J. G. and Lopes, S. and Lopes, a. and Ulbrich, S. and Magro, C.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-12-715-2012},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Fragoso et al. - 2012 - The 20 February 2010 Madeira flash-floods Synoptic analysis and extreme rainfall assessment.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15618633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
number = {3},
pages = {715--730},
title = {{The 20 February 2010 Madeira flash-floods: Synoptic analysis and extreme rainfall assessment}},
volume = {12},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Clark2009,
abstract = {This document is both a tutorial and a reference on shell scripting with Bash. It assumes no previous knowledge of scripting or programming, but progresses rapidly toward an intermediate/advanced level of instruction. The exercises and heavily-commented examples invite active reader participation. Still, it is a work in progress. The intention is to add much supplementary material in future updates to this HOWTO, so that it will gradually evolve into an LDP "guide", i.e., a complete book.},
author = {Clark, M. P. and Rupp, D. E. and Woods, Ross A. and {Tromp-Van Meerveld}, H. J. and Peters, N.E and Freer, J. E.},
doi = {10.1002/hyp},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Cooper et al. - 2010 - Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scripting Table of Contents(2).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1066800790},
issn = {08856087},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
keywords = {accepted 12 december 2005,attractor,classification,complexity,data reconstruction,hydrologic systems,non-linearity,phase space,received 21 april 2005},
number = {November 2008},
pages = {2267--2274},
pmid = {264460600012},
title = {{Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scripting Table of Contents}},
url = {http://jamsb.austms.org.au/courses/CSC2408/semester3/resources/ldp/abs-guide.pdf},
volume = {2274},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Norbiato2008,
abstract = {The main objective of this paper is to evaluate a threshold-based flash flood warning method, by considering a wide range of climatic and physiographic conditions, and by focusing on ungauged basins. The method is derived from the flash flood guidance (FFG, hereafter) approach. The FFG is the depth of rain of a given duration, taken as uniform in space and time on a certain basin, necessary to cause minor flooding at the outlet of the considered basin. This rainfall depth, which is computed based on a hydrological model, is compared to either real-time-observed or forecasted rainfall of the same duration and on the same basin. If the nowcasted or forecasted rainfall depth is greater than the FFG, then flooding in the basin is considered likely. The study provides an assessment of this technique based on operational quality data from 11 mountainous basins (six nested included in five larger parent basins) located in north-eastern Italy and central France. The model used in this study is a semi-distributed conceptual rainfall-runoff model, following the structure of the PDM (probability distributed moisture) model. Two general questions are addressed: (1) How does the efficiency of the method evolve when the simulation parameters can not be calibrated but must be transposed from parent gauged basins to ungauged basins? (2) How sensitive are the results to the method used to estimate the initial soil moisture status? System performances are evaluated by means of categorical statistics, such as the critical success index (CSI). Results show that overall CSI is equal to 0.43 for the parent basins, where the hydrological model has been calibrated. CSI reduces to 0.28 for the interior basins, when model parameters are transposed from parent basins, and to 0.21, when both model parameters and soil moisture status is transposed from parent basins. Performance differences between FFG and use of time-constant soil moisture status are very high for the parent basins and decrease with decreasing the system accuracy. The percent difference amounts to 53{\%} for the parent basins, to 25{\%} for interior basins with parameter transposition, and to 19{\%} for interior basins with parameter and soil moisture status transposition. These results improve our understanding of the applicability and reliability of this method at various scales and under various scenarios of data availability. ?? 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Norbiato, Daniele and Borga, Marco and {Degli Esposti}, Silvia and Gaume, Eric and Anquetin, Sandrine},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.08.023},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Noribato2008.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Flash flood,Flash flood forecasting and warning,Flash flood guidance,Ungauged basins},
pages = {274--290},
title = {{Flash flood warning based on rainfall thresholds and soil moisture conditions: An assessment for gauged and ungauged basins}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Bonell2006b,
abstract = {Programmes to promote water-related research are expanding rapidly around the globe. Whereas many have unique mission and objectives, several share common and overlapping goals and have areas of potential intersection. Identifying overlap between initia- tives allows recognition of potential linkages and areas where the programmes complement each other. This allows each programme to retain its focus while ensuring that the combined programmes cover all the important issues concerning sustainable drainage-basin man- agement. The objective of this commentary is to describe the areas of intersection between three international water research efforts and to explore synergies between them. We start by describing the evolution of the two UNESCO activities (FRIEND and HELP) and the new initiative of the International Association of Hydrologi- cal Sciences (IAHS) called PUB. We then explore possible areas of intersection among FRIEND, HELP and PUB and list the hitherto unrealized opportunities for research that would add value to each programme and, consequently, hydrological sciences and integrated drainage-basin management. We end by defining tangible activities that can be accomplished in the next 1–5 years.},
author = {Bonell, Mike and McDonnell, Jeffrey J. and Scatena, F. N. and Seibert, Jan and Uhlenbrook, Stefan and van Lanen, Henny A J},
doi = {10.1002/hyp.6196},
isbn = {0885-6087},
issn = {08856087},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
number = {8},
pages = {1867--1874},
title = {{HELPing FRIENDs in PUBs: Charting a course for synergies within international water research programmes in gauged and ungauged basins}},
volume = {20},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Garambois2015,
abstract = {This contribution is one of the first studies about the regionalization of parameter sets for a rainfall-runoff model process-oriented and dedicated to flash floods. MARINE model performances are tested on a large database of 117 flash floods occurred during the last two decades in the French Mediterranean region. Given the scarcity of flash flood data, the dataset used in this study represents a large sample of hydrology and landscapes from Pyrenean, Mediterranean, C??vennes-Vivarais and Provence regions. Spatial proximity and similarity approaches with several combinations of descriptors are tested. Encouraging results are obtained with two similarity approaches based on physiographic descriptors with two and three donor catchments. There is only a small decrease of performance of 10{\%} from cal/val to regionalization for these two methods. For 13 catchments out of 16 there is at least one flood event simulated with rather good performance. This study highlights the importance of hydrological information that is available in calibration events for a gauged catchment and from donor catchment(s) for regionalization. Moreover it is found that regionalization is easier for catchments with an apparently more regular behaviour. The most sensitive parameter of MARINE model, C{\textless}inf{\textgreater}Z{\textless}/inf{\textgreater}, controlling soil volume and water balance, is rather well constrained by the two similarity approaches thanks to bedrock descriptors.},
author = {Garambois, P. A. and Roux, H. and Larnier, K. and Labat, D. and Dartus, D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.052},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/garambois2015 (1).pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Mediterranean flash floods,Parameter sets regionalization,Process-oriented distributed model},
pages = {383--399},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Parameter regionalization for a process-oriented distributed model dedicated to flash floods}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.03.052},
volume = {525},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Zehe2008a,
abstract = {In this paper we review threshold behaviour in environmental systems, which are often associated with the onset of floods, contamination and erosion events, and other degenerative processes. Key objectives of this review are to a) suggest indicators for detecting threshold behavior, b) discuss their implications for predictability, c) distinguish different forms of threshold behavior and their underlying controls, and d) hypothesise on possible reasons for why threshold behaviour might occur. Threshold behaviour involves a fast qualitative change of either a single process or the response of a system. For elementary phenomena this switch occurs when boundary conditions (e.g., energy inputs) or system states as expressed by dimensionless quantities (e.g. the Reynolds number) exceed threshold values. Mixing, water movement or depletion of thermodynamic gradients becomes much more efficient as a result. Intermittency is a very good indicator for detecting event scale threshold behavior in hydrological systems. Predictability of intermittent processes/system responses is inherently low for combinations of systems states and/or boundary conditions that push the system close to a threshold. Post hoc identification of `cause-effect relations' to explain when the system became critical is inherently difficult because of our limited ability to perform observations under controlled identical experimental conditions. In this review, we distinguish three forms of threshold behavior. The first one is threshold behavior at the process level that is controlled by the interplay of local soil characteristics and states, vegetation and the rainfall forcing. Overland flow formation, particle detachment and preferential flow are examples of this. The second form of threshold behaviour is the response of systems of intermediate complexity - e.g., catchment runoff response and sediment yield - governed by the redistribution of water and sediments in space and time. These are controlled by the topological architecture of the catchments that interacts with system states and the boundary conditions. Crossing the response thresholds means to establish connectedness of surface or subsurface flow paths to the catchment outlet. Subsurface stormflow in humid areas, overland flow and erosion in semi-arid and arid areas are examples, and explain that crossing local process thresholds is necessary but not sufficient to trigger a system response threshold. The third form of threshold behaviour involves changes in the `architecture' of human geo-ecosystems, which experience various disturbances. As a result substantial change in hydrological functioning of a system is induced, when the disturbances exceed the resilience of the geo-ecosystem. We present examples from savannah ecosystems, humid agricultural systems, mining activities affecting rainfall runoff in forested areas, badlands formation in Spain, and the restoration of the Upper Rhine river basin as examples of this phenomenon. This functional threshold behaviour is most difficult to predict, since it requires extrapolations far away from our usual experience and the accounting of bidirectional feedbacks. However, it does not require the development of more complicated model, but on the contrary, only models with the right level of simplification, which we illustrate with an instructive example. Following Prigogine, who studied structure formation in open thermodynamic systems, we hypothesise that topological structures which control response thresholds in the landscape might be seen as dissipative structures, nd the onset of threshold processes/response as a switch to more efficient ways of depleting strong gradients that develop in the case of extreme boundary conditions.},
author = {Zehe, E. and Sivapalan, M.},
doi = {10.5194/hessd-5-3247-2008},
isbn = {1027-5606},
issn = {16077938},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions},
number = {6},
pages = {3247--3312},
title = {{Threshold behavior in hydrological systems and geo-ecosystems: manifestations, controls and implications for predictability}},
volume = {5},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Partington2009,
author = {Werner, A D and Brunner, P and Simmons, C T and Dandy, G C and Maier, H R},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/humedad/Partington2009.pdf:pdf},
keywords = {baseflow separation,interactions,numerical modelling,surface water - groundwater},
number = {July},
pages = {3102--3108},
title = {{Using a fully coupled surface water - groundwater model to quantify streamflow components}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Borga2014b,
abstract = {Flash floods and debris flows develop at space and time scales that conventional observation systems for rainfall, streamflow and sediment discharge are not able to monitor. Consequently, the atmospheric, hydrological and geomorphic controls on these hydrogeomorphic processes are poorly understood, leading to highly uncertain warning and risk management. On the other hand, remote sensing of precipitation and numerical weather predictions have become the basis of several flood forecasting systems, enabling increasingly accurate detection of hazardous events. The objective of this paper is to provide a review on current European and international research on early warning systems for flash floods and debris flows. We expand upon these themes by identifying: (a) the state of the art; (b) knowledge gaps; and (c) suggested research directions to advance warning capabilities for extreme hydrogeomorphic processes. We also suggest three areas in which advancements in science will have immediate and important practical consequence, namely development of rainfall estimation and nowcasting schemes suited to the specific space-time scales, consolidating physical, engineering and social datasets of flash floods and debris-flows, integration of methods for multiple hydrogeomorphic hazard warning.},
author = {Borga, Marco and Stoffel, Markus and Marchi, Lorenzo and Marra, Francesco and Jakob, Matthias},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.022},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Climate change,Debris flows,Early warning systems,Flash flood,Flood risk management,Hydrogeomorphology},
number = {PB},
pages = {194--205},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Hydrogeomorphic response to extreme rainfall in headwater systems: Flash floods and debris flows}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.022},
volume = {518},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Brocca2013,
abstract = {A framework for a comprehensive synthetic rainfall-runoff database was developed to study catchment response to a variety of rainfall events. The framework supports effective flood risk assessment and management and implements simple approaches. It consists of three flexible components, a rainfall generator, a continuous rainfallrunoff model, and a database management system. The system was developed and tested at two gauged river sections along the upper Tiber River (central Italy). One of the main questions was to investigate how simple such approaches can be applied without impairing the quality of the results. The rainfall-runoff model was used to simulate runoff on the basis of a large number of rainfall events. The resulting rainfallrunoff database stores pre-simulated events classified on the basis of the rainfall amount, initial wetness conditions and initial discharge. The real-time operational forecasts follow an analogue method that does not need new model simulations. However, the forecasts are based on the simulation results available in the rainfall-runoff database (for the specific class to which the forecast belongs). Therefore, the database can be used as an effective tool to assess possible streamflow scenarios assuming different rainfall volumes for the following days. The application to the study site shows that magnitudes of real flood events were appropriately captured by the database. Further work should be dedicated to introduce a component for taking account of the actual temporal distribution of rainfall events into the stochastic rainfall generator and to the use of different rainfall-runoff models to enhance the usability of the proposed procedure. {\textcopyright} Author(s) 2013.},
author = {Brocca, L. and Liersch, S. and Melone, F. and Moramarco, T. and Volk, M.},
doi = {10.5194/hess-17-3159-2013},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Brocca et al. - 2013 - Application of a model-based rainfall-runoff database as efficient tool for flood risk management.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1020892013},
issn = {16077938},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
number = {8},
pages = {3159--3169},
title = {{Application of a model-based rainfall-runoff database as efficient tool for flood risk management}},
volume = {17},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Laudan2016,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Flash floods are caused by intense rainfall events and represent an insufficiently understood phenomenon in Germany. The understanding of damage caused by flash floods requires ex-post collection of relevant but yet sparsely available information for further research. Thus, on-site data collection was carried out after the flash flood event on 29 May 2016 in Braunsbach, Germany, using open source software as helpful and efficient tool for data acquisition and evaluation. The post-hoc analysis links process intensities to damage and reveals differences in damage driving factors of flash floods compared to riverine floods, indicating that also risk patterns vary among different flood types.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {Laudan, Jonas and R{\"{o}}zer, Viktor and Sieg, Tobias and Vogel, Kristin and Thieken, Annegret H.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-2016-387},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/jonas2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2195-9269},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions},
number = {May},
pages = {1--12},
title = {{Brief communication: On-site data collection of damage caused by flash floods: Experiences from Braunsbach, Germany, in May/June 2016}},
url = {http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/nhess-2016-387/},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Rodriguez2012,
abstract = {ISSN: 0262-6667 (Print) 2150-3435 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/thsj20 Concentration and chemical species of iron in soils from groundwater/surface water ecotones ANN CATRINE NORRSTR{\"{O}}M To cite this article: ANN CATRINE NORRSTR{\"{O}}M (1995) Concentration and chemical species of iron in soils from groundwater/surface water},
author = {Rodriguez-Blanco, M.L and Taboada-Castro, M.M. and Taboada-Castro, M.T.},
doi = {10.1080/02626669509491418},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/rodrguezblanco2012.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0262666960},
issn = {21503435},
journal = {Hydrological Sciences Journal},
number = {June 2012},
pages = {319--329},
title = {{Rainfall–runoff response and event-based runoff coefficients in a humid area (northwest Spain)}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=thsj20{\%}0Ahttp://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=thsj20},
volume = {403},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Douinot2016,
abstract = {Just as with the storms that cause them, flash floods are highly variable and non-linear phenomena in both time and space; hence understanding and anticipating the genesis of flash floods is far from straightforward. There is therefore a huge requirement for tools with the potential to provide advance warning of situations likely to lead to flash floods, and thus provide additional time for the flood forecasting services. The Flash Flood Guidance (FFG) method is used on US catchments to estimate the average number of inches of rainfall for given durations required to produce flash flooding. This rainfall amount is used afterwards as a flood warning threshold. In Europe, flash floods often occur on small catchments (approximately 100 km2) and it has already been shown that the spatial variability of rainfall has a great impact on the catchment response (Le Lay and Saulnier, 2007). Therefore, in this study, an improved FFG method which accounts for rainfall spatial variability is proposed. The objectives of this paper are (i) to assess the FFG method applicability on French Mediterranean catchments with a distributed process-oriented hydrological model and (ii) to assess the effect of the rainfall spatial variability on this method. The results confirm the influence of the spatial variability of rainfall events in relation with its interaction with soil properties.},
author = {Douinot, Audrey and Roux, H{\'{e}}l{\`{e}}ne and Garambois, Pierre Andr{\'{e}} and Larnier, K{\'{e}}vin and Labat, David and Dartus, Denis},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.024},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/audrey2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Flash flood,Flash flood guidance,Hydrological response,Physical based model,Rainfall spatial variability},
pages = {359--370},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Accounting for rainfall systematic spatial variability in flash flood forecasting}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.024},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Rozalis2010a,
abstract = {Flash floods cause some of the most severe natural disasters in Europe but Mediterranean areas are especially vulnerable. They can cause devastating damage to property, infrastructures and loss of human life. The complexity of flash flood generation processes and their dependency on different factors related to watershed properties and rainfall characteristics make flash flood prediction a difficult task. In this study, as part of the EU-FLASH project, we used an uncalibrated hydrological model to simulate flow events in a 27km2 Mediterranean watershed in Israel to analyze and better understand the various factors influencing flows. The model is based on the well-known SCS curve number method for rainfall-runoff calculations and on the kinematic wave method for flow routing. Existing data available from maps, GIS and field studies were used to define model parameters, and no further calibration was conducted to obtain a better fit between computed and observed flow data. The model rainfall input was obtained from the high temporal and spatial resolution radar data adjusted to rain gauges. Twenty flow events that occurred within the study area over a 15year period were analyzed. The model shows a generally good capability in predicting flash flood peak discharge in terms of their general level, classified as low, medium or high (all high level events were correctly predicted). It was found that the model mainly well predicts flash floods generated by intense, short-lived convective storm events while model performances for low and moderate flows generated by more widespread winter storms were quite poor. The degree of urban development was found to have a large impact on runoff amount and peak discharge, with higher sensitivity of moderate and low flow events relative to high flows. Flash flood generation was also found to be very sensitive to the temporal distribution of rain intensity within a specific storm event. ?? 2010 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Rozalis, Shahar and Morin, Efrat and Yair, Yoav and Price, Colin},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.03.021},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Sahahar2010.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Convective rain,Flash floods,Hydrological model,Mediterranean climate,Urbanization,Weather radar},
number = {1-2},
pages = {245--255},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Flash flood prediction using an uncalibrated hydrological model and radar rainfall data in a Mediterranean watershed under changing hydrological conditions}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.03.021},
volume = {394},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Zehe2010,
abstract = {This study presents an application of an inno- vative sampling strategy to assess soil moisture dynamics in a headwater of the Wei{\ss}eritz in the German eastern Ore Mountains. A grassland site and a forested site were in- strumented with two Spatial TDR clusters (STDR) that con- sist of 39 and 32 coated TDR probes of 60cm length. Dis- tributed time series of vertically averaged soil moisture data from both sites/ensembles were analyzed by statistical and geostatistical methods. Spatial variability and the spatial mean at the forested site were larger than at the grassland site. Furthermore, clustering of TDR probes in combination with long-term monitoring allowed identification of average spatial covariance structures at the small field scale for dif- ferent wetness states. The correlation length of soil water content as well as the sill to nugget ratio at the grassland site increased with increasing average wetness and but, in contrast, were constant at the forested site. As soil proper- ties at both the forested and grassland sites are extremely variable, this suggests that the correlation structure at the forested site is dominated by the pattern of throughfall and interception. We also found a very strong correlation be- tween antecedent soil moisture at the forested site and runoff coefficients of rainfall-runoff events observed at gauge Rehe- feld. Antecedent soil moisture at the forest site explains 92{\%} of the variability in the runoff coefficients. By combining these results with a recession analysis we derived a first con- ceptual model of the dominant runoff mechanisms operating in this catchment. Finally, we employed a physically based hydrological model to shed light on the controls of soil- and plant morphological parameters on soil average soil moisture at the forested site and the grassland site, respectively. A homogeneous soil setup allowed, after fine tuning of plant morphological parameters, most of the time unbiased predic- tions of the observed average soil conditions observed at both field sites. We conclude that the proposed sampling strategy of clustering TDR probes is suitable to assess unbiased aver- age soil moisture dynamics in critical functional units, in this case the forested site, which is a much better predictor for event scale runoff formation than pre-event discharge. Long term monitoring of such critical landscape elements could maybe yield valuable information for flood warning in head- waters. We thus think that STDR provides a good intersect of the advantages of permanent sampling and spatially highly resolved soil moisture sampling using mobile rods.},
author = {Zehe, E. and Graeff, T. and Morgner, M. and Bauer, A. and Bronstert, A.},
doi = {10.5194/hess-14-873-2010},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Zehe et al. - 2010 - Plot and field scale soil moisture dynamics and subsurface wetness control on runoff generation in a headwater i(3).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1027-5606},
issn = {10275606},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
number = {6},
pages = {873--889},
title = {{Plot and field scale soil moisture dynamics and subsurface wetness control on runoff generation in a headwater in the Ore Mountains}},
volume = {14},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Bezak2016,
abstract = {Floods, landslides and debris flows are natural events that occur all over the world and are often induced by extreme rainfall conditions. Several extreme events occurred in Slovenia (Europe) in the last 25. years that caused 18 casualties and approximately 500. million Euros of economic loss. The intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship was constructed using the Frank copula function for several rainfall stations using high-resolution rainfall data with an average subsample length of 34. years. The empirical rainfall threshold curves were also evaluated for selected extreme events. Post-event analyses showed that rainfall characteristics triggering flash floods and landslides are different. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that the inter-event time definition (IETD) and subsample definition methodology can have a significant influence on the position of rainfall events in the intensity-duration space, the constructed IDF curves and on the relationship between the empirical rainfall threshold curves and the IDF curves constructed using the copula approach. Furthermore, a combination of several empirical rainfall thresholds with an appropriate high-density rainfall measurement network can be used as part of the early warning system of the initiation of landslides and debris flows. However, different rainfall threshold curves should be used for lowland and mountainous areas in Slovenia.},
author = {Bezak, Nejc and {\v{S}}raj, Mojca and Miko{\v{s}}, Matja{\v{z}}},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.058},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/bezak2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Copula,Flash flood,IDF,Rainfall-threshold,Sensitivity analysis,Shallow landslide},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Copula-based IDF curves and empirical rainfall thresholds for flash floods and rainfall-induced landslides}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.058},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Camarasa-Belmonte2016,
abstract = {Ephemeral streams are typical Mediterranean fluvial systems with high risk of flash flooding, and few data are available about these systems in most locales. However, the SAIH network (Automatic Hydrological Information Systems) of the Jucar River Water Authority has been providing detailed information about ephemeral streams in Spain every 5min since 1988. Using these data, we evaluated the processes of rainfall-runoff conversion and flood generation in five Mediterranean ephemeral streams ranging in size from 25 to 450km2. To provide a general framework for hydrological analysis, the study included 142 flash flood events registered between 1989 and 2007. A more detailed analysis was conducted for the Carraixet Basin under the dry antecedent moisture condition (AMC I) to evaluate the influence of rainfall on the basin's response. A simple index called Momentum of Maximum Intensity (MMI) was developed to describe the influence of rainfall intensity on hydrograph. Correlations between the main indicators of precipitation and flow also were assessed. Results showed that flash floods were generally generated by average accumulated rainfall of around 100mm at high intensities that could exceed 300mm/h. Initial abstractions and average water losses during the rainfall-runoff conversion processes were very important (runoff coefficients of 6{\%} and runoff thresholds of 62mm). No correlation was found between initial abstractions (Ia ) calculated from the basin characteristics and runoff thresholds (P 0) empirically obtained, which create some doubts about the validity of Ia method for predicting floods in ephemeral streams. Accumulated rainfall was very important for flood volume, peak flow and water balance indicators, whereas intensity indicators were more related to the response times of the basins. Rainfall intensity variables influenced lag time. Accumulated rainfall, in combination with high reduced mean intensity and low persistence, were a good predictor for high peak flow. Finally, the analysis revealed two types of events. The first type, typical of summer and early autumn, consists of fast events characterized by intense rainfall concentrated at the beginning of the storm and high values of persistence and irregularity. The basin responds quickly and generates hydrographs that resemble the pattern of rain. The second type, representative of winter and spring, corresponds to less intense events. Although they accumulate more rain, maximum intensities are lower and occur at the end of the episode. The response of the basin is late, and hydrographs are quite different from hyetographs and very influenced by the basin.},
author = {Camarasa-Belmonte, Ana M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.019},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/camarasabelmonte2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Ephemeral streams,Event,Flash flood,Mediterranean,Rainfall intensity,Semi-arid},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Flash floods in Mediterranean ephemeral streams in Valencia Region (Spain)}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.019},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Aronica2012,
abstract = {This paper concerns the analysis of the 1 October 2009 flash flood and debris flow event caused by a very intense rainfall concentrated over the Messina area. The storm caused severe flash floods in many villages around the city of Messina, such as Giampilieri, Scaletta Zanclea, Altolia Superiore and Molino, with 38 casualties and significant damages to property, buildings, roads and bridges estimated close to 550 million Euro. The main focus of this work is to perform a post event analysis, putting together available meteorological and hydrological data in order to get better insight into temporal and spatial variability of the rain storm, the soil moisture conditions and the consequent flash flood in the Giampilieri catchment. The event was investigated using observed data from a raingauge network. Statistical analysis using GEV distribution was performed and rainfall return period (storm severity) was estimated. Further, measured rainfall data and rainfall-runoff modelling were used to estimate soil moisture conditions, to analyse the hydrological behaviour and to reconstruct flood hydrograph. With the help of GIS technology and particularly spatial analysis, the volume of debris which has gone down into the Giampilieri village was also calculated. GIS maps with landslide and material deposit areas were produced and analysed.},
author = {Aronica, G. T. and Brigand{\'{i}}, G. and Morey, N.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-12-1295-2012},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Aronica, Brigand{\'{i}}, Morey - 2012 - Flash floods and debris flow in the city area of Messina, north-east part of Sicily, Italy in October.pdf:pdf},
issn = {15618633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Science},
number = {5},
pages = {1295--1309},
title = {{Flash floods and debris flow in the city area of Messina, north-east part of Sicily, Italy in October 2009: The case of the Giampilieri catchment}},
volume = {12},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Ravazzani2016,
abstract = {Analysis of ensemble forecasting strategies, which can provide a tangible backing for flood early warning procedures and mitigation measures over the Mediterranean region, is one of the fundamental motivations of the international HyMeX programme. Here, we examine two severe hydrometeorological episodes that affected the Milano urban area and for which the complex flood protection system of the city did not completely succeed. Indeed, flood damage have exponentially increased during the last 60 years, due to industrial and urban developments. Thus, the improvement of the Milano flood control system needs a synergism between structural and non-structural approaches. First, we examine how land-use changes due to urban development have altered the hydrological response to intense rainfalls. Second, we test a flood forecasting system which comprises the Flash-flood Event-based Spatially distributed rainfall-runoff Transformation, including Water Balance (FEST-WB) and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) models. Accurate forecasts of deep moist convection and extreme precipitation are difficult to be predicted due to uncertainties arising from the numeric weather prediction (NWP) physical parameterizations and high sensitivity to misrepresentation of the atmospheric state; however, two hydrological ensemble prediction systems (HEPS) have been designed to explicitly cope with uncertainties in the initial and lateral boundary conditions (IC/LBCs) and physical parameterizations of the NWP model. No substantial differences in skill have been found between both ensemble strategies when considering an enhanced diversity of IC/LBCs for the perturbed initial conditions ensemble. Furthermore, no additional benefits have been found by considering more frequent LBCs in a mixed physics ensemble, as ensemble spread seems to be reduced. These findings could help to design the most appropriate ensemble strategies before these hydrometeorological extremes, given the computational cost of running such advanced HEPSs for operational purposes.},
author = {Ravazzani, Giovanni and Amengual, Arnau and Ceppi, Alessandro and Homar, V{\'{i}}ctor and Romero, Romu and Lombardi, Gabriele and Mancini, Marco},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.023},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/ravazzani2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Convective events,Ensemble prediction systems,Flooding,Land-use change,Small urban river basins},
pages = {237--253},
title = {{Potentialities of ensemble strategies for flood forecasting over the Milano urban area}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.023},
volume = {539},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Boudou2016,
abstract = {Flash flood events are responsible for large economic losses and lead to fatalities every year in France. This is especially the case in the Mediterranean and oversea territories/departments of France, characterized by extreme hydro-climatological features and with a large part of the population exposed to flood risks. The recurrence of remarkable flash flood events, associated with high hazard intensity, significant damage and socio-political consequences, therefore raises several issues for authorities and risk management policies. This study aims to improve our understanding of the hazard analysis process in the case of four remarkable flood events: March 1930, October 1940, January 1980 and November 1999. Firstly, we present the methodology used to define the remarkability score of a flood event. Then, to identify the factors leading to a remarkable flood event, we explore the main parameters of the hazard analysis process, such as the meteorological triggering conditions, the return period of the rainfall and peak discharge, as well as some additional factors (initial catchment state, flood chronology, cascade effects, etc.). The results contribute to understanding the complexity of the processes leading to flood hazard and highlight the importance for risk managers of taking additional factors into account.},
author = {Boudou, M. and Lang, M. and Vinet, F. and C??ur, D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.032},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/boudou2016.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Cascade effect,Comparative analysis,Flash flood,Historical hydrology,Multidisciplinary approach,Remarkable flood},
pages = {533--552},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Comparative hazard analysis of processes leading to remarkable flash floods (France, 1930???1999)}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.032},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Kirkby1967,
author = {Kirkby, M. J. and Chorley, R. J.},
doi = {10.1080/02626666709493533},
issn = {0020-6024},
journal = {International Association of Scientific Hydrology. Bulletin},
number = {3},
pages = {5--21},
title = {{Throughflow, Overland Flow and Erosion}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02626666709493533},
volume = {12},
year = {1967}
}
@incollection{blschl2012,
address = {Cambridge},
author = {Bl{\"{o}}schl, G{\"{u}}nter and Sivapalan, Murugesu and Wagener, Thorsten and Viglione, Alberto and Savenije, Hubert},
booktitle = {Runoff Prediction in Ungauged Basins: Synthesis across Processes, Places and Scales},
editor = {Bl{\"{o}}schl, G{\"{u}}nter and Sivapalan, Murugesu and Wagener, Thorsten and Viglione, Alberto and Savenije, Hubert},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Runoff Prediction in Ungauged Basins}},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/runoff-prediction-in-ungauged-basins/runoff-prediction-in-ungauged-basins/A5DFE99C3CA857127C4C03C6C20032EE},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Partington2012,
abstract = {Baseflow is often considered to be the groundwater discharge component of streamflow. It is commonly estimated using conceptual models, recursive filters or a combination of the two. However, it is difficult to validate these methods due to the current challenges of measuring baseflow in the field. In this study, simulation of a synthetic catchment's response to rainfall is carried out using a fully integrated surface water-groundwater flow model. A series of rainfall events with differing recovery periods and varied antecedent moisture conditions is considered to span a range of different streamflow generation dynamics. Baseflow is estimated for the outlet hydrograph of the synthetic catchment using a selection of commonly used automated baseflow separation methods. These estimates are compared to the baseflow signal obtained from the numerical model, which serves as the control experiment. Results from these comparisons show that depending on the method used, automated baseflow separation underestimates the simulated baseflow by as much as 28{\%}, or overestimates it by up to 74{\%}, during rainfall events. No separation method is found to be clearly superior to the others, as the performance of the various methods varies with different soil types, antecedent moisture conditions and rainfall events. The differences between the various approaches clearly demonstrate that the baseflow separation methods investigated are not universally applicable. ?? 2012 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Partington, D. and Brunner, P. and Simmons, C. T. and Werner, A. D. and Therrien, R. and Maier, H. R. and Dandy, G. C.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.06.029},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Partington et al. - 2012 - Evaluation of outputs from automated baseflow separation methods against simulated baseflow from a physica(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Baseflow separation,HydroGeoSphere,Physically based surface-subsurface model,Surface water-groundwater interaction},
pages = {28--39},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Evaluation of outputs from automated baseflow separation methods against simulated baseflow from a physically based, surface water-groundwater flow model}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.06.029},
volume = {458-459},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Llasat2016,
abstract = {The aim of this paper is to analyse the potential relationship between flash flood events and convective precipitation in Catalonia, as well as any related trends. The paper starts with an overview of flash floods and their trends in the Mediterranean region, along with their associated factors, followed by the definition of, identification of, and trends in convective precipitation. After this introduction the paper focuses on the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula, for which there is a long-term precipitation series (since 1928) of 1-min precipitation from the Fabra Observatory, as well as a shorter (1996???2011) but more extensive precipitation series (43 rain gauges) of 5-min precipitation. Both series have been used to characterise the degree of convective contribution to rainfall, introducing the ?? parameter as the ratio between convective precipitation versus total precipitation in any period. Information about flood events was obtained from the INUNGAMA database (a flood database created by the GAMA team), with the aim of finding any potential links to convective precipitation. These flood data were gathered using information on damage where flood is treated as a multifactorial risk, and where any trend or anomaly might have been caused by one or more factors affecting hazard, vulnerability or exposure. Trend analysis has shown an increase in flash flood events. The fact that no trends were detected in terms of extreme values of precipitation on a daily scale, nor on the associated ETCCDI (Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices) extreme index, could point to an increase in vulnerability, an increase in exposure, or changes in land use. However, the summer increase in convective precipitation was concentrated in less torrential events, which could partially explain this positive trend in flash flood events. The ?? parameter has been also used to characterise the type of flood event according to the features of the precipitation. The highest values correspond to short and local events, usually with daily ?? values above 0.5, while the minimum threshold of daily ?? for catastrophic flash floods is 0.31.},
author = {Llasat, Maria Carmen and Marcos, Raul and Turco, Marco and Gilabert, Joan and Llasat-Botija, Montserrat},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.040},
file = {::},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {?? parameter,Convective precipitation,Flash floods,Mediterranean,Trend analysis},
number = {June 2000},
pages = {24--37},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Trends in flash flood events versus convective precipitation in the Mediterranean region: The case of Catalonia}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.040},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Hall1968,
author = {Hall, R.F},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Hall - 1968 - Base-Flow Recessions--A Review(2).pdf:pdf},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
number = {5},
pages = {973--983},
title = {{Base-Flow Recessions--A Review}},
volume = {4},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Frances2007b,
abstract = {Hydrological distributed models demand large amounts of data, information and parameters in order to accurately represent the spatial variability of the main hydrological processes and inputs. The parameter estimation is always a complex and expensive task which is often unaffordable and therefore hydrologists are frequently forced to disregard distributed modelling in favour of lumped or semidistributed models. To solve this situation, we propose in this paper to split the effective parameter at each cell in two components: the hydrological characteristic (at point scale and maintaining its physical meaning) and a correction factor (common for all cells and taking into account all modelling errors including the temporal and spatial scale effects). The new split-parameter structure adopted in our distributed model (called TETIS) is coupled with the SCE-UA automatic optimization method in order to obtain the set of optimal correction factors of the model, without loosing the spatial variability described by the a priori estimated hydrological characteristics. Automatic procedures can be easily adapted to the split-parameter structure because the number of variables to be calibrated is dramatically reduced from thousands of cell parameters to a small number of common correction factors (one for each parameter map). Also, the optimum initial values of the state variables can be obtained automatically. In order to show the advantages of the new structure a real application is performed in a case study in which the calibration and the spatial and spatial-temporal validation processes have been carried out. The results can be considered as being excellent and it is concluded that automatic calibration with the SCE-UA algorithm has been shown to be reliable and fast. {\textcopyright} 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Franc{\'{e}}s, F{\'{e}}lix and V{\'{e}}lez, Jaime Ignacio and V{\'{e}}lez, Jorge Juli{\'{a}}n},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.06.032},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Automatic calibration,Conceptual model,Distributed hydrological model,Rainfall-runoff modelling,Split-parameter structure,temporal and spatial scale effects},
number = {1-2},
pages = {226--240},
title = {{Split-parameter structure for the automatic calibration of distributed hydrological models}},
volume = {332},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Bihan2017,
author = {Bihan, Guillaume Le and Payrastre, Olivier and Gaume, Eric and Moncoulon, David and Pons, Frederic},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Gillaume2017.pdf:pdf},
number = {June},
pages = {1--27},
title = {{The challenge of forecasting impacts of flash floods : test of a simplified hydraulic approach and validation based on insurance claim data}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Yamanaka2017,
abstract = {Predictions in ungauged basins have been a major challenge in hydrologic sciences, and there is still much work needed to achieve robust and reliable predictions for such basins. Here, we propose and test a novel approach for predicting runoff from poorly gauged basins using a minimum complex model calibrated with isotope data alone (i.e., without observed discharge data). The model is composed of two water-stores (soil water and groundwater) and considers their connectivity to runoff in terms of both water and isotope budgets. In a meso-scale basin in which riverbed deformations frequently occur, making automatic observation of river discharge difficult, we measured hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition ($\delta$2H and $\delta$18O) of precipitation and river water twice-weekly for one year. Runoff predicted by the model agreed well with that observed monthly or bimonthly. Monte Carlo simulation revealed a strong coherence between model performance in isotope simulation and runoff prediction, demonstrating that the use of isotopes as dynamic proxies of calibration targets helps reliably constrain model parameters. Our results indicate that this approach can serve as a powerful tool for prediction of runoff hydrographs, particularly for basins in which the stage-discharge relationship is highly variable.},
author = {Yamanaka, Tsutomu and Ma, Wenchao},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.005},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Yamanaka, Ma - 2017 - Runoff prediction in a poorly gauged basin using isotope-calibrated models(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
number = {December},
pages = {567--574},
title = {{Runoff prediction in a poorly gauged basin using isotope-calibrated models}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.005},
volume = {544},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Zehe2008,
abstract = {In this paper we review threshold behaviour in environmental systems, which are often associated with the onset of floods, contamination and erosion events, and other degenerative processes. Key objectives of this review are to a) suggest indicators for detecting threshold behavior, b) discuss their implications for predictability, c) distinguish different forms of threshold behavior and their underlying controls, and d) hypothesise on possible reasons for why threshold behaviour might occur. Threshold behaviour involves a fast qualitative change of either a single process or the response of a system. For elementary phenomena this switch occurs when boundary conditions (e.g., energy inputs) or system states as expressed by dimensionless quantities (e.g. the Reynolds number) exceed threshold values. Mixing, water movement or depletion of thermodynamic gradients becomes much more efficient as a result. Intermittency is a very good indicator for detecting event scale threshold behavior in hydrological systems. Predictability of intermittent processes/system responses is inherently low for combinations of systems states and/or boundary conditions that push the system close to a threshold. Post hoc identification of `cause-effect relations' to explain when the system became critical is inherently difficult because of our limited ability to perform observations under controlled identical experimental conditions. In this review, we distinguish three forms of threshold behavior. The first one is threshold behavior at the process level that is controlled by the interplay of local soil characteristics and states, vegetation and the rainfall forcing. Overland flow formation, particle detachment and preferential flow are examples of this. The second form of threshold behaviour is the response of systems of intermediate complexity - e.g., catchment runoff response and sediment yield - governed by the redistribution of water and sediments in space and time. These are controlled by the topological architecture of the catchments that interacts with system states and the boundary conditions. Crossing the response thresholds means to establish connectedness of surface or subsurface flow paths to the catchment outlet. Subsurface stormflow in humid areas, overland flow and erosion in semi-arid and arid areas are examples, and explain that crossing local process thresholds is necessary but not sufficient to trigger a system response threshold. The third form of threshold behaviour involves changes in the `architecture' of human geo-ecosystems, which experience various disturbances. As a result substantial change in hydrological functioning of a system is induced, when the disturbances exceed the resilience of the geo-ecosystem. We present examples from savannah ecosystems, humid agricultural systems, mining activities affecting rainfall runoff in forested areas, badlands formation in Spain, and the restoration of the Upper Rhine river basin as examples of this phenomenon. This functional threshold behaviour is most difficult to predict, since it requires extrapolations far away from our usual experience and the accounting of bidirectional feedbacks. However, it does not require the development of more complicated model, but on the contrary, only models with the right level of simplification, which we illustrate with an instructive example. Following Prigogine, who studied structure formation in open thermodynamic systems, we hypothesise that topological structures which control response thresholds in the landscape might be seen as dissipative structures, nd the onset of threshold processes/response as a switch to more efficient ways of depleting strong gradients that develop in the case of extreme boundary conditions.},
author = {Zehe, E. and Sivapalan, M.},
doi = {10.5194/hessd-5-3247-2008},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Zehe2009.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1027-5606},
issn = {16077938},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions},
number = {6},
pages = {3247--3312},
title = {{Threshold behavior in hydrological systems and geo-ecosystems: manifestations, controls and implications for predictability}},
volume = {5},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Gaume2009,
abstract = {Flash floods are one of the most significant natural hazards in Europe, causing serious risk to life and destruction of buildings and infrastructure. This type of flood, often affecting ungauged watersheds, remains nevertheless a poorly documented phenomenon. To address the gap in available information, and particularly to assess the possible ranges for peak discharges on watersheds with area smaller than 500 km2 and to describe the geography of the hazard across Europe, an intensive data compilation has been carried out for seven European hydrometeorological regions. This inventory is the first step towards an atlas of extreme flash floods in Europe. It contains over 550 documented events. This paper aims at presenting the data compilation strategy, the content of the elaborated data base and some preliminary data analysis results. The initial observations show that the most extreme flash floods are greater in magnitude in the Mediterranean countries than in the inner continental countries and that there is a strong seasonality to flash flood occurrence revealing different climatic forcing mechanisms in each region. ?? 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Gaume, Eric and Bain, Valerie and Bernardara, Pietro and Newinger, Olivier and Barbuc, Mihai and Bateman, Allen and Bla??kovi??ov??, Lotta and Bl??schl, G??nter and Borga, Marco and Dumitrescu, Alexandru and Daliakopoulos, Ioannis and Garcia, Joachim and Irimescu, Anisoara and Kohnova, Silvia and Koutroulis, Aristeidis and Marchi, Lorenzo and Matreata, Simona and Medina, Vicente and Preciso, Emanuele and Sempere-Torres, Daniel and Stancalie, Gheorghe and Szolgay, Jan and Tsanis, Ioannis and Velasco, David and Viglione, Alberto},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.028},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/Gaume2009.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Atlas,Database,Extremes,Flash flood,Floods,Regional analysis},
number = {1-2},
pages = {70--78},
title = {{A compilation of data on European flash floods}},
volume = {367},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Barriendos2014a,
author = {Barriendos, M. and Ruiz-Bellet, J. L. and Tuset, J. and Maz{\'{o}}n, J. and Balasch, J. C. and Pino, D. and Ayala, J. L.},
doi = {10.5194/hess-18-4807-2014},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Barriendos et al. - 2014 - The Prediflood database of historical floods in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula) AD 1035{\&}ndash2013, and its p.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1607-7938},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
number = {12},
pages = {4807--4823},
title = {{The "Prediflood" database of historical floods in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula) AD 1035{\&}ndash;2013, and its potential applications in flood analysis}},
url = {http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/18/4807/2014/},
volume = {18},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Linsley1958,
abstract = {—As part of a long-range program on the hydrology of small watersheds, a corre­ lation between the two-year, one-hour rainfall intensity at 126 recording rainfall stations in northern California and related topographic and climatic parameters has been made. The re­ sulting correlation has a coefficient of correlation of 0.88 and a standard error of 0.067 inch/ hour. With this relation, it is possible to show the variation of rainfall intensity over the area in much greater detail than has hitherto been possible from observed intensity data alone. This paper discusses the parameters employed, the methods of correlation, and the results obtained. Introduction—One of the problems in any study of rainfall intensity is the limited number of stations with record suitable for frequency analy­ sis. For a regional study, data are limited to the hydrologic network stations available since about 1940. After preliminary study, it was decided to limit this analysis to California north of 35° N to avoid introducing large scale climatic factors. In this area approximately 150 station records were available for use. After screening to eliminate records which were too short or were composites from several station locations the number was reduced to 126. The maximum length of record was ten years and the average length substantially less. Conse­ quently the two-year, one hour intensity was adopted as the best choice of a dependent param­ eter. Since clock-hour data were readily avail­ able, these were used although the maximum 60-min values would be somewhat higher. Occasional summer thunderstdrms produce high-intensity rains in California. Because these storms are the result of quite different meterological processes, they were excluded from the analysis by using only the September through April period. Since most of these summer rains fall on dry ground and pro­ duce little runoff, this exclusion does not seem to affect the utility of the results. The general technique utilized is that previously employed by Spreen [1947] Burns [1952], and others for relating mean annual or mean seasonal pre­ cipitation to topography. The coaxial method of graphical correlation [Linsley and others, 1949] was employed because of the flexibility it offers. Since a relatively large number of stations was to be analyzed, data were transcribed onto Key sort punched cards. These cards could be easily strati­ fied and average values computed for each pa­ rameter as needed. The complete study [Linsley, 1956] involved comparison of four alternative relationships. This paper reports only the one which seems to offer the best results. Index daily rainfall—It is a logical assumption that, within a small region where the occurrence of rainfall at all stations is limited to about the same number of hours in a year, hourly intensities will bear some relation to mean annual precipita­ tion. The study area is too large for strict adherence to this assumption and a parameter called index daily rainfall was defined by},
author = {Linsley, Ray K.},
doi = {10.1029/TR039i005p00970},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Linsley - 1958 - Discussion of Correlation of rainfall intensity and topography in Northern California(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {23249250},
journal = {Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union},
number = {5},
pages = {970--972},
title = {{Discussion of ???Correlation of rainfall intensity and topography in Northern California???}},
volume = {39},
year = {1958}
}
@article{Ruiz-Villanueva2013,
abstract = {One of the main problems of flood hazard assessment in ungauged or poorly gauged basins is the lack of runoff data. In an attempt to overcome this problem we have combined archival records, dendrogeomorphic time series and instrumental data (daily rainfall and discharge) from four ungauged and poorly gauged mountain basins in Central Spain with the aim of reconstructing and compiling information on 41 flash flood events since the end of the 19th century. Estimation of historical discharge and the incorporation of uncertainty for the at-site and regional flood frequency analysis were performed with an empirical rainfall-runoff assessment as well as stochastic and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approaches. Results for each of the ungauged basins include flood frequency, severity, seasonality and triggers (synoptic meteorological situations). The reconstructed data series clearly demonstrates how uncertainty can be reduced by including historical information, but also points to the considerable influence of different approaches on quantile estimation. This uncertainty should be taken into account when these data are used for flood risk management. ?? 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Ruiz-Villanueva, V. and D{\'{i}}ez-Herrero, A. and Bodoque, J. M. and {Ballesteros C{\'{a}}novas}, J. A. and Stoffel, M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.catena.2013.06.015},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/ruizvillanueva2013.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03418162},
journal = {Catena},
keywords = {Dendrogeomorphology,Flood frequency analysis,Historical floods,Palaeohydrology,Ungauged basins},
pages = {32--43},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Characterisation of flash floods in small ungauged mountain basins of Central Spain using an integrated approach}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.06.015},
volume = {110},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Zuluaga2014,
abstract = {This study documents the preferred location and diurnal cycle of extreme convective storms that occur in the tropical band containing the east Pacific Ocean, Central and South America, the Atlantic Ocean, and northern Africa. Data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar show three types of convective-stratiform structures that constitute extreme convective events: deep convective cores (DCCs), wide convective cores (WCCs), and broad stratiform regions (BSRs). Interim ECMWF Re- Analysis (ERA-Interim) data show the associated synoptic environmental factors associated with the oc- currence of extreme convective features. The DCC, WCC, and BSRechoes are associated with early, middle, and late stages of convective system development, respectively, and the statistics and timing of their occur- rence are related to topography and life cycle behavior of the convection. Storms containing DCC occur primarily over the Sudanian savannas of Africa and near the mountains in northern South America, being diurnally controlled. Storms with WCC manifest over land, in the same regions as the DCC, but also over oceanic regions. They appear around the clock but with maximum frequency at night. They are favored in regions of midlevel synoptic-scale low pressure systems, which over the sub-Sahara are the troughs of easterly waves. Storms containing BSR maximize over oceanic regions west of Africa and South America, where they exhibit a weak diurnal cycle with a slight midmorning maximum. Off the west coast of South America, the storms withWCCand BSR have longer lifetimes enhanced by orographic lifting over the Andes. The storms with BSR in the east Pacific Ocean often develop into tropical cyclones. 1.},
author = {Zuluaga, Manuel D. and Houze, Robert A.},
doi = {10.1175/MWR-D-14-00109.1},
file = {::},
issn = {15200493},
journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
number = {October},
pages = {298--316},
title = {{Extreme convection of the near-equatorial Americas , Africa , and adjoining oceans as seen by TRMM}},
volume = {143},
year = {2014}
}
@article{ZapataAtehortua2016a,
abstract = {Resumen: un componente importante de la modelaci�n hidrol�gica es la capacidad de simulaci�n hidr�ulica. La simulaci�n adecuada de caudales en ocasiones esta desligada de la simulaci�n de variables hidr�ulicas del flujo las cuales son muy importantes para ciertas aplicaciones. La configuraci�n hidr�ulica de los cauces es un concepto que dif�cilmente puede ser descrito de manera puntual, mas bien es el producto de un conjunto de factores que est�n relacionados con las caracter�sticas longitudinales. En este trabajo se proponen algunas mejoras al componente hidr�ulico del modelo hidrol�gico SHIA propuesta por (V�lez, 2001) las cuales est�n basadas en la caracterizaci�n hidr�ulica de las corrientes por medio de tramos de configuraci�n t�pica y que pueden ser visualizados como un elemento de comportamiento similar en un contexto longitudinal y no puntual. Por otra parte, debido a que en ciertas aplicaciones no se cuenta con la informaci�n necesaria para la modelaci�n distribuida se propone una versi�n por laderas que esta ligada a la caracterizaci�n por tramos de corriente. Adicionalmente se presenta una metodolog�a para clasificar cada unidad de discretizaci�n espacial (celda) en base a la potencia especifica y el �rea de drenaje acumulada. Tambien se asumen algunas consideraciones para la condici�n de flujo por fuera de la banca llena tales como la no linealidad de las variables hidr�ulicas, la remoci�n de part�- culas del lecho y los cambios considerables en la concentraci�n de solidos asociados con los aumentos de velocidad en el flujo. Se realizan aplicaciones para validar las metodolog�as propuestas en cuanto a la estimaci�n de la resistencia al flujo, condiciones por fuera de la banca llena, modelaci�n de flujos hiperconcentrados en forma de flujos de escombros, y cambios en la resoluci�n espacial. Todas las aplicaciones est�n basadas es una asignaci�n previa del tipo de celda y una caracterizaci�n previa de los tramos de corriente. Las cuencas empleadas para las aplicaciones son la cuenca de R�o Grande (416,56Km2 ) en la regi�n central de Antioquia y la cuenca de la quebrada La Liboriana (52,13Km2 ) ubicada en el suroeste de Antioquia},
author = {{Zapata Atehortua}, Esneider},
keywords = {ARRAY(0x55e6cb5586e8)},
pages = {115},
title = {{An�lisis de la capacidad de simulaci�n hidrol�gica del modelo distribuido SHIA ante la caracterizaci�n por tramos de la geometr�a hidr�ulica del cauce}},
url = {http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/52469/},
year = {2016}
}

@book{Gruntfest2001,
  title={Coping with Flash Floods},
  author={Gruntfest, E. and Handmer, J.},
  isbn={9780792368267},
  lccn={2001016461},
  series={NATO science series. Partnership sub-series 2, Environmental security},
  url={https://books.google.com.co/books?id=pwsczTbbY9sC},
  year={2001},
  publisher={Springer Netherlands}
}



@article{Weckwerth2004,
author = {
					Tammy M.  Weckwerth and 
					David B.  Parsons and 
					Steven E.  Koch and 
					James A.  Moore and 
					Margaret A.  LeMone and 
					Belay B.  Demoz and 
					Cyrille  Flamant and 
					Bart  Geerts and 
					Junhong  Wang and 
					Wayne F.  Feltz},
title = {An Overview of the International H2O Project (IHOP\_2002) and Some Preliminary Highlights},
journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
volume = {85},
number = {2},
pages = {253-278},
year = {2004},
doi = {10.1175/BAMS-85-2-253},

URL = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-2-253
    
},
eprint = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-2-253
    
}
,
    abstract = { The International H2O Project (IHOP\_2002) is one of the largest North American meteorological field experiments in history. From 13 May to 25 June 2002, over 250 researchers and technical staff from the United States, Germany, France, and Canada converged on the Southern Great Plains to measure water vapor and other atmospheric variables. The principal objective of IHOP\_2002 is to obtain an improved characterization of the time-varying three-dimensional water vapor field and evaluate its utility in improving the understanding and prediction of convective processes. The motivation for this objective is the combination of extremely low forecast skill for warm-season rainfall and the relatively large loss of life and property from flash floods and other warm-season weather hazards. Many prior studies on convective storm forecasting have shown that water vapor is a key atmospheric variable that is insufficiently measured. Toward this goal, IHOP\_2002 brought together many of the existing operational and new state-of-the-art research water vapor sensors and numerical models. The IHOP\_2002 experiment comprised numerous unique aspects. These included several instruments fielded for the first time (e.g., reference radiosonde); numerous upgraded instruments (e.g., Wyoming Cloud Radar); the first ever horizontal-pointing water vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL; i.e., Leandre II on the Naval Research Laboratory P-3), which required the first onboard aircraft avoidance radar; several unique combinations of sensors (e.g., multiple profiling instruments at one field site and the German water vapor DIAL and NOAA/Environmental Technology Laboratory Doppler lidar on board the German Falcon aircraft); and many logistical challenges. This article presents a summary of the motivation, goals, and experimental design of the project, illustrates some preliminary data collected, and includes discussion on some potential operational and research implications of the experiment. }
}




@article{Sharif2006,
author = { Hatim O.  Sharif  and  David  Yates  and  Rita  Roberts  and  Cynthia  Mueller },
title = {The Use of an Automated Nowcasting System to Forecast Flash Floods in an Urban Watershed},
journal = {Journal of Hydrometeorology},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {190-202},
year = {2006},
doi = {10.1175/JHM482.1},

URL = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM482.1
    
},
eprint = { 
        https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM482.1
    
}
,
    abstract = { Abstract Flash flooding represents a significant hazard to human safety and a threat to property. Simulation and prediction of floods in complex urban settings requires high-resolution precipitation estimates and distributed hydrologic modeling. The need for reliable flash flood forecasting has increased in recent years, especially in urban communities, because of the high costs associated with flood occurrences. Several storm nowcast systems use radar to provide quantitative precipitation forecasts that can potentially afford great benefits to flood warning and short-term forecasting in urban settings. In this paper, the potential benefits of high-resolution weather radar data, physically based distributed hydrologic modeling, and quantitative precipitation nowcasting for urban hydrology and flash flood prediction were demonstrated by forcing a physically based distributed hydrologic model with precipitation forecasts made by a convective storm nowcast system to predict flash floods in a small, highly urbanized catchment in Denver, Colorado. Two rainfall events on 5 and 8 July 2001 in the Harvard Gulch watershed are presented that correspond to times during which the storm nowcast system was operated. Results clearly indicate that high-resolution radar-rainfall estimates and advanced nowcasting can potentially lead to improvements in flood warning and forecasting in urban watersheds, even for short-lived events on small catchments. At lead times of 70 min before the occurrence of peak discharge, forecast accuracies of approximately 17\% in peak discharge and 10 min in peak timing were achieved for a 10 km2 highly urbanized catchment. }
}




@article{Younis2008,
Author = {Younis, J. and Anquetin, S. and Thielen, J.},
Title = {{The benefit of high-resolution operational weather forecasts for flash
   flood warning}},
Journal = {{HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES}},
Year = {{2008}},
Volume = {{12}},
Number = {{4}},
Pages = {{1039-1051}},
Abstract = {{In Mediterranean Europe, flash flooding is one of the most devastating
   hazards in terms of loss of human life and infrastructures. Over the
   last two decades, flash floods have caused damage costing a billion
   Euros in France alone. One of the problems of flash floods is that
   warning times are very short, leaving typically only a few hours for
   civil protection services to act. This study investigates if
   operationally available short-range numerical weather forecasts together
   with a rainfall-runoff model can be used for early indication of the
   occurrence of flash floods.
   One of the challenges in flash flood forecasting is that the watersheds
   are typically small, and good observational networks of both rainfall
   and discharge are rare. Therefore, hydrological models are difficult to
   calibrate and the simulated river discharges cannot always be compared
   with ground measurements. The lack of observations in most flash flood
   prone basins, therefore, necessitates the development of a method where
   the excess of the simulated discharge above a critical threshold can
   provide the forecaster with an indication of potential flood hazard in
   the area, with lead times of the order of weather forecasts.
   This study is focused on the Cevennes-Vivarais region in the Southeast
   of the Massif Central in France, a region known for devastating flash
   floods. This paper describes the main aspects of using numerical weather
   forecasting for flash flood forecasting, together with a threshold -
   exceedance. As a case study the severe flash flood event which took
   place on 8 - 9 September 2002 has been chosen.
   Short-range weather forecasts, from the Lokalmodell of the German
   national weather service, are used as input for the LISFLOOD model, a
   hybrid between a conceptual and physically based rainfall-runoff model.
   Results of the study indicate that high resolution operational weather
   forecasting combined with a rainfall-runoff model could be useful to
   determine flash floods more than 24 h in advance.}},
Publisher = {{COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH}},
Address = {{BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Thielen, J (Reprint Author), European Commiss DG Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm \& Sustainabil, Ispra, Italy.
   Younis, J.; Thielen, J., European Commiss DG Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm \& Sustainabil, Ispra, Italy.
   Anquetin, S., Grenoble Univ, CNRS, Lab Etude Transferts Hydrol \& Environm, UJF,IRD,INPG, Grenoble, France.}},
DOI = {{10.5194/hess-12-1039-2008}},
ISSN = {{1027-5606}},
Keywords-Plus = {{8-9 SEPTEMBER 2002; LAND-USE; MODEL; FRANCE; EVENT; PREDICTABILITY;
   SIMULATION; RISK}},
Research-Areas = {{Geology; Water Resources}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources}},
Author-Email = {{jutta.thielen@jrc.it}},
Funding-Acknowledgement = {{European Commission {[}GOCE-CT-2004-505420]}},
Funding-Text = {{This work was carried out in the framework of the FLOODsite project
   funded by the FP6 Program of the European Commission under the no
   GOCE-CT-2004-505420. The authors thanked the OHM-CV for providing the
   radar observations and the discharge data, the Deutscher Wetterdienst
   for the high-resolution weather forecasting data and the DG JRC AgriFish
   unit for providing their meteorological data for research purposes.}},
Number-of-Cited-References = {{37}},
Times-Cited = {{34}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{0}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{12}},
Journal-ISO = {{Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{359KZ}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000259986900006}},
OA = {{gold}},
DA = {{2018-04-02}},
}



@article{Jonkman2005,
Author = {Jonkman, SN},
Title = {{Global perspectives on loss of human life caused by floods}},
Journal = {{NATURAL HAZARDS}},
Year = {{2005}},
Volume = {{34}},
Number = {{2}},
Pages = {{151-175}},
Month = {{FEB}},
Abstract = {{Every year floods cause enormous damage all over the world. This study
   investigates loss of human life statistics for different types of floods
   and different regions on a global scale. The OFDA/CRED Database contains
   data on international disasters and is maintained by the Centre for
   Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels (CRED) in
   cooperation with United States Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance
   (OFDA). Information from this source on a large number of flood events,
   which occurred between January 1975 and June 2002, is evaluated with
   respect to flood location and flood type. Due to the limited
   availability of information on coastal flood events, the scope of this
   study is limited to three types of freshwater flooding; river floods,
   flash floods and drainage problems. First, the development of loss of
   life statistics over time is discussed. Second, the dataset is analysed
   by region, by flood type and by the combination of type and region. The
   study shows that flash floods result in the highest average mortality
   per event (the number of fatalities divided by the number of affected
   persons). A cross analysis by flood type and location shows that average
   mortality is relatively constant for the different types over various
   continents, while the magnitude of the impacts (numbers of killed) and
   affected for a certain type varies between the different continents. On
   a worldwide scale Asian river floods are most significant in terms of
   number of persons killed and affected. Finally, a comparison with
   figures for other types of natural disasters shows that floods are the
   most significant disaster type in terms of the number of persons
   affected.}},
Publisher = {{SPRINGER}},
Address = {{233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA}},
Type = {{Article}},
Language = {{English}},
Affiliation = {{Delft Univ Technol, Fac Civil Engn, NL-2600 AA Delft, Netherlands.}},
DOI = {{10.1007/s11069-004-8891-3}},
ISSN = {{0921-030X}},
Keywords = {{flood mortality; loss of life; floods; flood damage; natural disasters}},
Keywords-Plus = {{FATALITIES; RISK}},
Research-Areas = {{Geology; Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources}},
Web-of-Science-Categories  = {{Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology \& Atmospheric Sciences;
   Water Resources}},
Author-Email = {{s.n.jonkman@dww.rws.minvenw.nl}},
Number-of-Cited-References = {{21}},
Times-Cited = {{202}},
Usage-Count-Last-180-days = {{5}},
Usage-Count-Since-2013 = {{60}},
Journal-ISO = {{Nat. Hazards}},
Doc-Delivery-Number = {{904BW}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000227472100002}},
DA = {{2018-04-02}},
}



@article{Poveda2007,
author = {Poveda, Germ{\'{a}}n and V{\'{e}}lez, Jaime I. and Mesa, Oscar J. and Cuartas, Adriana and Barco, Janet and Mantilla, Ricardo I. and Mej{\'{i}}a, John F. and Hoyos, Carlos D. and Ram{\'{i}}rez, Jorge M. and Ceballos, Lina I. and Zuluaga, Manuel D. and Arias, Paola a. and Botero, Blanca a. and Montoya, Mar{\'{i}}a I. and Giraldo, Juan D. and Quevedo, Diana I.},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2007)12:1(4)},
isbn = {1084-0699},
issn = {1084-0699},
journal = {Journal of Hydrologic Engineering},
number = {1},
pages = {4--13},
title = {{Linking Long-Term Water Balances and Statistical Scaling to Estimate River Flows along the Drainage Network of Colombia}},
volume = {12},
year = {2007}
}

@book{Poveda2000,
	title ={{Balances Hídricos de Colombia}},
    author = {J.I. Vélez., G. Poveda, O. Mesa},
    publisher ={Universidad Nacional de Colombia},
    year = {2000},
}

@book{Doswell2001,
   title =     {Severe Convective Storms},
   author =    {Dr. Charles A. Doswell III (eds.)},
   publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
   isbn =      {978-1-935704-06-5},
   year =      {2001},
   series =    {Meteorological Monographs},
   edition =   {},
   volume =    {},
   url =       {http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=7AEF0E8299AB41644901046180BED4FC}}
   
@book{AMS2001,
	author = {AMS},
    title = {{Glossary of Meteorology, Second Edition}},
    year = {2001},
}


@book{Osorio2008,
	author = {Osorio, H.G., A, Salamanca},
    title = {{Unidades de suelo representativas de la zona cafetera de Colombia}},
    year = {2008},
    publisher = {Federación de Cafeteros de Colombia},
}

@book{Chow1959,
	author = {Chow, V.T},
    title = {{Open-Channel Hydraulics}},
    year = {1959},
    publisher = {University of Illinois},
}

@article{Foster1984,
author = {Foster G.R., Huggins L.F., Meyer L.D.},
doi = {10.13031/2013.32873},
journal = {American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers},
number = {27},
pages = {0790-0796},
title = {{A Laboratory Study of Rill Hydraulics: I. Velocity Relationships}},
volume = {3},
year = {1984}
}

@article{ALOS,
author = {ASF, JAXA},
title = {Dataset: ASF DAAC 2015, ALOS PALSAR Radiometric Terrain Corrected high res; Includes Material JAXA/METI 2007},
year = {2011},
url = {https://vertex.daac.asf.alaska.edu/},
doi = {10.5067/Z97HFCNKR6VA}
}

@masterthesis{Uran2016,
title={Cambios en los valores extremos de variables climáticas en Colombia asociados a cambio climático},
author={Uran J.},
year={2016},
school={Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellin},
}

@article{Borga2011,
abstract = {The management of flash flood hazards and risks is a critical component of public safety and quality of life. Flash-floods develop at space and time scales that conventional observation systems are not able to monitor for rainfall and river discharge. Consequently, the atmospheric and hydrological generating mechanisms of flash-floods are poorly understood, leading to highly uncertain forecasts of these events. The objective of the HYDRATE project has been to improve the scientific basis of flash flood forecasting by advancing and harmonising a European-wide innovative flash flood observation strategy and developing a coherent set of technologies and tools for effective early warning systems. To this end, the project included actions on the organization of the existing flash flood data patrimony across Europe. The final aim of HYDRATE was to enhance the capability of flash flood forecasting in ungauged basins by exploiting the extended availability of flash flood data and the improved process understanding. This paper provides a review of the work conducted in HYDRATE with a special emphasis on how this body of research can contribute to guide the policy-life cycle concerning flash flood risk management. {\textcopyright} 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Borga, M. and Anagnostou, E. N. and Bl{\"{o}}schl, G. and Creutin, J. D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.envsci.2011.05.017},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/borga2011.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1462-9011},
issn = {14629011},
journal = {Environmental Science and Policy},
keywords = {Climate change,Flash flood,Flood forecasting,Flood risk},
number = {7},
pages = {834--844},
title = {{Flash flood forecasting, warning and risk management: The HYDRATE project}},
volume = {14},
year = {2011}
}

@article{Renno2008,
author = {Renn{\'{o}}, Camilo Daleles and Nobre, Antonio Donato and Cuartas, Luz Adriana and Soares, Jo{\~{a}}o Vianei and Hodnett, Martin G. and Tomasella, Javier and Waterloo, Maarten J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2008.03.018},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Renn{\'{o}} et al. - 2008 - HAND, a new terrain descriptor using SRTM-DEM Mapping terra-firme rainforest environments in Amazonia.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00344257},
journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {3469--3481},
title = {{HAND, a new terrain descriptor using SRTM-DEM: Mapping terra-firme rainforest environments in Amazonia}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003442570800120X},
volume = {112},
year = {2008}
}

@article{Beven1981,
abstract = {The analysis of Henderson and Wooding, 1964, is expanded in comparing simplified models of subsurface stormflow for the case of a sloping soil mantle in which the hydraulic conductivity is constant throughout. Reviewing studies both in the field and theoretical in nature, the process of subsurface stormflow apparently will be the dominant mode of hydrological response of a hillslope or catchment under the following conditions: soils of high permeability, whether inherent in the soil matrix or due to structural or biotic macropores; and a steep hydraulic gradient, whether due to the slope of hillslopes or to the buildup of groundwater mounds on shallow slopes. The magnitude and timing of the subsurface flow response will depend on the depth and hydraulic conditions of the unsaturated zone at the time of the storm. In this paper only the simplest possible conditions have been studied, with the unsaturated zone being neglected, and constant input to a soil of constant hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity throughout its depth being assumed. It has been shown using data from field and numerical studies of subsurface stormflow that the kinematic approximation may be appropriate for combinations of slope conditions and input rates of practical interest. (Baker-FRC)},
author = {Beven, Keith},
doi = {10.1029/WR017i005p01419},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/beven1981.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0043-1397},
issn = {19447973},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
number = {5},
pages = {1419--1424},
title = {{Kinematic subsurface stormflow}},
volume = {17},
year = {1981}
}

@article{Kubota1995,
abstract = {Methodologies for developing a macro-scale model of subsurface stormflow generation on a steep forested catchment in Japan are addressed. Field studies on this catchment have indicated that subsurface flow, consisting mainly of 'old' water displaced by 'new' rain water, dominates the storm response. Detailed field measurements on the catchment allowed simple, catchment-scale relationships to be developed between the volume of saturated groundwater, on the one hand, and discharge, and surface and subsurface saturated areas, on the other. Attempts are made to find linkages between these empirical relationships and physically-based descriptions of hydrological processes operating at smaller scales. A distributed model based on the saturated-unsaturated groundwater flow on steep catchments was developed and tested with field data collected on this catchment. Derivation of catchment-scale relationships can be carried out by a straightforward integration of the distributed model output. An alternative disaggregation-aggregation approach is presented, whereby the catchment is divided into a number of hillslope flow strips. By applying the distributed model on each flow strip, under steady-state conditions, it is possible to infer the spatial variability of groundwater volume in the various flow strips. This variability is related to a measure of hillslope topography and geometry. Knowing the catch-ment topography and geometry for any catchment, it is then possible to derive useful catchment-scale relationships which are applicable under quasi-steady-state conditions, Hydrological relationships derived in this manner are compared with corresponding empirical relationships. The methodologies presented are effective for understanding the linkages between catchment scale response and small-scale flow processes.},
author = {Kubota, Jumpei and Sivapalan, Murugesu},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Kubota, Sivapalan - 1995 - Towards a Catchment-Scale Model of Subsurface Small-Scale Process-Based Modelling and Runoff Generation Based.pdf:pdf},
keywords = {Aggregation,Disaggregation INTRODUCTION,Field studies,Macro-scale modelling,Process-based models,Subsurface flow},
number = {November 1994},
pages = {541--554},
title = {{Towards a Catchment-Scale Model of Subsurface Small-Scale Process-Based Modelling and Runoff Generation Based on Synthesis of Field Studies}},
volume = {9},
year = {1995}
}

@article{Shope2016,
abstract = {Mountainous headwaters include a variety of spatial landscape units; however, the flow contribution from different hydrologic components is complex and often unclear. In addition to complex landscape controls, temporal meteorological drivers play an important role in the distribution between surface runoff and subsurface storage changes. This spatiotemporal variability in partitioning can influence catchment-wide flow accumulation and nutrient and sediment loading. We use a multi-year, multi-method analysis of stable isotopes, geochemical indicators, and discharge distributed throughout the Haean catchment in South Korea to identify temporal variability in hydrologic flow partitioning from surface runoff, springs, shallow interflow, and groundwater under monsoonal conditions. By combining a weighted, multi-method discharge approach, high frequency, synoptic, catchment-wide isotopic and geochemical sampling, and baseflow analysis, we characterize watershed-scale spatiotemporal hydrologic flow partitioning. Meteorological drivers are spatially variable throughout the catchment and temporally between individual events. Baseflow contributions in the high elevation, forested areas are up to 50{\%}, while the majority of the catchment is approximately 20{\%}. Our study builds on previously reported seasonality of isotopic signatures by quantifying trends in distributed event-based partitioning of isotopic tracers. We demonstrate that high frequency flow partitioning can accurately be determined in mountainous topography with high precipitation and that there is a need for multiple method characterizations. Our results further show the benefit of spatially distributed synoptic sampling for process understanding of hydrologic partitioning throughout the watersheds.},
author = {Shope, Christopher L.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.050},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Shope - 2016 - Disentangling event-scale hydrologic flow partitioning in mountains of the Korean Peninsula under extreme precipitation.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Baseflow,Discharge,Flow partitioning,Korea,Stable isotopes,TERRECO},
pages = {399--415},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Disentangling event-scale hydrologic flow partitioning in mountains of the Korean Peninsula under extreme precipitation}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.050},
volume = {538},
year = {2016}
}

@article{Schumacher2005,
abstract = {This study examines the radar-indicated structures and other features of extreme rain events in the United States over a 3-yr period. A rainfall event is defined as “extreme” when the 24-h precipitation total at one or more stations surpasses the 50-yr recurrence interval amount for that location. This definition yields 116 such cases from 1999 to 2001 in the area east of the Rocky Mountains, excluding Florida. Two-kilometer national composite radar reflectivity data are then used to examine the structure and evolution of each extreme rain event. Sixty-five percent of the total number of events are associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). While a wide variety of organizational structures (as indicated by radar reflectivity data) are seen among the MCS cases, two patterns of organization are observed most frequently. The first type has a line, often oriented east–west, with “training” convective elements. It also has a region of adjoining stratiform rain that is displaced to the north of the line. The second type has a back-building or quasi-stationary area of convection that produces a region of stratiform rain downstream. Surface observations and composite analysis of Rapid Update Cycle Version 2 (RUC-2) model data reveal that training line/adjoining stratiform (TL/AS) systems typically form in a very moist, unstable environment on the cool side of a preexisting slow-moving surface boundary. On the other hand, back-building/quasi-stationary (BB) MCSs are more dependent on mesoscale and storm-scale processes, particularly lifting provided by storm-generated cold pools, than on preexisting synoptic boundaries.},
author = {Schumacher, Russ S and Johnson, Richard H},
doi = {10.1175/MWR2899.1},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Orografia/Schumacher2005.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0027-0644},
issn = {0027-0644},
journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
number = {4},
pages = {961--976},
title = {{Organization and Environmental Properties of Extreme-Rain-Producing Mesoscale Convective Systems}},
url = {http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/MWR2899.1},
volume = {133},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Alpert2002,
abstract = {Earlier reports indicated some specific isolated regions exhibiting a paradoxical increase of extreme rainfall in spite of decrease in the totals. Here, we conduct a coherent study of the full-scale of daily rainfall categories over a relatively large subtropical region- the Mediterranean- in order to assess whether this paradoxical behavior is real and its extent. We show that the torrential rainfall in Italy exceeding 128 mm/d has increased percentage-wise by a factor of 4 during 1951–1995 with strong peaks in El-Nino years. In Spain, extreme categories at both tails of the distribution (light: 0-4 mm/d and heavy/torrential: 64 mm/d and up) increased significantly. No significant trends were found in Israel and Cyprus. The consequent redistribution of the daily rainfall categories -torrential/heavy against the moderate/light intensities - is of utmost interest particularly in the semi-arid sub-tropical regions for purposes of water management, soil erosion and flash floods impacts.},
author = {Alpert, P.},
doi = {10.1029/2001GL013554},
file = {:home/nicolas/Desktop/2001GL013554.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0094-8276},
issn = {0094-8276},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
keywords = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013554, doi:10.1029/2001GL013554},
number = {11},
pages = {1536},
title = {{The paradoxical increase of Mediterranean extreme daily rainfall in spite of decrease in total values}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2001GL013554},
volume = {29},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Kahana2002,
abstract = {This study examines the extent to which the floods in the Negev Desert, an area that constitutes the southern half of Israel, are not the outcome of purely local weather conditions but are, rather, the result of distinct synoptic-scale events. This was done through compiling and analysing a hydro-climatological database of all the major floods in the Negev, and then categorizing them manually into synoptic types that cause the major floods.The type analysis is based on the US National Meteorological Center data sets with 2.5° ׳ 2.5° resolution analysed by GrADS. Data were compiled and studied for 52 floods for the period 1965-94, with peak discharge above the magnitude of 5 year recurrence intervals (RI {\textgreater} 5 years) in at least one drainage basin.Distinct extreme synoptic patterns are indeed associated with 42 of the 52 floods. They were grouped into four synoptic types, two of which were associated with 37 events: (a) an active Red Sea trough, defined as a surface trough extending from East Africa through the Red Sea toward the eastern Mediterranean, accompanied by a pronounced trough at the 500 hPa level over eastern Egypt: (b) a Syrian low, defined as a well-developed Mediterranean cyclone accompanied by a pronounced upper-level trough, both located over Syria. Each of the four synoptic types has its own evolution course, and a unique seasonal and spatial distribution of its associated flooded basins.These findings imply that the major floods in the Negev can be considered as signatures of exceptional synoptic-scale evolutions, and that major floods reflect extreme climatic events. Our results indicate that it is possible to use a set of dynamic and thermodynamic variables for predicting the occurrence and location of major flash floods. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.},
author = {Kahana, Ron and Ziv, Baruch and Enzel, Yehouda and Dayan, Uri},
doi = {10.1002/joc.766},
file = {:home/nicolas/Desktop/joc.766.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {1097-0088},
issn = {08998418},
journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
keywords = {Flash flood,Hydroclimatology,Major flood,Negev Desert,Synoptic climatology},
number = {7},
pages = {867--882},
title = {{Synoptic climatology of major floods in the Negev Desert, Israel}},
volume = {22},
year = {2002}
}

@article{Merz2003,
abstract = {We propose a framework for identifying types of causative mechanisms of floods. The types are long-rain floods, short-rain floods, flash floods, rain-on-snow floods, and snowmelt floods. We adopt a catchment perspective, i.e., the focus is on the catchment state and the atmospheric inputs rather than on atmospheric circulation patterns. We use a combination of a number of process indicators, including the timing of the floods, storm duration, rainfall depths, snowmelt, catchment state, runoff response dynamics, and spatial coherence. On the basis of these indicators and diagnostic regional plots we identify the process types of 11,518 maximum annual flood peaks in 490 Austrian catchments. Forty-three percent of the flood peaks are long-rain floods, only 3{\%} are snowmelt floods, and the relative contribution of the types changes with the flood magnitude. There are pronounced spatial patterns in the frequency of flood type occurrence. For example, rain-on-snow floods most commonly occur in northern Austria. Runoff coefficients tend to increase with rainfall depth for long-rain floods but are less dependent of rainfall depth and exhibit much larger scatter for flash floods. All types exhibit seasonal patterns, both in terms of flood magnitudes and catchment altitudes of flood occurrence. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the flood samples stratified by process type decreases with catchment area for most process types with the exception of flash floods for which CV increases with catchment area.},
author = {Merz, R. and Bl{\"{o}}schl, G.},
doi = {10.1029/2002WR001952},
file = {:home/nicolas/Desktop/2002WR001952.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0043-1397},
issn = {00431397},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
number = {12},
pages = {1--20},
title = {{A process typology of regional floods}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2002WR001952},
volume = {39},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Rotach2007d,
abstract = {Within MAP, one of the scientific projects was devoted to ‘Boundary Layers in Complex Terrain'. In a number of subprojects, boundary-layer issues were addressed and detailed high-resolution multi-sensor observations were combined with simulation by models allowing for adequate parametrization of turbulence processes. In this contribution, the projects are briefly introduced and an attempt is made to summarize their key findings and to put them into a joint perspective. Spatial variability is found to be large but strictly related to topography and therefore allowing for possible parametrization. Traditional boundary-layer scaling approaches cannot simply be applied over highly complex topography, but some of the MAP findings suggest the potential for suitable extensions of those scaling relations to cover various cases of complex terrain. The mean boundary-layer structure and thermally driven flows in narrow valleys are found not to be generally in line with previous results from larger valleys elsewhere. Furthermore, local circulations are reported to contribute considerably to exchange between valley and free troposphere. In particular, the range of their effects on the lower atmosphere seems to be larger than just turbulent transport within the planetary boundary layer would suggest. Thus in larger-scale numerical models where the topography is not resolved, possible sub-grid parametrizations for local exchange seem to be in order.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:0801.1618v2},
author = {Rotach, Mathias W. and Zardi, Dino},
doi = {10.1002/qj},
eprint = {arXiv:0801.1618v2},
file = {:home/nicolas/Desktop/qj.200.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0035-9009},
issn = {00359009},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of the Royal {\ldots}},
keywords = {high-resolution numerical modelling,slope wind,turbulence parametrization,turbulent exchange,valley wind},
number = {October},
pages = {937--948},
pmid = {19706430},
title = {{On the boundary‐layer structure over highly complex terrain: Key findings from MAP}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.71/abstract},
volume = {133},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Gochis2015,
abstract = {CAPSULE A detailed overview of the uncharacteristic meteorological conditions that caused tropical-like, widespread, heavy rainfall and catastrophic flooding across the Colorado Front Range in September 2013. During the second week of September 2013 a seasonally-uncharacteristic weather pattern stalled over the Rocky Mountain Front Range region of northern Colorado bringing with it copious amounts of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. This feed of moisture was funneled towards the east facing mountain slopes by a series of mesoscale circulation features resulting in several days of unusually widespread heavy rainfall over steep mountainous terrain. Catastrophic flooding ensued within several Front Range river systems that washed away highways, destroyed towns, isolated communities, necessitated days of airborne evacuations, and resulted in eight fatalities (NWS, 2014). The impacts from heavy rainfall and flooding were felt over a broad region of northern Colorado leading to 18 counties being designated as federal disaster areas and resulting in damages exceeding {\$}2B. This study explores the meteorological and hydrological ingredients that led to this extreme event. After providing a basic timeline of events, synoptic and mesoscale circulation features of the event are discussed. Particular focus is placed on documenting how circulation features, embedded within the larger synoptic flow, served to funnel moist inflow into the mountain front driving several days of sustained orographic precipitation. Operational and research networks of polarimetric radar and surface instrumentation were used to evaluate the cloud structures and dominant hydrometeor characteristics. The performance of several quantitative precipitation estimates, quantitative precipitation forecasts, and hydrological forecast products are also analyzed with the intention of identifying what monitoring and prediction tools worked and where further improvements are needed.},
author = {Gochis, David and Schumacher, Russ and Friedrich, Katja and Doesken, Nolan and Kelsch, Matt and Sun, Juanzhen and Ikeda, Kyoko and Lindsey, Daniel and Wood, Andy and Dolan, Brenda and Matrosov, Sergey and Newman, Andrew and Mahoney, Kelly and Rutledge, Steven and Johnson, Richard and Kucera, Paul and Kennedy, Pat and Sempere-Torres, Daniel and Steiner, Matthias and Roberts, Rita and Wilson, Jim and Yu, Wei and Chandrasekar, V. and Rasmussen, Roy and Anderson, Amanda and Brown, Barbara},
doi = {10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00241.1},
file = {:home/nicolas/Desktop/17072789.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00030007},
journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
number = {9},
pages = {1461--1487},
title = {{The great Colorado flood of September 2013}},
volume = {96},
year = {2015}
}

@article{Creutin2003a,
abstract = {Implementation of flood warning systems and community self-help programs is one of the most effective ways to mitigate the flash-flood risk. Inmany instances, these are the only affordable and sustainable mitigation approaches. Unfortunately, flash-flood warning is still hampered by changes in societal needs and by our limited knowledge of atmospheric and hydrologic generating mechanisms of this type of flood. On the one hand, flood warning has traditionally focused on localized targets for the protection of communities and for the management of hydraulic reservoirs. Given the general development of dispersed urbanization and transportation, and the expansion of green tourism and water sports in mountainous regions, human lives and property are increasingly exposed to flash-flood hazard in a scatteredmanner. This means that every river section of a monitored region can be considered as a potential target for flood warning. On the other hand, our poor knowledge of this phenomenon comes from the fact that, in most flash-flood cases, the rain accumulations and the discharges are simply unknown over most of the watersheds of concern. Flash floods develop at space and time scales that conventional observation systems of rain and discharge in rivers are not able to monitor. As these events are locally rare, they also escape the realm of field-based experimentation. Consequently, the atmospheric and hydrologic generating mechanisms of flash floods are poorly understood. Progress in flash-flood research is hampered by three main prob- lems: (i) the downscaling problem due to the incoherent space and time scales between atmospheric models and the flash-flood trigger- ing processes; (ii) the ungauged basin problem due to the fact that the small basins prone to flash-floods are seldom gauged and must be modelled without calibration; and (iii) the problem of knowing the limits of the soil retention control of runoff under the range of rain accumulations considered. Our view is that weather radar net- works deeply modify the flash flood monitoring problem. Combin- ing radar detection of rain and distributed hydrological modelling shows considerable potential for improving both the understanding of fundamental scientific questions, including extreme storms and runoff production mechanisms, and the ‘distributed' monitoring of the flash-flood hazard. This short commentary addresses some of these developments and identifies some new research needs in radar hydrology.},
author = {Creutin, Jean Dominique and Borga, Marco},
doi = {10.1002/hyp.5122},
isbn = {1099-1085},
issn = {08856087},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
number = {7},
pages = {1453--1456},
title = {{Radar hydrology modifies the monitoring of flash-flood hazard}},
volume = {17},
year = {2003}
}

@article{BERNE2013,
title = "Radar for hydrology: Unfulfilled promise or unrecognized potential?",
journal = "Advances in Water Resources",
volume = "51",
pages = "357 - 366",
year = "2013",
note = "35th Year Anniversary Issue",
issn = "0309-1708",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.05.005",
url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0309170812001157",
author = "A. Berne and W.F. Krajewski",
keywords = "Weather radar, Hydrology, Review"
}

@article{Leopold1953,
author = {Leopold, L.B., Maddock, T},
title = {{The hydraulic geometry of stream channels and some physiographic implications}},
journal = {Geological survey professional paper},
year = {1953},
}

@book{takahashi1991,
   title =     {Debris flow},
   author =    {Takahashi, T},
   publisher = {Taylor y francis},
   isbn =      {9781138000070},
   year =      {1991},
   edition =   {2}}
  
@article{Castillo2003,
abstract = {The soil water content is recognized as one of many runoff controlling factors in semiarid environments. A simple, physically based distributed model has been developed to study the role of antecedent soil water content in runoff generation in three small catchments in semiarid southeast Spain. The catchments were set up in two different zones: a burnt area with scarce vegetation and unburnt area with a denser plant cover. The infiltration process is determined by the Green-Ampt equation and the initial soil water content is taken into account by means of maps obtained by Conditional Gaussian simulation. The model was run 2700 times with different soil moisture scenarios and design storms. Stochastic sensitivity analysis was used to examine the role of antecedent soil water content in the runoff response. The results showed that the hydrological response after high intensity, low frequency storms is independent of the initial soil water content. On the other hand, the antecedent soil water content is an important factor controlling runoff during medium and low intensity storms, a type of rainstorm that is relatively frequent in semiarid areas. The sensitivity of the runoff response to soil moisture depended on the predominant runoff mechanisms. When infiltration excess overland flow is predominant, as a result of high rain intensities or less permeable soils, the runoff response is more uniform and does not depend on initial soil moisture. Runoff from less intense storms on soils of higher permeability is controlled by the soil water content of the surface soil layers and is more dependent on initial conditions. The role of the initial soil water content is more important in catchments where the presence of plant cover produces a patchwork of runoff and runon sites, whose spatial pattern is highly dependent on the soil water status. {\textcopyright} 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Castillo, V. M. and G{\'{o}}mez-Plaza, A. and Mart{\'{i}}nez-Mena, M.},
doi = {10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00264-6},
file = {:home/nicolas/Dropbox/Coleccion{\_}articulos/Flash{\_}Floods/castillo2003.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0022-1694},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Conditional simulation,Monte Carlo,Overland flow,Runoff modelling,Sensitivity analysis,Soil moisture},
number = {1-4},
pages = {114--130},
title = {{The role of antecedent soil water content in the runoff response of semiarid catchments: A simulation approach}},
volume = {284},
year = {2003}
}

@article{Rodriguez2012,
author = {Rodriguez-Blanco, M.L and Taboada-Castro, M.M. and Taboada-Castro, M.T.},
doi = {10.1080/02626669509491418},
isbn = {0262666960},
issn = {21503435},
journal = {Hydrological Sciences Journal},
number = {June 2012},
pages = {319--329},
title = {{Rainfall–runoff response and event-based runoff coefficients in a humid area (northwest Spain)}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=thsj20{\%}0Ahttp://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=thsj20},
volume = {403},
year = {2012}
}

@article{Tramblay2012b,
abstract = {In northern Morocco are located most of the dams and reservoirs of the country, while this region is affected by severe rainfall events causing floods. To improve the management of the water regulation structures, there is a need to develop rainfall-runoff models to both maximize the storage capacity and reduce the risks caused by floods. In this study, a model is developed to reproduce the flood events for a 655 km2 catchment located upstream of the 6th largest dam in Morocco. Constrained by data availability, a standard event-based model combining a SCS-CN (Soil Conservation Service Curve Number) loss model and a Clark unit hydrograph was developed for hourly discharge simulation using 16 flood events that occurred between 1984 and 2008. The model was found satisfactory to reproduce the runoff and the temporal evolution of floods, even with limited rainfall data. Several antecedent wetness conditions estimators for the catchment were compared with the initial condition of the model. Theses estimators include an antecedent discharge index, an antecedent precipitation index and a continuous daily soil moisture accounting model (SMA), based on precipitation and evapotranspiration. The SMA model performed the best to estimate the initial conditions of the event-based hydrological model (R2 Combining double low line 0.9). Its daily output has been compared with ASCAT and AMSR-E remote sensing data products, which were both able to reproduce with accuracy the daily simulated soil moisture dynamics at the catchment scale. This same approach could be implemented in other catchments of this region for operational purposes. The Results of this study suggest that remote sensing data are potentially useful to estimate the soil moisture conditions in the case of ungauged catchments in Northern Africa. {\textcopyright} 2012 Author(s).},
author = {Tramblay, Y. and Bouaicha, R. and Brocca, L. and Dorigo, W. and Bouvier, C. and Camici, S. and Servat, E.},
doi = {10.5194/hess-16-4375-2012},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Tramblay et al. - 2012 - Estimation of antecedent wetness conditions for flood modelling in northern Morocco.pdf:pdf},
issn = {10275606},
journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
number = {11},
pages = {4375--4386},
title = {{Estimation of antecedent wetness conditions for flood modelling in northern Morocco}},
volume = {16},
year = {2012}
}

@book{klemes1993,
	title ={{Probability of extreme hydrometeorological events—A differ-
ent approach, in Extreme Hydrological Events: Precipitation, Floods and Droughts}},
    author = {Klemes, V},
    publisher ={IAHS Publ},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {167-176}
}


@article{Turkington2014,
author = {Turkington, T. and Ettema, J. and {Van Westen}, C. J. and Breinl, K.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-14-1517-2014},
isbn = {2195-9269},
issn = {16849981},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences},
number = {6},
pages = {1517--1530},
title = {{Empirical atmospheric thresholds for debris flows and flash floods in the southern French Alps}},
volume = {14},
year = {2014}
}
@article{VonRuette2013,
author = {{Von Ruette}, J. and Lehmann, P. and Or, D.},
doi = {10.1002/wrcr.20418},
isbn = {1944-7973},
issn = {00431397},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
keywords = {catchment scale,progressive failure,shallow landslides},
number = {10},
pages = {6266--6285},
title = {{Rainfall-triggered shallow landslides at catchment scale: Threshold mechanics-based modeling for abruptness and localization}},
volume = {49},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Rickenmann1999,
author = {Rickenmann, Dieter},
doi = {10.1023/A:1008064220727},
isbn = {0921-030X},
issn = {0921030X},
journal = {Natural Hazards},
keywords = {Debris flow,Debris-flow volume,Flow velocity,Hazard assessment,Peak discharge,Runout distance,Torrent,Travel distance},
number = {1},
pages = {47--77},
title = {{Empirical relationships for debris flows}},
volume = {19},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Lehmann2012,
author = {Lehmann, Peter and Or, Dani},
doi = {10.1029/2011WR010947},
issn = {00431397},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
keywords = {“criticality, hillslope, landslide”},
number = {3},
pages = {1--24},
title = {{Hydromechanical triggering of landslides: From progressive local failures to mass release}},
volume = {48},
year = {2012}
}

@article{Balasch2011,
author = {Balasch, J. C. and Ruiz-Bellet, J. L. and Tuset, J.},
doi = {10.5194/nhess-11-3359-2011},
issn = {15618633},
journal = {Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences},
number = {12},
pages = {3359--3371},
title = {{Historical flash floods retromodelling in the Ondara River in T??rrega (NE Iberian Peninsula)}},
volume = {11},
year = {2011}
}

@article{Camarasa2016,
author = {Camarasa-Belmonte, Ana M.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.019},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Ephemeral streams,Event,Flash flood,Mediterranean,Rainfall intensity,Semi-arid},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Flash floods in Mediterranean ephemeral streams in Valencia Region (Spain)}},
year = {2016}
}

@article{Boudou2016,
author = {Boudou, M. and Lang, M. and Vinet, F. and C??ur, D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.032},
issn = {00221694},
journal = {Journal of Hydrology},
keywords = {Cascade effect,Comparative analysis,Flash flood,Historical hydrology,Multidisciplinary approach,Remarkable flood},
pages = {533--552},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Comparative hazard analysis of processes leading to remarkable flash floods (France, 1930???1999)}},
volume = {541},
year = {2016}
}

@article{Sidle2018,
author = {Sidle, R.C. and Gomi, T. and Tsukamoto, Y.},
doi = {10.1002/hyp.13246},
issn = {08856087},
journal = {Hydrological Processes},
number = {July},
pages = {1--7},
title = {{Discovery of zero-order basins as an important link for progress in hydrogeomorphology}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/hyp.13246},
year = {2018}
}

@article{Fan2017a,
author = {Fan, Linfeng and Lehmann, Peter and McArdell, Brian and Or, Dani},
doi = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.10.007},
issn = {0169555X},
journal = {Geomorphology},
keywords = {Debris flow,Hazard assessment,Landslide triggering,Runout distance},
pages = {1--15},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Linking rainfall-induced landslides with debris flows runout patterns towards catchment scale hazard assessment}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.10.007},
volume = {280},
year = {2017}
}

@article{Curtu2014,
author = {Curtu, Rodica and Mantilla, Ricardo and Fonley, Morgan and Cunha, Luciana K. and Small, Scott J. and Jay, Laurent O. and Krajewski, Witold F.},
doi = {10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.06.003},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Curtu et al. - 2014 - An integral-balance nonlinear model to simulate changes in soil moisture, groundwater and surface runoff dynamics.pdf:pdf},
issn = {03091708},
journal = {Advances in Water Resources},
month = {sep},
pages = {125--139},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{An integral-balance nonlinear model to simulate changes in soil moisture, groundwater and surface runoff dynamics at the hillslope scale}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0309170814001122},
volume = {71},
year = {2014}
}

@article{Singh2012,
author = {Singh, Jaswant and Altinakar, Mustafa S and Asce, M and Ding, Yan and Asce, M},
doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001124.},
file = {:home/nicolas/.local/share/data/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Singh et al. - 2012 - Numerical Modeling of Rainfall-Generated Overland Flow Using Nonlinear Shallow-Water Equations.pdf:pdf},
title = {{Numerical Modeling of Rainfall-Generated Overland Flow Using Nonlinear Shallow-Water Equations}},
year = {2012}
}

@book{Osorio2008,
	author = {Osorio, H.G., A, Salamanca},
    title = {{Unidades de suelo representativas de la zona cafetera de Colombia}},
    year = {2008},
    publisher = {Federación de Cafeteros de Colombia},
}
